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Maclean’s, Margaret Wente, and the Canadian media’s inarticulacy about race8 J) M) _' g0 t6 q# f
By Jeet HeerNovember 24th, 20102 @0 [! ]$ y1 a3 O0 f
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Maclean’s, Margaret Wente, and the Canadian media’s inarticulacy about race6 j# D7 y" q+ B4 e* s/ b' X2 X
Maclean's
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Perhaps Americans talk too much about race, but Canadians have the opposite problem. From Frederick Douglass to Ruth Benedict to Martin Luther King to César Chávez to Toni Morrison, our neighbours to the south have a robust and complex tradition of tackling race head-on in public discourse. Canada has its own racial and ethnic divides — and a distinctive habit of stammering incoherently when confronted with civil rights issues. The latest evidence of Canadian inarticulateness on this crucial topic is the now-notorious Maclean’s article “‘Too Asian?’” (from the magazine’s 2010 university ranking issue), as well as yesterday’s defence of the newsweekly offered by Globe and Mail columnist Margaret Wente.
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“I’m much more offended by bad editing than I am by xenophobia,” I wrote in an email to a friend when I first read the Maclean’s article. What I meant was that the article, co-written by Stephanie Findlay and Nicholas Köhler, was a classic case of ruining an important topic by packaging it in a sensationalistic and ham-fisted fashion. I actually think the authors and editors meant well when they started the piece, which contains some excellent reporting about race relations on the Canadian campus. Unfortunately, as is the magazine’s habit of late, Maclean’s dressed up the topic in an attention-grabbing tabloid manner, so that instead of being an examination of racism it became an example of xenophobia.
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/ t! ?1 x. N4 \, x9 N) \* y# P4 [The problems with the Maclean’s article are many and systematic. I’ve already discussed them here and here. Briefly, the article leaves a bad aftertaste because:
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1. The word “Asian” is used in a very broad way to encompass both foreign-born exchange students (who are in Canada temporarily) and Canadians who have ancestors in countries such as China, Japan, and Korea. By this usage, David Suzuki, Olivia Chow, Adrienne Clarkson, and Sook-Yin Lee are all notable Asians, rather than notable Canadians or notable Asian-Canadians. Moreover the distinct problems faced by exchange students (linguistic hurdles, social isolation) are quite different from the experiences of Asian-Canadians. How could Chinese-Canadian kids who read the article not feel like foreigners in their native land?
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2. The article stereotypes both white Canadian students and “Asian” students. White Canadians students are portrayed as privileged preppies who are more interested in partying and drinking than studying. “Asian” students are portrayed as socially dysfunctional nerds who lack any sense of fun, virtual robots who are programmed by their parents to study.8 h( t/ ^0 @# f# E* \0 W
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As someone who has done a little teaching and spent far too much time in school, I have to say these two stereotypes are violently at odds with the real diversity of personality types that you find on Canadian campuses, among students of all different races and backgrounds. It’s notable that the Maclean’s article completely erases the existence of working class white Canadian students, many of whom face the same educational problems of balancing work and studying that often bedevil immigrant students. Also ignored is the fact that many “white” students in Canada also come from immigrant backgrounds, notably from Southern and Eastern Europe.
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$ S& H6 y4 r% p! x$ P$ {1 o; lBy highlighting race and ignoring class, Maclean’s makes it harder to see the commonalities that many students of diverse backgrounds share. Throughout the article, it is assumed that the experience of upper–middle class white kids is normative — and that every other experience (whether working class white Canadian or “Asian”) has to be defined against that norm.
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$ ?# F. e! S+ h% Z% b2 p1 f, W3. Finally, Maclean’s frames the problem as one that is caused by the mere presence of “Asians” on campus, rather than by the social and cultural barriers that divide students. For example, in the rankings issue’s table of contents, Maclean’s has this headline: “Asian advantage?” The question mark is a typical example of Maclean’s trying to cover an inflammatory statement by qualifying it. However, if you read the article, it becomes clear that the only “advantage” that “Asians” have is that many of them study “hard,” which is what all students should do. The idea that doing homework is an “advantage” is built on the assumption that whites are entitled to university spaces whether they study or not, simply on the basis of their whiteness — or perhaps because they are real Canadians, unlike the “Asians” who happen to live here.
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If the Maclean’s article is troublingly xenophobic, then Margaret Wente’s defence is a classic case of obfuscation.
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Speaking last Friday on the CBC radio program Q, Wente said that all Maclean’s did was make public “the simple fact that Asian kids are disproportionately represented on some campuses, especially at the U of T and in BC.” Wente, in both this interview and her subsequent column, refused to address the critique made by several writers about the xenophobic way that Maclean’s has framed the debate.
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3 h; B% A: Q9 P: q8 N“The growing Asian presence on North American campuses is a big story — culturally, demographically, politically,” Wente wrote in yesterday’s paper. “It’s also a story that pits some of our most cherished values against each other. We believe that our public universities should broadly reflect society. We also believe they should be meritocratic. But what if those two values collide?”
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First of all, it’s never been the case that Canadian universities have “broadly reflect[ed] society.” For the vast majority of Canadian history, our public universities have been disproportionately Anglo, male, and upper class. The great democratization of higher education in the 1960s and 1970s started to change this situation, but all sorts of groups are still “disproportionately” underrepresented in higher education. These groups include members of Canada’s First Nations, the working class, and many ethnic groups. As the Maclean’s article noted, “70 percent of students in the Toronto District School Board who immigrated from East Asia went on to university, compared to 52 percent of Europeans, the next highest group, and 12 percent of Caribbean, the lowest.”: T: a- _: C) I1 q# v- ^' i8 y
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The flip side of overrepresentation is underrepresentation. If we believe that universities should “broadly reflect society,” then underrepresentation is a much larger problem than overrepresentation. Instead of asking how we can help more First Nations people or working class Canadians or Caribbean-Canadians gain access to higher education, we’re stuck debating the supposed overrepresentation of “Asians” in a handful of programs at three Canadian universities. There are all sorts of public policies that could help underrepresented groups make it to university. An intensive program of early childhood education, for one thing, would be a boon. But neither Maclean’s nor Wente are interested in such policies. The pseudo-problem of “too Asian” is used to hide the genuine issue: that real barriers to higher education remain for some groups.+ p$ f+ z6 w, y
$ D' ~. k" Z4 M* |Wente speaks in broad terms about “the rise of the Asian campus.” Let’s be clear what the “Asian campus” means: a plurality or majority of Asian-Canadian students in a few departments (mostly the sciences) in three universities (Toronto, Waterloo, British Columbia). The phrase “Asian campus” inaccurately describes the vast majority of departments in the vast majority of Canadian universities. Meanwhile, a search of the online database ProQuest reveals that the Globe and Mail has used the phrase “white campus” three times in the last three decades, all in articles about apartheid-era South Africa. So by the Globe’s usage, a predominately white campus is never a white campus except under a blatantly racist regime. On the other hand, a university with a few predominately Asian-Canadian departments must be an “Asian campus.”% F: n/ c% `% u: s, l4 [
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Of course, the “Asian campus” is only a problem if you believe that Asian-Canadians are not real Canadians. In the United States, there are people like Sarah Palin who make a distinction between “real Americans” (i.e., animal-killing Alaskans) and Americans who are somehow less real (i.e., liberals, New Yorkers, vegetarians). The subtext of both “‘Too Asian?’” and Wente’s defence of it is a similar distinction between Canadians whose presence in universities is natural and those Canadians who, even if they were born in Canada, are seen as alien intruders.3 @+ o$ w$ X% S0 g; y2 J/ ~
3 i1 Z* j7 l- R, q* G/ h& [In her column, Wente wrote that “nobody is talking about quotas.” This is flatly untrue. Maclean’s raised the issue of anti-Asian quotas in the United States and offered this slippery statement: “Canadian universities, apart from highly competitive professional programs and faculties, don’t quiz applicants the same way, and rely entirely on transcripts. Likely that is a good thing. And yet, that meritocratic process results, especially in Canada’s elite university programs, in a concentration of Asian students.”
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2 `( I- Y; j7 W. x" sI don’t know how this passage can be read as anything except a claim that meritocracy is a provisional (or “likely”) good thing, which might need to be abandoned since it leads to a putatively bad result — i.e., “a concentration of Asian students.” Maclean’s did not advocate quotas, but it has opened the door to the possibility that they might be needed, a likelihood that feels all the more urgent in an article full of scary stories about universities being overstuffed with “Asian” kids.. h' h- Y* S. b$ |( ?
7 U; `9 d' T8 T6 o0 D, o+ y7 f7 P/ C) WAn annoying thing about Wente’s writing, on this topic and others, is her pose of being an injured truth teller, a Cassandra whose honest words will be ignored to the peril of society. She has asserted that the “rise of the Asian campus… introduces a variety of important social questions. We shouldn’t be too timid to discuss them.” Is it worth pointing out that Maclean’s is a national newsweekly and not a samizdat? Moreover, Margaret Wente has a column in a national newspaper. She is not Solzhenitsyn during the era of Brezhnev.
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. H; A, L& k2 a! TIn fact, there’s been a silence on this issue caused by the unwillingness of the media to give room to the critics of Maclean’s. A prominent newsweekly unleashed a remarkably xenophobic article, yet the response from its peers has largely been avoidance or support. Minelle Mahtani published a good-but-limited critique in the Globe, and I wrote a piece for the National Post, as did Tasha Kheiriddin. The vast majority of public debate on “‘Too Asian?’” has taken place on blogs and Twitter, surely evidence of a media culture that’s afraid to critique itself. This past Monday, Q tried to organize a debate on this issue, but Maclean’s refused to send anyone (either the writers of the article or an editor) to engage with me. Further, the Globe declined my request to write a rebuttal to Wente’s column. So if anyone is being “timid” here, it is Maclean’s and those who defend it.
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: |! n) z6 Z2 `6 n7 wThe best way to think about this issue is to realize that both Maclean’s and Wente are playing a game. The name of that game is called “getting attention.” You win by talking about issues in a provocative but dishonest way that is designed to push people’s buttons. Then, if and when you are challenged, you claim that critics who are trying to engage you in a conversation are actually silencing you. The most successful players of this game are those who don’t care about public policy or the real consequences of ideas. At the core of this exercise is a kind of childish nihilism.+ `( r# T4 m& s4 b6 a$ M3 Y. y
- M2 z& k: X4 O" C6 Y5 [But the childish nihilists only dominate discourse because the larger Canadian media are inarticulate about race. Fearing to raise racial issues, we’ve let our public discourse be taken over by our most irresponsible, atavistic, and sensation-mongering voices. |
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