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本帖最后由 jack_lai 于 2010-12-20 20:39 编辑
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9 |( J8 H F" h1 `7 R* H, x7 ^4 J从历史事件看个人的言论自由.最近在网上读到一片文章. 如下(为方便英语略差的人阅读,略做翻译, 请看原文为主.)3 J- [: y$ a8 [5 p
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American History: Fear of Communism in 1920 Threatens Civil Rights% l1 W. y+ w7 q* `1 p2 E4 V7 i' r$ i
08 December 2010 $ ]+ ]) b0 Z. a: `
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E2 }( p H# K; u3 y( IBOB DOUGHTY: Welcome to THE MAKING OF A NATION -- American history in VOA Special English.
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The United States Constitution guarantees freedoms such as freedom of speech, freedom of the press and freedom of religion. The Bill of Rights in the Constitution protects these and other individual rights. But the government has not always honored all of the rights in the Constitution.4 @- m" X1 q, r1 x+ ~, N- J! N
美国宪法保证自由例如言论自由，新闻自由和宗教信仰自由。…. 但政府不是总能尊敬所有被宪法保证的权利。 1 n1 t' @$ n. Q2 k3 s5 d
In the seventeen hundreds, for example, President John Adams supported laws to stop Thomas Jefferson and the Democratic Party from criticizing the government.$ I5 E* Z2 c4 ^- t( ~, @- _
…. 例如， 总统John Adams支持一项法律. 这项法律阻止Thomas Jefferson和民主党批评政府.3 H, M& n7 W: y; Z- [9 P6 X, S
During the Civil War, President Abraham Lincoln took strong actions to prevent newspapers from printing military news. And, during the nineteen fifties, Senator Joseph McCarthy accused innocent people of being communists and traitors.
- K) B) X' C: p+ a0 K# J/ T0 w在内战期间(南北战争?)，总统 Abraham Lincoln采取强硬行动防止报道军事新闻……
$ S7 b# X" {7 ISome of the most serious government attacks on personal rights took place in nineteen nineteen and nineteen twenty. A number of government officials took sometimes unlawful actions against labor leaders, foreigners and others.4 ?$ Z2 W. W3 u7 l% ^5 \0 ]
最严重的政府侵犯个人权力的事件发生在1919 和1920年…….
% i% K2 D! B" `This week in our series, Kay Gallant and Harry Monroe discuss the campaign that came to be known as the "Red Scare."
" H: a* R6 t6 F: g) @KAY GALLANT: These actions took place because of American fears about the threat of communism. Those fears were tied closely to the growth of the organized labor movement during World War One. There were a number of strikes during the war. More and more often, workers were willing to risk their jobs and join together to try to improve working conditions.5 G* p2 F3 K( s2 W/ g* Z3 y
….在第一次世界大战期间，有相当规模的工人罢工,…../ D' n# f; e5 v) C& `6 m2 F+ `! u
President Woodrow Wilson had long supported organized labor. And he tried to get workers and business owners to negotiate peacefully.1 k! x# z8 X0 `/ \5 Z
总统Woodrow Wilson长期支持工会组织,…..
$ n. s# i! X- y& i+ G$ `3 vBut official support for organized labor ended when strikes closed factories that were important to the national war effort. President Wilson and his advisers felt workers should put the national interest before their private interest. They told workers to wait until after the war to demand more pay and better working conditions.
5 S$ E, Q" W9 _, o8 N3 G) t但是当工人罢工使对战争有重要作用的工厂倒闭, 政府官员结束了对劳工工会的支持……. 总统威尔逊呼吁工人要把国家利益放在个人利益前, 等待到战争结束之后再要求更多薪水和更好的工作环境。0 J; u `# H V* ~% h1 {
HARRY MONROE: In general, American workers did wait. But when the war finally ended in nineteen eighteen, American workers began to strike in large numbers for higher pay.
3 V& x7 k, @ Q' V9 _5 o一般来说，美国工人等待了。但是，当战争在1918年结束后，美国工人的罢工又风起云涌…: H8 a' I ]& B4 u0 g
As many as two million workers went on strike in nineteen nineteen. There were strikes by house builders, meat cutters, and train operators. And there were strikes in the shipyards, the shoe factories and the telephone companies.
# q" H- i+ a/ }4 _1 {( B1 dMost striking workers wanted the traditional goals of labor unions: more pay and shorter working hours. But a growing number of them also began to demand major changes in the economic system itself. They called for government control of certain private industries.
+ A% |+ t$ b( \% g$ Q多数罢工的传统目标是： 更多薪水和更短的工作时间. … 但后来要求提高了…..
9 h- {' {% u7 A8 j4 VRailroad workers, for example, wanted the national government to take permanent control of running the trains. Coal miners, too, demanded government control of their industry. And even in the conservative grain-farming states, two hundred thousand farmers joined a group that called for major economic changes.
2 L$ g/ Y2 C; R5 g, {' Z6 }铁路工人要求政府永久接管铁路, 煤矿工人也是, . ……2 f2 j) H/ F t
KAY GALLANT: All these protests came as a shock to traditional Americans who considered their country to be the home of free business. They saw little need for labor unions. And they feared that the growing wave of strikes meant the United States faced the same revolution that had just taken place in Russia. After all, Lenin himself had warned that the Bolshevik Revolution would spread to workers in other countries.
: l. G+ w$ J4 c& J+ u' y& I….美国人民担心在苏联发生的布尔什维克革命将在美国发生, ….
/ H5 ~: Q8 L: L1 e3 l5 ESeveral events in nineteen nineteen only increased this fear of violent revolution. A bomb exploded in the home of a senator from the southeastern state of Georgia. And someone even exploded a bomb in front of the home of Attorney General A. Mitchell Palmer, the nation's chief law officer.
$ r0 N7 [# c5 C& THowever, the most frightening event was a strike by police in Boston, Massachusetts.) X6 [0 t& [5 o9 h
然而，最惊恐的事件是警察在马萨诸塞州,波士顿的罢工。9 N, X3 W+ b5 Q
The policemen demanded higher wages. But the police chief refused to negotiate with them. As a result, the policemen went on strike. When they did, thieves began to break into unprotected homes and shops. Massachusetts Governor Calvin Coolidge finally had to call out state troops to protect the people. His action defeated the strike. Most of the policemen lost their jobs.
- f7 w& }. n" C1 {0 Y……窃贼开始闯入无保护的家和商店. 州长Calvin Coolidge最后必须召集队伍来保护民众. 他的行动击败了罢工。大多数警察失去了他们的工作.2 w" `4 B8 x& n9 |" Q
HARRY MONROE: All this was too much for many Americans. They began to accuse labor unions and others of planning a revolution. And they launched a forceful campaign to protect the country from these suspected extremists.1 O. P# ]' [, j, d3 D3 _
… 很多美国人展开一次强有力的活动保护国家免受这些被怀疑的极端分子的破坏./ ?7 D. T* q7 h( w C' C7 S
Leaders of this campaign accused thousands of people of being communists, or "reds." The campaign became known as the Red Scare.5 R7 w+ a: H& z. G8 i4 S
这次活动的领导人指责上千人是XX主义者，或”赤色”分子. ….+ g' h2 c8 Q- E* j' \6 `; v3 o# [# Q# f
Of course, most people were honestly afraid of revolution. They did not trust the many foreigners who were active in unions. And they were tired of change and social unrest after the bloody world war.0 z/ g# x7 W y* k% Q! o! j
A number of these Americans in different cities began to take violent actions against people and groups that they suspected of being communist extremists.
; j, a0 y/ m- T3 V8 l/ M" y) o& G( G很多城市的一些美国人用爆力行为反对被怀疑是XX主义者的极端分子.
* ?% I6 j+ r) ?, H2 ]- |/ EIn New York, a crowd of men in military uniforms attacked the office of a socialist newspaper. They beat the people working there and destroyed the equipment. In the western city of Centralia, Washington, four people were killed in a violent fight between union members and their opponents.; W) G. A7 r) l7 l( i
在New York, 一个社会主义报社的工作人员被打,设备毁坏……….
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loc.gov/ @: F0 S6 L+ V# i! c- T
Riot police
: j! E2 ]/ p' f. G; J' _Public feeling was against the labor unions and political leftists. Many people considered anyone with leftist views to be a revolutionary trying to overthrow democracy. Many state and local governments passed laws making it a crime to belong to organizations that supported revolution. Twenty-eight states passed laws making it a crime to wave red flags.
& }( w' G ]' f. u/ k4 ~……许多州和当地政府通过法律将爆力革命定为犯罪…….
& v' I8 h4 K8 x* F7 j2 CKAY GALLANT: People also demanded action from the national government. President Wilson was sick and unable to see the situation clearly. He cared about little except his dream of the United States joining the new League of Nations.3 u+ g. ?$ u4 o. ^
But Attorney General Palmer heard the calls for action. Palmer hoped to be elected president the next year. He decided to take strong actions to gain the attention of voters.
) |0 I* k3 j8 B Z* o0 }首席检察官Palmer希望被选举下一年总统。 他决定采取强烈行动获取选民的注意。
+ O7 P% w' i5 e; H1 U8 \+ b, QOne of Palmer's first actions as Attorney General was to prevent coal miners from going on strike. Next, he ordered a series of raids to arrest leftist leaders. A number of these arrested people were innocent of any crime. But officials kept many of them in jail, without charges, for weeks.
0 n4 [ k' W* u7 W3 |4 ?' Q% K作为首席检察官Palmer的第一次行动是防止煤矿工人举行罢工. 其次，他发布一系列的逮捕令将左派领袖逮捕. 很多这些被拘捕的人是无辜的, 不经审判就投入监狱达几星期.
; g7 N0 O& d6 z1 u& X4 h5 M$ ]& TPalmer expelled from the country a number of foreigners suspected of revolutionary activity. He told reporters that communists were criminals who planned to overthrow everything that was good in life.7 V* e7 \; Z9 I; n2 ]
Strike leader in Gary, Indiana, advising demonstrators around 1919$ d. f8 U' Z% p& E1 F: n
HARRY MONROE: Feelings of fear and suspicion extended to other parts of American life. Many persons and groups were accused of supporting communism. Such famous Americans as actor Charlie Chaplin, educator John Dewey, and law professor Felix Frankfurter were among those accused.
@) H, | Z* u2 ], CThe Red Scare caused many innocent people to be afraid to express their ideas. They feared they might be accused of being a communist. ~! ?6 N, I5 @9 M( H+ S4 }* M8 Y
But as quickly as the Red Scare swept across the country so, too, did it end in nineteen twenty. In just a few months, people began to lose trust in Attorney General Palmer. They became tired of his extreme actions. Republican leader Charles Evans Hughes and other leading Americans called for the Justice Department to obey the law in arresting and charging people.
. B; Y3 ]- C) _# ~9 W( ].. 在1920年, 只几个月, 当”赤诚色恐慌”结束后,人们开始失去对首席检察官Palmer的信任. 人们厌倦了他的极端行动. 共和党领导人查尔斯・伊万斯・休斯和其它领导人呼吁司法部在拘捕和审讯任何人都不能违背法律,
; ~/ a0 }5 i) R& L3 vKAY GALLANT: By the summer of nineteen twenty, the Red Scare was over. Even a large bomb explosion in New York in September did not change the opinion of most Americans that the nation should return to free speech and the rule of law.; R% f4 {" H" K: q/ @
在1920年夏天，对XX党的恐惧结束, 尽管9月在纽约有大炸弹爆炸,大多数美国人的观点没有改变, 那就是:国家应该返回到言论自由和法治.8 o% N# h3 ]" |( }& ^3 Z7 L4 b
The Red Scare did not last long. But it was an important event. It showed that many Americans after World War One were tired of social changes. They wanted peace and business growth.
: ]- D, @% A; MOf course, the traditional way for Americans to show their feelings is through elections. And this growing conservatism of the nation showed itself clearly in the presidential election of nineteen twenty. That election will be the subject of our next program.
2 R2 F1 c3 ]+ Y" Y% q# p @当然, 美国人民表达愿意的最传统的方式就是选举…..
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从历史上看,任何违犯宪法侵犯个人言论自由的事情发生,都是有人违犯法律法规造成的.
( D! r3 {" g' u; l, H我看过一些”黑鸟”写的文章, 有一些观点我并不认同. 但是不管黑鸟白鸟,百灵鸟还是乌鸦鸟, 他们在林中鸣叫的权力决不容被剥夺.
" p( S2 o( Z7 |看无线马达的发言”% G1 e7 R4 t0 |4 S1 b
http://www.edmontonchina.cn/view ... &extra=page%3D1' R1 y& k2 l6 D" p+ x" o
“我给这头“黑鸟”关14天的禁闭，不一会儿工夫就被别的人从后门放出来了！原来这头鸟不是野鸟，是属于”里边有人“的鸟”. ]. j! q( _* @; L7 X3 k
在黑鸟写的文章没有违规的情况下, 无线马达的“我给这头“黑鸟”关14天的禁闭” 已经” 违规”,直接结果是剥夺了黑鸟的发言权.
% a! O" V1 ]! w# j) y无线马达已经” 违规” 但他自己并不清楚.还说黑鸟 ”不一会儿工夫就被别的人从后门放出来了！原来这头鸟不是野鸟，是属于”里边有人“的鸟””. 这个”里边有人“的人就是法版主小兔兔, 她是按照有关规定给黑鸟解禁闭, 由此可见无线马达在是不是不”违规”的问题上,几近”昏庸”状态. 3 G' x% D9 Q) O( ~
再次呼吁跟贴弹劾无线马达. |
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