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Canada's housing market both vigorous and stable 4 w& A" a1 v0 ~. f
4 ~. z2 ?+ j2 N. M- k* g- Country's market poised to show growth throughout 2006 -
8 Q7 M- u9 U+ ~, r+ ?6 S" d, K6 _4 M! F& G5 c; h
TORONTO, Sept. 28 /CNW/ - For most of Canada, the housing market K( ^6 n# R2 C6 \6 T
exhibited moderate price increases and stable unit sales during the third/ a4 K, ` }" \* Q) U! V* s0 g1 D/ a
quarter. Wide regional variances continued to be the dominant characteristic& D% _6 K0 k# a) R5 D* U7 f- z! Z
in the market, exemplified by frenzied levels of activity and double digit
+ m. V% C) y+ z g/ pprice gains observed in the energy and commodity rich Western provinces, and2 g8 F4 ?6 J1 W: f* y- U3 N I
more reasonable sales volumes and moderate price appreciation in Ontario,
. c. M: E3 U! U% m# x) a) pQuebec and Atlantic Canada, according to a report released today by Royal
. l4 v6 B8 M9 L1 f) [9 CLePage Real Estate Services.
& n- z b8 e2 e" F
# k3 l3 Q1 v: s1 n Nationally, market trends established through the first three quarters" D* l l2 o8 h6 _
are forecast to continue for the remainder of the year. Robust economic
N* E$ R: B V* E L+ dconditions, low unemployment rates, modestly growing salaries and wages, and, F6 ^" S2 t, w0 u$ y
sound consumer confidence contributed to the overall strength of the
+ V O1 O1 j7 [, Vresidential real estate sector.: a1 h ?" H- X* d: |( _
) O2 T9 }3 C" e7 X# K3 B7 m Of the housing types surveyed, the highest average price appreciation
9 s/ u g2 J/ O& s# C/ _" ]! moccurred in detached bungalows, which rose to $300,365 (+16.3%)
" ^7 [3 o! `/ B% x, N# k qyear-over-year, followed by standard condominiums, which rose to $211,562$ @4 }( X, y7 Y- K. ~
(+14.2%), and standard two-storey properties, which increased to $365,380
$ ~- r7 C" V, Z+ e(+13.2%).0 p6 b8 e$ s$ S# B& i
2 W: J* |* L' _5 R4 g) |. d
"Canada's sturdy housing market continued to demonstrate steady growth
3 }: z3 e0 T9 k6 X3 gduring the third quarter. For all but the west, we have moved on from the* a) i- [9 O& N: q+ j% G$ Z! O
frenzied expansion that characterized the first half of this decade, and are8 O2 k0 q$ b8 ~% {. _( J; n) L" G
poised to show continued growth at a more moderate pace," said Phil Soper,
4 {: f4 _$ A* g$ @1 e! g* Ypresident and chief executive officer, Royal LePage Real Estate Services.
; Z3 B0 B0 H0 ^1 K% d"Gone is the sellers' market that we have lived with for some years. We
8 u5 S: Q2 s; _* G+ p; ?$ ewelcome the more reliable conditions that are characteristic of a healthy) `2 c1 W1 N$ }, \
balanced market.": I ?- K1 Q3 D' M( P
* g6 _& ]1 e; [* `, Y4 U
Despite the double-digit rise in average national house prices,
9 y, Z0 v) R# X/ l" H, d- ?considerable regional variances were exhibited again this quarter. The shift+ C1 P+ c6 b8 E, r! J" [
to balanced market conditions, which began in late 2005, has continued
8 G5 s M5 m' L' ?% T& A1 \4 tthroughout most of the Central and Eastern regions of the country. In the core! S- O# Y3 Y: H/ h4 P
energy producing western provinces, the combination of very high in-migration,# O4 A* l2 r# y( G& z3 T" }
manageable affordability, and a shortage of inventory has driven record! E Z# ?6 U' i% d% T3 p! ~6 @% m
breaking price appreciations.2 z2 K( l# D1 p% n$ T z
, Z% o$ {- C& z3 B) ?: Z1 y% D Echoing the second quarter and supported by Alberta's rapidly expanding+ Y2 R6 [# n5 Q- ?- R2 B- O
economy, Calgary and Edmonton led the charge of Canadian cities with the0 K% B/ f6 R# t% e: @
largest house price appreciation in all housing types surveyed.
) L0 i x% ?, s% f' E0 s$ S7 F5 V2 L: v* H6 A5 A7 m( k7 j: ]
In Ottawa and Toronto, growth remained steady, supported by solid# B$ E* f; T2 E( o$ H
economic fundamentals, an increase in available inventory and strong consumer0 l# I- ]& f2 W# K2 c+ E+ r. D
confidence. While the pace of price appreciation in Ontario leveled off
* }! D6 R) @+ h' uslightly, the province's real estate market remains poised for modest growth.
4 [7 G& H; h% l- N+ m6 m' m" B8 y3 [In Atlantic Canada, new housing and condominium construction offered buyers0 Y0 \8 v! G! x3 k* ]/ Q
greater selection at more competitive prices, resulting in a slower rate of
/ |8 [# w- t0 D9 [; \, ^/ |& E+ ^price appreciation when compared with 2005.
7 G+ n. U: O# n+ Q9 u5 N4 I1 g P: |; c& _0 k
While the pace of growth in Canada has slowed, the domestic housing! N7 C: @; `; L* ^
market is expected to outperform the American market. The economic and5 X2 M+ M- i+ e7 O u: U
financial fundamentals driving the residential real estate sector in Canada) f: g2 {; I5 Y# m8 I: ]
are markedly different than those found in the United States.
& A8 }, U2 g3 T( i' X: I' ]% y. `, F: i8 ~
Added Soper: "Canada's housing market is likely to outperform the+ M" W6 `4 S% Q8 R* @! g" P' G
American market through 2007. A number of factors are working in Canada's
; H: I0 w' ^* e' v* lfavour, including healthy personal and governmental debt levels, the X# C& `9 ~5 b. t
relatively modest rise in interest rates in our country, and general
/ |5 \. z$ W2 T- `( W0 c0 maffordability in our major cities. In addition, Americans are now seeing the
& w& Q) t% s. @' cdownside of a tax system that encourages maximum homeowner leverage, and
7 N* l; `1 v6 K$ F& ~/ Baggressive financial products such as zero- and negative-amortization
- X3 F' }. G0 V. Tmortgages that work only in a high price growth environment."2 o; K. y4 s% \% _" f& Q
; }( u) N! z8 y4 o. r& U <<% o: L. o3 u% y8 K8 R9 F
REGIONAL SUMMARIES# p" e8 l& m- \5 a' P
>>% c* [: B' x! j
0 I* F( @( L5 T6 p' r- s8 v2 ]* v Balanced conditions continued to characterize the housing market in' _/ j3 C7 z5 ^, C
Halifax, as significantly higher inventory levels helped to moderate the rate
& h. |; t- x7 R/ I0 U3 I. ^of price appreciation. Buyers were increasingly choosy, taking more time4 _" D1 G* Q. ~# e w: c* q' R
looking for newer, low-maintenance properties that were not in need of
. n$ R& R5 O" i; _5 irenovations.2 D. R2 f/ G) p) M; E) W' T) Z
8 n, F) D- t- V! f4 G4 @( }% A: G3 p
The housing market in Moncton remained healthy and strong as a slight
) d% C) O/ K8 F9 j2 ]0 y7 G, B m$ Wincrease in inventory helped to moderate the rate of price appreciation! M0 {9 { t6 D' Z
compared to the same period in 2005. Activity was brisk throughout August and8 J) g3 c) z1 O9 R- x
September and is expected to remain this way through the fourth quarter.
; b& D! w' T+ L/ l( {+ k4 V* }4 G: K2 t: e2 v" r
The housing market in Saint John underwent its traditional summer
% G( ^! x1 j/ v/ Q" f2 bslowdown in the third quarter, with activity picking up towards the end of the$ D0 D7 ]8 a# s* l" Y# w
quarter. The local economy continued to thrive, as construction on a new m5 m$ U* Q* t' M# C5 S
600,000 square-foot shopping area has begun, bringing several new box stores
7 ?2 ]% N4 F/ Z7 p. b: eto the area. Buyers have begun seeking less expensive fixtures for their homes
6 k0 a5 W( f3 g0 v0 }1 U" q# eand are instead opting for more affordable housing options.
0 e0 {( N1 Z0 P/ d( \( V9 C
! a% E) d* x( ~9 V In Charlottetown, the housing market started to move towards balanced
( W+ v" J' X/ C6 `/ {conditions, as some sellers had to begin to lower the asking prices on their
3 `; f% ], F6 v; W$ ]) r; bhomes to make them more competitive. Activity from out-of-town and US buyers# c/ _6 w2 u1 ?9 V
was down slightly compared to 2005, likely attributable to the strong Canadian
# |, ^1 \1 k v+ w) v: s: Gdollar. Inventory levels began to creep up in the third quarter, providing: R1 k$ }5 @, r
buyers with more options when looking for a home.+ _) R" N; C/ T" d) d$ ?
; u/ `0 J" K; E ]8 y8 A Activity in St. John's slowed slightly in the third quarter, particularly" z+ w! V4 l& m9 o
among higher-priced properties, where there was a slight over-supply of homes7 w+ ?6 p J* e# Q( E% {0 V! N1 D, D0 n
priced over $200,000. Listing periods have increased when compared with 2005,6 y6 B/ \8 e9 C6 A" c
as some of the pent-up demand that had characterized the market over the last! D/ h" Q1 S9 d5 i* @
few years has been satisfied, resulting in more normal, balanced conditions.
& a: S# N; N6 R) Q. @# }0 `. D# k) T4 \7 V7 @ R
Montreal's housing market recorded modest increases in average house
T" x6 O5 u: N7 E/ Z5 Cprices, due to a slight seasonal slowdown in the third quarter as inventory$ X9 ~8 u& W6 a9 u
levels rose. Part of this can be attributed to the fact that many renting
3 b" d$ l H7 B p. w& x- ?first-time buyers were motivated to close on the purchase of a home by July 1,
# {4 X& z* Z4 S! { mwhen rental leases expire in Quebec. Once this date has passed some of the. ?9 E, x8 l, S; D
pressure is taken off the market, allowing buyers to visit more homes before
) s/ u- p; }6 kmaking a purchase.
: b; Z3 V: v( n, f) x6 b. p% {6 t9 L D
Ottawa held its position as one of the country's most stable housing
' y; D6 o$ U. e* L8 K8 Nmarkets in the third quarter, reinforced by a vibrant local economy and strong
% \ g' ?0 f( S8 { v3 n/ fconfidence, resulting in modest increases in average house prices. The city3 n0 C! n0 e9 I& q+ X
centre remained a bright spot in Ottawa, with homes in this area attracting) A7 K$ W. o, I2 D
attention due to their convenient location and proximity to downtown) e0 {4 [( d. }: ?
amenities.& B! M6 _; [6 G4 q: [% ?% M
+ U# @" N( W# i' z The housing market in Toronto sustained healthy activity levels
5 i; a, _# P6 B+ u0 D8 ^9 N# @throughout the third quarter, as a strong economy helped to maintain demand
& H4 l1 ^& n" e& y" \3 w) S5 b0 bacross the city, causing average house prices to rise moderately. Toronto has
3 Q9 i2 l! i8 O/ U" y& Icontinued to experience modest growth in average house prices, and has been
0 _- q( P8 M0 h4 B- Y* A6 a# Sdriven primarily by purchasers who are buying homes as their principle% P: J% T/ l$ A' \
residence, rather than for investment., ~* v8 [) C8 ?4 B5 D/ L. C
v- |0 \3 ?# T; t The vibrant Winnipeg housing market continued to show its strength as3 U, ^/ U$ G9 [$ Y
house prices rose during the third quarter. The booming local economy resulted% K3 J; J0 u# `1 Q- V: B) o ?
in a historically low unemployment rate, helping to bolster consumer
1 u% u: G% Y$ K; E* k( p; nconfidence and Winnipeg's ranking as the city with the lowest capitalization
# u, Q% s* M8 R3 }rate among the country's larger cities - helped to encourage buyers to enter
5 y5 a* C5 C" q7 tthe market., V7 i9 E5 t& [2 L, ~6 P
$ s& i& ^. N) D9 o- a
In Regina, the market experienced a slight seasonal slowdown through3 |3 X% M8 {6 i, j
July, as there were fewer purchasers in the market due to summer vacations. In3 y% ~( ~' P" Q- ?- G2 t2 t
August, activity resumed to the busy pace previously seen in the spring
0 M$ a. }$ U: Z1 z0 h `months, as the influx of purchasers made it more difficult to find a home due8 y- @) `' z, i
to the shortage of available inventory.
9 h! t# B* K* a9 _) I' O2 v/ `7 ?0 z) z: X! h& n
Activity in Saskatoon remained brisk as the market maintained its8 y& V- a2 o# a+ W; j! D3 r
momentum from the busy spring sales period. The economy in Saskatoon remains
" ? ?4 Z; y( k5 Zvibrant, as employment opportunities are abundant with many businesses
5 H+ [* ]! D7 }. }struggling to make hires and having to recruit outside the province.; Y" O! I# X/ T/ Q# D1 l
7 ^+ {, k% D2 ~+ Y9 A* ? Calgary's housing market recorded blazing average house price increases
) z, `# r, Z5 f; V5 q/ o Ein the third quarter, in all surveyed categories. The burgeoning economy, low
8 D- V* N+ u3 Nunemployment rates and low inventory levels remained the leading factors that
6 `* J6 |# }; W n+ [pressured Calgary's house prices upwards. However, regardless of the soaring6 E* J2 U& y& y* E
prices that characterized the market - even during the typically slower summer2 ]! s" n$ k( ?# Y
season - it is expected that activity will become slightly more balanced, as
0 e2 U8 m8 {' l1 k# Jbuyers are becoming more reluctant to participate in the frenetic activity.
& W2 d+ @* \; e- K8 K U) W/ _- `" v. p& J0 C
Edmonton's booming local economy continued to thrive in the third quarter
) O- z: A9 O6 S$ g' jas activity in the oil sands north of the city continued to flourish. Edmonton
% Q. a0 s3 l3 m+ u. x% qremained the hub of activity for those coming to work in the oil industry,
4 Y: d6 K2 |2 h9 x7 p6 Vmaintaining tight inventory levels across the city, resulting in prices# w( `: ~5 L5 v; N* M
increasing at record levels. However, as inventory levels continued to improve
8 E* V6 o' u1 W* V% I7 qin the third quarter the rate of price appreciation should moderate slightly- E, U% q9 N9 i A) a# m
towards the end of 2006. " |8 c: s% d( Y
7 e" i \: @& s
While Vancouver has seen a slight reprieve from the severe shortage of3 @4 h- ]& g* R P0 z, ~
inventory that had previously characterized the market, supply is still unable. N& g$ ~1 Y" h2 `2 I, n
to meet demand, driving house prices upwards. Vancouver has a very diverse' E) M9 k& Z- e, j
group of active buyers - from first-time home buyers to baby-boomers to* }% K2 n' T- t
foreign investors - all of whom fuel the demand for houses, placing added# y- I4 }& Q3 e& P
pressure on tight inventory levels.
) Y4 Y3 U& I1 ^- Y+ R0 x* r; \- \7 b% o2 m5 t
Victoria's market is vibrant and supported by strong economic% z9 C& P* ]5 [: H5 ?( \: V; E: G
fundamentals, fuelled by a booming tech sector and a migration of young people
% U( F8 X( x9 D2 I* F) |into the city that has continued to support the area's house price increases;
8 b$ ] P# `. Zwhile increased inventory levels have afforded buyers more time when searching
; d* B; p* r0 Afor a home, helping to normalize the market's pace.
" c/ a4 R+ [" t0 {. h
: k& P# \; X) S2 x* k& a4 h <<3 P; A% \' i& t, f; O1 Z
Survey of Canadian Average House Prices in the Third Quarter 2006
: f* V9 m& \ n$ i" |0 m% I
+ u$ |; ]* G) | V: c7 V -------------------------------------------------------------------------
2 ~4 F& I, {) Q) m. C) O6 t& @* ~ Detached Bungalows Standard Two Storey7 F$ G* G; ]! Q% a1 T h
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
/ s9 f0 Q+ T6 x L1 y7 H9 @8 m3 l 2006 Q3 2005 Q3 Bungalow 2006 Q3 2005 Q3
7 [; S) S0 Z) ]% u Market Average Average % Change Average Average
4 P) M" b+ O7 \5 K9 ] -------------------------------------------------------------------------7 ~6 ]- x& k# U' X
Halifax 186,333 173,333 7.5% 198,667 199,000
7 k3 t; @) q8 `: ^ -------------------------------------------------------------------------
- f8 A: U+ p- d; z; t7 n6 E' R* M Charlottetown 145,000 141,000 2.8% 175,000 170,000
6 S. a b( V7 k, G: C -------------------------------------------------------------------------; _: [9 I% f7 D; t E
Moncton 135,000 127,000 6.3% 129,000 123,000/ ^( D7 ]* ]/ k9 R/ U
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
" Y0 @& i; g3 q4 ]( @, L Saint John 141,200 142,900 -1.2% - -8 y4 W3 h& p7 m0 f$ p1 B( B Y
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
. T, V$ A, i. g( `( ~1 R2 j St. John's 143,667 142,667 0.7% 200,667 202,333, P4 e) E" B X$ [: r
-------------------------------------------------------------------------; J9 p2 g, i; g" Y) X) r' b! `
Atlantic 150,240 145,380 3.3% 175,833 173,583
" |& x9 K2 @; l1 P -------------------------------------------------------------------------
# X' }1 _3 U. |3 Z Montreal 213,691 203,500 5.0% 321,141 316,185
0 a# T$ a' L o; F -------------------------------------------------------------------------
! a6 m$ M2 a3 t( }8 L n6 s Ottawa 290,083 278,417 4.2% 285,667 273,250' S2 Q- i& F* j" q" Q$ r1 S
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
' \& n2 O: ?' _6 }7 x Toronto 373,368 355,882 4.9% 481,523 474,766/ |. G5 [( B7 e8 V: v4 z) {$ ]
-------------------------------------------------------------------------' O7 t3 }# w0 ?3 ?
Winnipeg 181,579 159,860 13.6% 202,337 180,707
+ l- k- L" }7 n6 P a( r7 [ -------------------------------------------------------------------------
) W0 i4 X+ w, R, ~1 k$ }" @ Saskatchewan 170,667 156,083 9.3% 182,600 166,500
0 D+ `# x# Y! [ ]4 D4 s -------------------------------------------------------------------------
h; O& g1 V$ u$ f; G Calgary 395,067 252,411 56.5% 405,778 264,389# z+ C' z( G' W3 [. v) o" A
-------------------------------------------------------------------------9 G& g& f3 K: M5 {
Edmonton 286,857 194,857 47.2% 316,429 206,714
R" M$ j2 q' g, I5 h6 X7 v) n -------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 E& {# ^- y. P% t- l6 j Vancouver 704,250 601,000 17.2% 794,000 697,5009 l1 g. K- X+ ]9 f4 E/ j6 n" @
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
! e7 {7 X: E. v [/ ^9 T3 s Victoria 375,000 348,000 7.8% 403,000 391,000
# A9 J" Y1 Z4 H! ?- s -------------------------------------------------------------------------, d; i2 a" W% m4 E; I
National 300,365 258,202 16.3% 365,380 322,860* w: `2 H" w: o: m- a
-------------------------------------------------------------------------( p! O4 Z% ?4 h9 `' c u4 G
0 y8 |' T; u* A" w7 p& S1 `* E3 V. L
-------------------------------------------------------------' i( o5 Z: y8 S" C9 m
Standard Condominium
' u @( N T& Q5 u. U8 \ -------------------------------------------------------------" ^0 P, ^& ~; z6 Q
2-Storey 2006 Q3 2005 Q3 Condo0 Q. c E4 z; ^! [5 c
Market % Change Average Average % Change2 B; I5 u. s5 V9 ?) D& K9 F1 ^
-------------------------------------------------------------7 K8 [0 G1 E- J/ \
Halifax -0.2% 142,000 103,000 37.9%/ b7 p% R1 _4 c8 Z; |) Z- [1 X
-------------------------------------------------------------, b ]2 u s- k
Charlottetown 2.9% 98,000 98,000 0.0%
2 h" ^* M4 i3 X" n- M7 B -------------------------------------------------------------( s3 @7 x v9 v" Z, ^# a
Moncton 4.9% - - N/A
! J, [% _) l! O9 v -------------------------------------------------------------( Z4 A4 I ~5 ^
Saint John N/A - - N/A
( ]6 E4 U" P0 I5 z7 e -------------------------------------------------------------
2 ` x# D; ?1 ~9 Z, A St. John's -0.8% 146,333 145,667 0.5%% o# _# n. v$ f7 o9 b/ `3 q
-------------------------------------------------------------) @$ g8 O: U" q* m0 U
Atlantic 1.3% 128,778 115,556 11.4%
9 x7 v' H" _# S& ^6 S# B -------------------------------------------------------------/ |! G2 v. A' B
Montreal 1.6% 193,190 188,016 2.8%$ _4 L6 G* s2 T2 @6 E
-------------------------------------------------------------
( }9 X# _3 Y5 d5 ^! N8 G Ottawa 4.5% 181,083 172,250 5.1%
) v0 ?) F2 ?9 }) C1 Q1 q -------------------------------------------------------------% Z+ O n+ P9 q; O4 ~4 r
Toronto 1.4% 252,088 242,918 3.8%2 W% Q, e* C& |% d; X# a7 b4 C8 u* q' {
-------------------------------------------------------------/ L4 I3 M% `$ @. J! d
Winnipeg 12.0% 105,648 96,008 10.0%
, T7 a6 _# a% J% ~& E! m -------------------------------------------------------------0 Z# w1 H: M3 m6 P& e& W* j4 w
Saskatchewan 9.7% 106,250 101,000 5.2%6 J9 ^) k {6 x7 f! t$ ]. J
-------------------------------------------------------------4 U. h7 I# O s$ C9 W
Calgary 53.5% 245,844 153,867 59.8%
- @, q( H- m1 k- [5 |! [/ r -------------------------------------------------------------
! V$ T/ B. {+ j& Z5 k7 M' | Edmonton 53.1% 200,433 131,500 52.4%
! m/ o8 w. Y0 Q -------------------------------------------------------------* ?) _9 o+ B' @# J/ X
Vancouver 13.8% 366,250 323,250 13.3%6 k+ O2 @2 N; s& t: ^4 x
-------------------------------------------------------------* x0 v( u& M% g: r2 ?# p
Victoria 3.1% 229,000 220,000 4.1%! q% D, `. L# s0 C+ o& d
-------------------------------------------------------------
: T' j( B# v9 R% a National 13.2% 211,562 185,296 14.2%8 D- ?$ U" _4 h, d8 E6 H+ U7 X
-------------------------------------------------------------
% R0 g) J$ ]6 D# p- I5 a, u >>
0 }. s6 P# B5 ]! Y
& p0 Z$ B, X6 c# O" t @9 K Average house prices are based on an average of all sub-markets examined. ~. G) j* K3 r9 {! e+ |" @! Y( J. I
in the area, except for the smaller markets of Charlottetown, Moncton, Saint
( _" N+ m4 Q0 u6 n* J1 d5 E8 ?3 }John and Victoria.6 G: V7 u/ i0 _/ E( i' R) T
$ r/ r3 J4 v" V: T7 w" R4 h
The Royal LePage Survey of Canadian House Prices is the largest, most
' u% ?; A, ]' h3 l5 E: Wcomprehensive study of its kind in Canada, with information on seven types of
+ \5 B/ H! S9 K1 ?0 Zhousing in over 250 neighbourhoods from coast to coast. This release- ~ D3 ~+ x, y' h. L; B- T' y
references an abbreviated version of the survey, which highlights house price
! p8 I+ H& ?4 l' O& m* Ttrends for the three most common types of housing in Canada in 80 communities
9 s" b5 k0 l, `" kacross the country. A complete database of past and present surveys is$ ^" a i" y( w. {
available on the Royal LePage Web site at www.royallepage.ca, and current) k, _ \# p, i& X1 L
figures will be updated following the end of the third quarter. A printable; L4 l: H1 I1 c% {# q' x2 q
version of the third quarter 2006 survey will be available online on+ T1 E: U& z' A" J1 t1 w* r
November 15, 2006.
7 G' H( v; Q! ` Housing values in the Royal LePage Survey are Royal LePage opinions of) p7 p* Y, Z, R2 u7 ^
fair market value in each location, based on local data and market knowledge
" c. [# Z$ w# ] A* Zprovided by Royal LePage residential real estate experts. Historical data is$ o; c5 X) h4 `( s
available for some areas back to the early 1970s. |
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