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Canada's housing market both vigorous and stable % v8 L* ~+ |+ ]5 r& _5 s
* W" ?4 }/ \7 ]% R: U
- Country's market poised to show growth throughout 2006 -( Y6 z3 r6 l; a! g% D
8 E3 P8 N# h* N1 i5 M# A TORONTO, Sept. 28 /CNW/ - For most of Canada, the housing market
' { C6 q& Z# {( bexhibited moderate price increases and stable unit sales during the third' J' c3 {# K" b" k5 A; d3 S& Y
quarter. Wide regional variances continued to be the dominant characteristic3 J1 D5 E. c! ^9 ]: `$ V/ y& z
in the market, exemplified by frenzied levels of activity and double digit
4 i, D" P$ ^$ l* Nprice gains observed in the energy and commodity rich Western provinces, and
& f; b3 r2 ~% u: @4 Q O ~# r% Tmore reasonable sales volumes and moderate price appreciation in Ontario,% x7 P+ f6 a B9 b
Quebec and Atlantic Canada, according to a report released today by Royal6 S! Q* G" t( c# z3 d% T. G
LePage Real Estate Services.# _& w' ?. y3 }# q# z0 ^; D1 G5 D
2 w. R8 w4 t$ c, W, j Nationally, market trends established through the first three quarters
. x* ~# Z9 x; W5 `) p- Hare forecast to continue for the remainder of the year. Robust economic9 n* x$ S- I/ H3 _& W4 j
conditions, low unemployment rates, modestly growing salaries and wages, and8 N$ w! p& _, B& E( b i. t" Q, z
sound consumer confidence contributed to the overall strength of the$ J" ?. i, W9 {6 Z
residential real estate sector./ Q8 A( Y7 K# O9 b. s0 w
9 l# L0 h3 u C8 j7 i" B
Of the housing types surveyed, the highest average price appreciation: ?( {5 J% D2 m# p/ Q: Y. S' e
occurred in detached bungalows, which rose to $300,365 (+16.3%)
( F% |) N. C% Q$ }+ O1 ]5 n( Vyear-over-year, followed by standard condominiums, which rose to $211,562' G7 o8 ^1 s# o" C' i/ z& x3 R
(+14.2%), and standard two-storey properties, which increased to $365,380
1 t$ J- c9 q- ~0 v9 P(+13.2%).
( S. G7 R- o, p* a$ v, ]
$ m" W6 x n* k/ o/ p "Canada's sturdy housing market continued to demonstrate steady growth- m, Q+ o0 J; i$ A1 A7 A' D! S
during the third quarter. For all but the west, we have moved on from the% @9 D8 |! k# I" q3 C8 V
frenzied expansion that characterized the first half of this decade, and are
' ?. z. h i/ L! ypoised to show continued growth at a more moderate pace," said Phil Soper,
, U- O: k, J; u T6 ^0 Spresident and chief executive officer, Royal LePage Real Estate Services.
1 g) ]) z# }" y2 T"Gone is the sellers' market that we have lived with for some years. We
, d1 _' c; C5 y" l- v- s6 twelcome the more reliable conditions that are characteristic of a healthy7 }* l- |* M; Y9 P0 c- D# A; K" Q
balanced market."% q$ Y; { a* }! S5 u# w
, m6 J3 l1 P! _* Q! Y
Despite the double-digit rise in average national house prices,
! q' U2 |4 ?1 h& Iconsiderable regional variances were exhibited again this quarter. The shift
" e! {! G1 ?& f$ ]7 L7 q0 A, R4 f$ ito balanced market conditions, which began in late 2005, has continued
D3 o9 w8 U8 g Ythroughout most of the Central and Eastern regions of the country. In the core1 Z! y+ d: h2 e$ r) V. @
energy producing western provinces, the combination of very high in-migration,
0 K: f: D. c) y; S$ c1 N5 O( I4 zmanageable affordability, and a shortage of inventory has driven record
* {% G( _/ V, E; N! Xbreaking price appreciations.7 m. _' r% f5 f: V1 P7 v' H. y
' ^3 h" S/ ^% |: u+ V Echoing the second quarter and supported by Alberta's rapidly expanding. A' L: O9 U5 T: V3 V; v$ |
economy, Calgary and Edmonton led the charge of Canadian cities with the8 |. |) O4 I/ l- Y2 F
largest house price appreciation in all housing types surveyed.
7 l; a! |' Q" x' \. D: ?5 G# ^" |1 {! [, H& m8 t3 U5 z8 u: R& u
In Ottawa and Toronto, growth remained steady, supported by solid/ I; _1 y6 E) p5 ~6 a2 \, y
economic fundamentals, an increase in available inventory and strong consumer
, ^; |( ~: [6 Lconfidence. While the pace of price appreciation in Ontario leveled off' T+ J# o! P( z9 A5 Y" s
slightly, the province's real estate market remains poised for modest growth.
7 A# z/ C& l) ?) ? i D# O" w( YIn Atlantic Canada, new housing and condominium construction offered buyers- m8 `% @$ @# O: @5 t# i9 @# V
greater selection at more competitive prices, resulting in a slower rate of4 Q, I) }9 ]; J: I1 {
price appreciation when compared with 2005.+ }+ R! s2 V+ |! P: ]$ Y, a
- }" w2 h6 C; m7 b( @! s While the pace of growth in Canada has slowed, the domestic housing
" P3 W k4 y; _6 C7 z! ~" o8 t7 j6 mmarket is expected to outperform the American market. The economic and
! H, w- [5 ]5 Y4 y& L3 [- F- ~financial fundamentals driving the residential real estate sector in Canada, N; O/ J' `9 o4 V3 v; r4 M+ l
are markedly different than those found in the United States.' M5 ~7 x8 o/ ?( V) k; ]
( d0 f3 B5 C7 \2 j- P
Added Soper: "Canada's housing market is likely to outperform the
! I& ~8 p4 h: }& l1 H! ?American market through 2007. A number of factors are working in Canada's
8 c L. Q$ g' W' m0 C5 L4 Zfavour, including healthy personal and governmental debt levels, the: p0 ^+ W3 v2 Z7 }2 l
relatively modest rise in interest rates in our country, and general
3 y" v. p! T0 `! G) `! Faffordability in our major cities. In addition, Americans are now seeing the
6 H4 y( M2 T" J* `1 hdownside of a tax system that encourages maximum homeowner leverage, and1 K# P% d3 a$ V- U$ {( d
aggressive financial products such as zero- and negative-amortization! }, b. Z" O$ v" }
mortgages that work only in a high price growth environment."
+ V, q) _( M2 N2 C1 o0 i. N* l( ]( `7 f6 f
<<: Z/ t: N; j' \8 f+ x0 W
REGIONAL SUMMARIES
6 c8 _& M2 e+ \0 M5 U >>9 b- a3 m; l" X1 | \* H
3 U5 R. _; f, K. B
Balanced conditions continued to characterize the housing market in
. v7 o& b3 P$ N& L: n! A* lHalifax, as significantly higher inventory levels helped to moderate the rate* ]6 d1 ]7 T2 l. b3 K6 A
of price appreciation. Buyers were increasingly choosy, taking more time+ _2 k8 D# h! R
looking for newer, low-maintenance properties that were not in need of
7 I) G7 C8 ^3 Qrenovations.' h6 x9 I$ x; P' J2 G
! Y% e' A g2 S/ I- P The housing market in Moncton remained healthy and strong as a slight+ t3 X: ?. K2 \* q) n4 I/ _; l
increase in inventory helped to moderate the rate of price appreciation; V9 h5 P4 p: Y
compared to the same period in 2005. Activity was brisk throughout August and( o) ?3 s8 L% a8 W; r
September and is expected to remain this way through the fourth quarter.
# s8 e9 O8 g" K
( i5 b( s, M5 d4 ~: c2 a The housing market in Saint John underwent its traditional summer: y' H* M& h8 z. i+ k
slowdown in the third quarter, with activity picking up towards the end of the
/ {. C- _0 {' A. H0 y- x, Lquarter. The local economy continued to thrive, as construction on a new
. l) Y/ N! H v) i" A8 o600,000 square-foot shopping area has begun, bringing several new box stores9 w" A B/ {; b* i% M
to the area. Buyers have begun seeking less expensive fixtures for their homes
, l7 m- E7 i/ Jand are instead opting for more affordable housing options.
! B2 s, c+ Q T" U' w: q9 {+ `: e+ F% i* A& z( S T' o0 D
In Charlottetown, the housing market started to move towards balanced& g Z( E0 \0 g9 w i7 g, f
conditions, as some sellers had to begin to lower the asking prices on their
+ j3 y2 E9 O, c1 Vhomes to make them more competitive. Activity from out-of-town and US buyers
- v& C( k _2 M3 |was down slightly compared to 2005, likely attributable to the strong Canadian3 u+ S0 T% M5 t3 u& ^/ J& ^
dollar. Inventory levels began to creep up in the third quarter, providing
# c! H# O+ Y6 H& ybuyers with more options when looking for a home.
% ^9 m* M& o* Y5 \3 \3 h
! j* Y* f, C. y; R& }5 y Activity in St. John's slowed slightly in the third quarter, particularly
! r$ I/ Y, u! ?9 Oamong higher-priced properties, where there was a slight over-supply of homes, |' b( L: e4 I- H
priced over $200,000. Listing periods have increased when compared with 2005,2 T! p' n, g+ L& f- v; N% A( O/ r
as some of the pent-up demand that had characterized the market over the last- ], ^$ J7 r, q' z2 I
few years has been satisfied, resulting in more normal, balanced conditions.
) f# G! c$ c" P9 r; j: E0 w; J; i8 S# H! ~" L' ]) } Z2 I$ X/ x. t
Montreal's housing market recorded modest increases in average house& b Y Y/ Q v6 j
prices, due to a slight seasonal slowdown in the third quarter as inventory% q5 j. q9 Y3 s+ m ?9 f
levels rose. Part of this can be attributed to the fact that many renting
7 ^" m9 x5 g4 u( a2 l0 W3 K; Ffirst-time buyers were motivated to close on the purchase of a home by July 1,
' u9 g9 X! B5 H9 |) e: rwhen rental leases expire in Quebec. Once this date has passed some of the0 {8 d4 C# i d6 u9 `7 S7 c3 A/ F! T
pressure is taken off the market, allowing buyers to visit more homes before! y9 v0 v0 a$ O! {" K; H/ W
making a purchase.
3 \& H8 S2 S7 o3 f% J0 J- R% q* h: u0 G# M3 d' S0 _( A
Ottawa held its position as one of the country's most stable housing, D$ Q' {7 Q0 K0 R
markets in the third quarter, reinforced by a vibrant local economy and strong
& y( u( E. Y8 s2 ~( k% econfidence, resulting in modest increases in average house prices. The city% o0 v+ S9 e: N" I: f
centre remained a bright spot in Ottawa, with homes in this area attracting
& B$ o2 V$ |2 D* ~1 k! ?attention due to their convenient location and proximity to downtown
" R5 c! p$ E' j' @0 x) V! {amenities.
, n$ v5 c2 R' j$ y
' \4 Q5 R. A$ f7 P6 j. B4 e- Z The housing market in Toronto sustained healthy activity levels
! [3 ?; k4 z& F. ^+ S" Sthroughout the third quarter, as a strong economy helped to maintain demand3 ?1 P# b3 J/ Z* W7 N9 \/ l
across the city, causing average house prices to rise moderately. Toronto has- s5 P- a% K6 _: D4 d* r: s
continued to experience modest growth in average house prices, and has been; p" c$ _4 o. _$ |# W8 U5 q
driven primarily by purchasers who are buying homes as their principle- ]+ M7 U$ _, P3 K+ V4 J* E* F- G
residence, rather than for investment.
; ^9 y3 K# [6 E9 _, N; c$ b9 {7 R" g+ ~7 k
The vibrant Winnipeg housing market continued to show its strength as
/ _; n) M$ y9 f$ f2 Q" S4 ^" k: Phouse prices rose during the third quarter. The booming local economy resulted
' f: r+ \/ Y# j/ |3 Kin a historically low unemployment rate, helping to bolster consumer/ h1 K4 p( }& _4 t* n3 \
confidence and Winnipeg's ranking as the city with the lowest capitalization
& x4 i* n3 }9 y! R# O# m/ O) Trate among the country's larger cities - helped to encourage buyers to enter! R! v3 I; f/ Z& X! m3 ~5 o
the market.
7 U- c: L7 z% i1 j8 y8 r
* T0 {" I1 c+ T; N: ^0 P3 P) s In Regina, the market experienced a slight seasonal slowdown through
5 ~; m7 E1 {' e( V- ~% c3 j: y8 ^July, as there were fewer purchasers in the market due to summer vacations. In
0 K3 i! J/ ]; x. o9 ^" ?August, activity resumed to the busy pace previously seen in the spring
. r9 j7 j/ K' i4 i% Fmonths, as the influx of purchasers made it more difficult to find a home due) L, r( Y7 k1 A! ]" ]$ x' Q
to the shortage of available inventory.1 v# @! P ]# L- I
+ e f( @* ^9 p( Z, z; X5 ] Activity in Saskatoon remained brisk as the market maintained its- |& T, m8 J$ Q
momentum from the busy spring sales period. The economy in Saskatoon remains. x3 Z5 Y, k* j* @) o' C1 X% D! j
vibrant, as employment opportunities are abundant with many businesses
# k- k# P. \8 D4 C: K2 t' dstruggling to make hires and having to recruit outside the province.
9 E( ^; h( a- u* \. A" O
4 M5 `2 W3 G5 M0 j Calgary's housing market recorded blazing average house price increases- w' Y7 j" p" T- m# [3 [+ p: i
in the third quarter, in all surveyed categories. The burgeoning economy, low# h8 o! a7 a& ^/ ]4 B
unemployment rates and low inventory levels remained the leading factors that
) I; W0 w; S2 i+ a% c$ Tpressured Calgary's house prices upwards. However, regardless of the soaring& h1 B' s: |9 _/ B
prices that characterized the market - even during the typically slower summer
( m( I, Q& B) _0 n4 q) o3 useason - it is expected that activity will become slightly more balanced, as! Z7 N0 f% l- @6 G
buyers are becoming more reluctant to participate in the frenetic activity.
* H' _* Y+ H1 d& z! r# ]' L1 B) G. N' Y+ |9 f; ? l% t/ |
Edmonton's booming local economy continued to thrive in the third quarter
' h m) G X5 tas activity in the oil sands north of the city continued to flourish. Edmonton
6 Z/ a! n7 T: v8 a3 H* |- `remained the hub of activity for those coming to work in the oil industry,: n2 r3 j; h/ o) {
maintaining tight inventory levels across the city, resulting in prices! ~8 y: W. K6 p4 T! L% l' R
increasing at record levels. However, as inventory levels continued to improve- e$ O* [ A8 e1 T
in the third quarter the rate of price appreciation should moderate slightly
+ h( j3 D) W" ltowards the end of 2006. - d/ G/ S5 h( @ g" Y0 X5 Q
) }+ ?* h7 T& R; w: S( e4 KWhile Vancouver has seen a slight reprieve from the severe shortage of, z6 q7 O. B7 F- b5 l( z% @, l
inventory that had previously characterized the market, supply is still unable% y( _5 _9 O% b4 ^
to meet demand, driving house prices upwards. Vancouver has a very diverse8 z( T5 Q. O; V
group of active buyers - from first-time home buyers to baby-boomers to* U% K7 P/ `9 B" g
foreign investors - all of whom fuel the demand for houses, placing added' T9 c5 j$ p" N' V! r
pressure on tight inventory levels.1 s. P' |) N- a# ]+ M0 \4 b
1 m4 V1 X) A7 }8 h- ~% f Victoria's market is vibrant and supported by strong economic& C) g, |6 `. {
fundamentals, fuelled by a booming tech sector and a migration of young people) j8 R+ ? s! S. c
into the city that has continued to support the area's house price increases;
; y' `' h. z( B6 l% ?7 Twhile increased inventory levels have afforded buyers more time when searching
3 G1 B. S- k- m0 ]for a home, helping to normalize the market's pace.
& l1 ^1 v0 A5 p }) \. s% T
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Survey of Canadian Average House Prices in the Third Quarter 2006
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) P" x% N" |9 R -------------------------------------------------------------------------, j% N; r' S+ [" `4 d
Detached Bungalows Standard Two Storey
. O- m. h$ {0 ^" t) V* ]% ? -------------------------------------------------------------------------
- V2 u l* ~# w4 N 2006 Q3 2005 Q3 Bungalow 2006 Q3 2005 Q3, J: o% C- E* v9 m; B/ B
Market Average Average % Change Average Average1 J6 u( s A+ ]' |( L5 L7 \
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ u" {" M: }- l; } Halifax 186,333 173,333 7.5% 198,667 199,0004 ]7 C5 o/ u% L$ }1 Z! `9 `
-------------------------------------------------------------------------& _& U' }: x& J" Q( W: _0 F- _
Charlottetown 145,000 141,000 2.8% 175,000 170,000
" ~* q) z, I$ Y4 i% v' G. G -------------------------------------------------------------------------
2 K1 z8 A( D! @: W Moncton 135,000 127,000 6.3% 129,000 123,000/ H% F9 r* P5 J% P* _! N; Y
-------------------------------------------------------------------------+ D/ [4 K, h5 H
Saint John 141,200 142,900 -1.2% - -
: R4 e0 H) E% M$ _+ X n -------------------------------------------------------------------------
7 d7 m+ d3 {7 {* ^; \) y St. John's 143,667 142,667 0.7% 200,667 202,3338 ~8 S3 m+ O4 g
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
" [$ R6 M; B1 U- p/ n0 A' t0 h Atlantic 150,240 145,380 3.3% 175,833 173,583$ y: y+ T9 G1 [
-------------------------------------------------------------------------, g G& ]+ \7 G7 x9 I
Montreal 213,691 203,500 5.0% 321,141 316,1851 |! Y+ T% B0 X& k) r
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
% p. E; r- F' _4 \6 s+ Z9 ] Ottawa 290,083 278,417 4.2% 285,667 273,250) R0 N% P- {) r8 f3 `+ h
-------------------------------------------------------------------------6 o" V' |! i& Q. ^ ~: T
Toronto 373,368 355,882 4.9% 481,523 474,766; w7 W' v& A4 N
-------------------------------------------------------------------------* A' F3 s' }. p" b0 B$ Q
Winnipeg 181,579 159,860 13.6% 202,337 180,707
6 w1 X z! t& u @/ `% d! B% i4 `0 P -------------------------------------------------------------------------
% p! s! L) m, s/ X; G' ~ Saskatchewan 170,667 156,083 9.3% 182,600 166,5003 N2 O! V3 c, _$ f
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
$ P8 K' M X, T Calgary 395,067 252,411 56.5% 405,778 264,389
& V; A* g& I% q. |! \3 S+ Q -------------------------------------------------------------------------2 B: [8 E% Y# s6 [
Edmonton 286,857 194,857 47.2% 316,429 206,7144 E- A0 {* R2 H; w6 ]- S6 Z- c0 `
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
# Q, ^( z$ Y2 I6 Q% H3 q Vancouver 704,250 601,000 17.2% 794,000 697,500$ Z6 I- B6 [2 B
-------------------------------------------------------------------------. w, x9 V5 ~$ W
Victoria 375,000 348,000 7.8% 403,000 391,000' {1 {! F: D1 U# U
-------------------------------------------------------------------------% E: g/ P( _7 P2 E& F) T7 h4 ?
National 300,365 258,202 16.3% 365,380 322,860/ w1 t4 D: l; N. E4 \
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
7 J3 K! Q& n" \1 k' G/ r7 I9 D/ }# Z3 P( R& P' y
-------------------------------------------------------------+ y6 B' q9 Z) A$ f% A/ S/ H2 u
Standard Condominium6 [1 m5 ]6 x- I
-------------------------------------------------------------
" W* i4 ^) V6 L# d6 j5 r ] 2-Storey 2006 Q3 2005 Q3 Condo( X+ j: |0 ^( `+ R( }, k( s1 G/ ?* q
Market % Change Average Average % Change+ c3 l$ Y% u \" g0 {% F5 ]
-------------------------------------------------------------
" W, d6 y6 N) `$ u6 U: t. H, [6 R1 N Halifax -0.2% 142,000 103,000 37.9%
r4 w6 J' n& m3 p -------------------------------------------------------------- }5 B1 a, b2 z, N: x& M% L
Charlottetown 2.9% 98,000 98,000 0.0%
' ?) _& X; X: u) \ -------------------------------------------------------------3 D/ o2 V7 K, I. E* z
Moncton 4.9% - - N/A0 V5 e8 a G/ a
-------------------------------------------------------------1 p& D$ P& D! _. A q
Saint John N/A - - N/A( Z! N+ _2 N, Y
-------------------------------------------------------------
5 k: |, O% g2 S% {: w6 i St. John's -0.8% 146,333 145,667 0.5%" C+ J; m" h W" j& r; Q4 l
-------------------------------------------------------------
$ M; I* Y1 n" J Atlantic 1.3% 128,778 115,556 11.4%; F$ w6 ]; B7 b0 x, k& n q
-------------------------------------------------------------; a( l4 g: _( A; ^
Montreal 1.6% 193,190 188,016 2.8%4 l- Q1 {3 a# X" @
-------------------------------------------------------------
6 k7 A/ N% H7 |# M. G Ottawa 4.5% 181,083 172,250 5.1%1 x& I8 e4 x* O) {# `1 v
-------------------------------------------------------------: K$ H3 Z8 B# r" ~/ H
Toronto 1.4% 252,088 242,918 3.8%) ~/ l8 U% i2 P/ }( }
-------------------------------------------------------------
3 p( @" M' q% x( ^ Winnipeg 12.0% 105,648 96,008 10.0%! i. |& i7 @4 L7 e! W8 Y3 k9 t# r
-------------------------------------------------------------
0 t$ A6 u/ v: Q R5 Z5 ^. ?, _ Saskatchewan 9.7% 106,250 101,000 5.2%* q2 v$ @6 C- C" s6 w6 }3 D
-------------------------------------------------------------
# e2 B$ ?9 m9 S Calgary 53.5% 245,844 153,867 59.8%3 ~3 \0 u1 E3 l" F. ^0 f# ]2 o# Y1 D
-------------------------------------------------------------
! v# ~* x: \1 ^4 ^( j+ X, B& I Edmonton 53.1% 200,433 131,500 52.4%) i$ e a9 i) p/ U# S9 y4 q0 g# N
-------------------------------------------------------------$ C5 l: p# @9 W' j: C' k
Vancouver 13.8% 366,250 323,250 13.3%
* J4 {6 a+ s: b" _" q8 i1 o8 u ------------------------------------------------------------- l. y3 C) O! |6 m, s, W0 `
Victoria 3.1% 229,000 220,000 4.1%$ E. S' w7 F" g
-------------------------------------------------------------8 U7 L: F4 E2 o C+ y
National 13.2% 211,562 185,296 14.2% V/ k5 {5 m1 q5 [# | b
-------------------------------------------------------------
4 `3 r% X8 b( d3 N( q; x$ |6 C >>
$ W% m2 P1 g; M1 H( E; S( [9 t V* V. f3 U4 z0 G
Average house prices are based on an average of all sub-markets examined
7 ^9 M6 n/ r* ein the area, except for the smaller markets of Charlottetown, Moncton, Saint
. l" ]* O0 o4 y* kJohn and Victoria.
5 v4 _5 U; z* k, A8 x- y q0 m' b8 H9 l
The Royal LePage Survey of Canadian House Prices is the largest, most
: f+ ]: n9 T! ccomprehensive study of its kind in Canada, with information on seven types of: l U A# T; {; {0 l/ ^) N
housing in over 250 neighbourhoods from coast to coast. This release
7 w# J$ o; R% q; G$ Sreferences an abbreviated version of the survey, which highlights house price8 v( y/ }" F. `) p4 n! I
trends for the three most common types of housing in Canada in 80 communities/ J# E0 ?( K( @9 m3 p! {( P' i
across the country. A complete database of past and present surveys is4 H9 S0 @* k4 c6 M8 {* y. F
available on the Royal LePage Web site at www.royallepage.ca, and current- L' t) ~2 |- N& H$ d$ |
figures will be updated following the end of the third quarter. A printable
" Y) |2 [7 g Q6 Z/ H$ v" eversion of the third quarter 2006 survey will be available online on
% F$ z. w3 B* [/ U; CNovember 15, 2006.9 A! A0 ]0 g" O* e" e3 A
Housing values in the Royal LePage Survey are Royal LePage opinions of( w4 b: |, c" A* P W e
fair market value in each location, based on local data and market knowledge" J- Z, R8 o- i' g* d" u
provided by Royal LePage residential real estate experts. Historical data is
' t2 I( \) g3 j& \9 }8 Zavailable for some areas back to the early 1970s. |
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