 鲜花( 0)  鸡蛋( 0)
|
Canada's housing market both vigorous and stable ' n0 r) p, Q/ ^; o
' G' o8 h, m. ?4 F* i1 Y- Country's market poised to show growth throughout 2006 -6 C1 N+ `9 F7 p- j
- C' {) |8 N; h, G TORONTO, Sept. 28 /CNW/ - For most of Canada, the housing market
: l) h" D0 D$ I* H* A' M) d, n$ iexhibited moderate price increases and stable unit sales during the third9 c7 J5 f* Z* H) [ G
quarter. Wide regional variances continued to be the dominant characteristic
. e4 X% E# u$ q& _+ z( y$ a7 j2 l) \in the market, exemplified by frenzied levels of activity and double digit
9 _. Z% q$ j/ F4 Mprice gains observed in the energy and commodity rich Western provinces, and
/ i. t' G9 ^1 }( F) a0 t! |* Imore reasonable sales volumes and moderate price appreciation in Ontario,7 s4 g- j! e* T: l& r
Quebec and Atlantic Canada, according to a report released today by Royal+ z1 M; g5 e: b. h- R( @
LePage Real Estate Services.% l1 r* I" W3 l) k8 p
$ H8 Y# k) G, z7 c) k
Nationally, market trends established through the first three quarters
) Y+ |# \) M2 Yare forecast to continue for the remainder of the year. Robust economic5 Y B0 O4 {7 U6 X- }$ ?
conditions, low unemployment rates, modestly growing salaries and wages, and R4 c5 `- r# s, [
sound consumer confidence contributed to the overall strength of the w, E9 z8 L( K( z' {
residential real estate sector.
/ s. S f( u' x% l1 D- ^" ]) c3 ?4 s0 X/ M; } Y2 S
Of the housing types surveyed, the highest average price appreciation7 ]5 o' o6 b8 ` u7 d/ }
occurred in detached bungalows, which rose to $300,365 (+16.3%)1 c& y' O, T4 q2 k
year-over-year, followed by standard condominiums, which rose to $211,5626 F8 L/ {7 @6 F9 O
(+14.2%), and standard two-storey properties, which increased to $365,380
W; ]! v# v; D3 z: h9 l% w$ C(+13.2%).
. L( Z% A/ M" D* T( o; @% O& n1 \( [, W) r
"Canada's sturdy housing market continued to demonstrate steady growth
' |$ Q2 o1 k4 H$ uduring the third quarter. For all but the west, we have moved on from the/ _9 M+ `& m: m4 E( |7 O
frenzied expansion that characterized the first half of this decade, and are
( y1 U0 s2 a L$ J4 ^5 r3 X& C. Spoised to show continued growth at a more moderate pace," said Phil Soper,
# s* e g3 ?" Y8 a8 Zpresident and chief executive officer, Royal LePage Real Estate Services./ H% {' i& ?! W0 J/ R& y5 |- Z) |9 F
"Gone is the sellers' market that we have lived with for some years. We$ @5 I# e( H& l5 e7 l% W
welcome the more reliable conditions that are characteristic of a healthy
6 `* l0 j0 ]3 Jbalanced market."! R; l) ?/ u3 h* l
" s1 c; b, b% L9 S
Despite the double-digit rise in average national house prices,
) v1 }+ p+ A- U; n" ]. J# a6 cconsiderable regional variances were exhibited again this quarter. The shift
6 K" o7 Y, F8 Ito balanced market conditions, which began in late 2005, has continued6 ]; e% o- E( M3 {: Q% i, l
throughout most of the Central and Eastern regions of the country. In the core- Q( w; N J; I v1 V7 n
energy producing western provinces, the combination of very high in-migration,
. l- B2 B2 {' T! n$ c5 jmanageable affordability, and a shortage of inventory has driven record% l2 j' n0 j% |
breaking price appreciations.2 s) ~3 R% E4 S6 s
, e! v* L% x2 p+ c Echoing the second quarter and supported by Alberta's rapidly expanding6 ~ U/ j; y& x$ [# y8 B1 ?
economy, Calgary and Edmonton led the charge of Canadian cities with the
7 E" ]3 t% Q) ^- X) Elargest house price appreciation in all housing types surveyed.) j) j; q) m5 p7 K; ^* N C3 S: ~: h
+ t% D: x& Z7 S# j% S8 E: P5 m% o, h
In Ottawa and Toronto, growth remained steady, supported by solid- J+ B2 ]' J3 Y2 _" K
economic fundamentals, an increase in available inventory and strong consumer; m0 q4 s! n$ Y: T- Y
confidence. While the pace of price appreciation in Ontario leveled off3 x% d/ _1 m) E0 u: I* V% d
slightly, the province's real estate market remains poised for modest growth.
" H/ e& ]$ R* U" F3 E% iIn Atlantic Canada, new housing and condominium construction offered buyers8 h# y- J; z/ F. @' s7 c/ W
greater selection at more competitive prices, resulting in a slower rate of) `! A0 \+ F7 m, G. h
price appreciation when compared with 2005.: z. i( {; @# K- t+ p6 @ c" U' d- M
( q$ Q/ ~$ q7 T2 _1 [) K While the pace of growth in Canada has slowed, the domestic housing1 N+ U2 U/ Z+ K& G9 P
market is expected to outperform the American market. The economic and
& E% [, o2 ?0 A$ P6 L) [$ wfinancial fundamentals driving the residential real estate sector in Canada
: f: n0 e& i/ O4 Y# yare markedly different than those found in the United States.1 B/ K/ U& `" [5 M" B
9 R* H) l( q# c& F: o4 G
Added Soper: "Canada's housing market is likely to outperform the4 Z8 q8 L$ M* b( s" T n
American market through 2007. A number of factors are working in Canada's
$ V4 j7 M6 ?8 @& I4 e- qfavour, including healthy personal and governmental debt levels, the3 Z, o( m) Y% n' g0 Q, N* r
relatively modest rise in interest rates in our country, and general: d, [7 N* R# E/ N2 a/ z
affordability in our major cities. In addition, Americans are now seeing the& |8 X7 i( q" ?
downside of a tax system that encourages maximum homeowner leverage, and& ~) |" z |9 @. B" B# k3 z- [
aggressive financial products such as zero- and negative-amortization! \% {% d# B" O/ J
mortgages that work only in a high price growth environment."4 x- q: j) \' j) D
& ~3 N! y ~ j- F! p0 A
<<6 O1 @) u, v& _$ E
REGIONAL SUMMARIES5 i# r# h. W2 N$ }7 g5 q k+ Y3 C4 J
>>. T3 |. H$ r8 R) f% i" i) r5 G
* q C2 y8 B9 @, e Balanced conditions continued to characterize the housing market in
1 W9 b8 ^% a5 Y( @% YHalifax, as significantly higher inventory levels helped to moderate the rate# w! ?- o7 `8 a8 B8 c$ ]
of price appreciation. Buyers were increasingly choosy, taking more time
& E3 {2 A4 w) Q( alooking for newer, low-maintenance properties that were not in need of8 ]) T6 Z. @. t0 }5 |
renovations., D) i) a) F K- I8 \
$ h* d- \) [& y2 n, d. G- Q The housing market in Moncton remained healthy and strong as a slight
- E9 G8 X( x$ x6 U3 wincrease in inventory helped to moderate the rate of price appreciation
" Y. c# ?+ H( O" E/ N( y/ X$ Dcompared to the same period in 2005. Activity was brisk throughout August and
. X3 B3 z6 \0 Q" rSeptember and is expected to remain this way through the fourth quarter.
& Z+ w7 A0 m6 O: C+ k6 v. P. V! }8 K0 K: X( D0 e. Z
The housing market in Saint John underwent its traditional summer/ @* {: r+ V( Y8 B a
slowdown in the third quarter, with activity picking up towards the end of the6 B! m3 U. U& Q" r0 D; l; G
quarter. The local economy continued to thrive, as construction on a new. L7 m7 K4 g# \) l h1 I# A
600,000 square-foot shopping area has begun, bringing several new box stores. W" U4 L0 y# Z8 {/ S! c
to the area. Buyers have begun seeking less expensive fixtures for their homes
. Y: h, T6 B" R' D2 ~and are instead opting for more affordable housing options.8 q, l6 h' R& _: l. b$ e! q1 x4 C% |
+ ~* q4 |* W- Z# p In Charlottetown, the housing market started to move towards balanced3 k; Q) e/ Y t+ Z$ Q" K0 \
conditions, as some sellers had to begin to lower the asking prices on their
2 x, Q7 i8 n7 P2 P g7 p3 N' C7 hhomes to make them more competitive. Activity from out-of-town and US buyers
8 s Q h/ B+ A& r6 Nwas down slightly compared to 2005, likely attributable to the strong Canadian W1 v8 W. y& H7 u9 M) _9 e
dollar. Inventory levels began to creep up in the third quarter, providing
$ c5 k3 }7 ]0 g1 f: X2 x9 Y1 F0 Bbuyers with more options when looking for a home.
# C- ^; ^' U3 U
8 C1 U: j9 D- }0 j% n Activity in St. John's slowed slightly in the third quarter, particularly
3 N2 f! X6 ^: j* M9 P. V: [. E: Kamong higher-priced properties, where there was a slight over-supply of homes6 a% g( n% p3 |: H- N# a
priced over $200,000. Listing periods have increased when compared with 2005,
3 R0 N& k! g. Q9 M8 N1 k5 k! e; Bas some of the pent-up demand that had characterized the market over the last! i e8 F. g6 k4 D) Y
few years has been satisfied, resulting in more normal, balanced conditions." ]- f, G5 Q3 _3 I5 n7 }
, i; N `; ^# W5 E- v# q# M* i1 G J3 Y
Montreal's housing market recorded modest increases in average house7 _8 }& _0 `7 J
prices, due to a slight seasonal slowdown in the third quarter as inventory8 B# H" {! Q% \' ^
levels rose. Part of this can be attributed to the fact that many renting
# [( G* ^# O: @: A9 nfirst-time buyers were motivated to close on the purchase of a home by July 1,
+ k/ E' \1 @5 v6 a; i0 Swhen rental leases expire in Quebec. Once this date has passed some of the) @) C' y: P* ~( L. l/ |
pressure is taken off the market, allowing buyers to visit more homes before' Y) G: D' P- @0 e( g
making a purchase.
8 c- C" N2 L, q
( j' T* c. _" i1 H/ ?& r Ottawa held its position as one of the country's most stable housing/ B: l# n- ~8 _: d% _
markets in the third quarter, reinforced by a vibrant local economy and strong
' B u1 u1 m+ @3 v8 Lconfidence, resulting in modest increases in average house prices. The city
% J" w: t, p8 i: g7 jcentre remained a bright spot in Ottawa, with homes in this area attracting
! f7 T" [# w+ z" j) Y# W# vattention due to their convenient location and proximity to downtown
- R3 V7 v4 {/ I1 X, Famenities.' i# A" w9 V, y2 V9 i
6 C2 P3 Q5 y! \2 e' y The housing market in Toronto sustained healthy activity levels
; A: s! ?* ~- A7 ]. xthroughout the third quarter, as a strong economy helped to maintain demand
, s, E7 e% `( g1 X) U8 Lacross the city, causing average house prices to rise moderately. Toronto has! F, v% I' S. v! z w. H
continued to experience modest growth in average house prices, and has been6 \& E. D' G E+ P* F. z6 v: C
driven primarily by purchasers who are buying homes as their principle0 w$ I. b: [4 p3 {
residence, rather than for investment.8 V7 z# n6 C/ S7 s
- ^# i w) R3 j* Q B: p$ }: o
The vibrant Winnipeg housing market continued to show its strength as; G+ u/ `6 ^+ z: W7 i- |. h# {' k
house prices rose during the third quarter. The booming local economy resulted
* E% \% b- j. u9 S3 g) ain a historically low unemployment rate, helping to bolster consumer, Q9 b6 I- d+ w1 l
confidence and Winnipeg's ranking as the city with the lowest capitalization
5 F2 p0 a* z0 y2 }1 Mrate among the country's larger cities - helped to encourage buyers to enter
& `/ M6 n* U; z+ K/ Kthe market.
0 X+ c, }4 Z6 i% Q1 e) D, k9 A# j" ~6 s7 P( o+ B5 a
In Regina, the market experienced a slight seasonal slowdown through! {; i4 U, o+ P6 m
July, as there were fewer purchasers in the market due to summer vacations. In
6 t* f, @% i3 C* z5 h7 aAugust, activity resumed to the busy pace previously seen in the spring
- C) B! Z# ^" ~months, as the influx of purchasers made it more difficult to find a home due5 H& d/ z" l, P1 Z3 Q. j$ q
to the shortage of available inventory.
4 I6 S2 N b9 ^, B1 F) {1 D0 u( B/ T: G% ^& J+ C3 g6 m
Activity in Saskatoon remained brisk as the market maintained its1 v! |, w# s" E8 A, x
momentum from the busy spring sales period. The economy in Saskatoon remains
2 d, _" @2 |( m& W. Nvibrant, as employment opportunities are abundant with many businesses+ ~; J2 R* U# p M T+ D
struggling to make hires and having to recruit outside the province.3 g, C" Y! Y: n$ X8 s K( V
0 g i4 T, `2 D7 S; U/ A2 f Calgary's housing market recorded blazing average house price increases
% p4 q' {9 [% s( p6 qin the third quarter, in all surveyed categories. The burgeoning economy, low, f# @. e8 k9 n. @
unemployment rates and low inventory levels remained the leading factors that
) k* ~2 ~" v% B7 \8 N' Hpressured Calgary's house prices upwards. However, regardless of the soaring
, _7 J9 `+ w7 Gprices that characterized the market - even during the typically slower summer f6 t; o$ w! q: \/ y: s* ]( P
season - it is expected that activity will become slightly more balanced, as0 @) `3 `: d9 h# _4 p1 y% Q
buyers are becoming more reluctant to participate in the frenetic activity.; v0 \8 V: K# E* K8 X" q
* i L0 w5 |. J' ?1 C+ J
Edmonton's booming local economy continued to thrive in the third quarter. T& O1 j9 q5 T% c; A& v
as activity in the oil sands north of the city continued to flourish. Edmonton
3 g/ V/ q* h/ F gremained the hub of activity for those coming to work in the oil industry,
/ G+ k$ w, o. Wmaintaining tight inventory levels across the city, resulting in prices# |8 `& ]/ C3 t1 M
increasing at record levels. However, as inventory levels continued to improve* M m% ~, S: g4 F/ z7 q: e
in the third quarter the rate of price appreciation should moderate slightly
& C* j% z- j8 O' \0 @, w7 u* itowards the end of 2006. + O( k9 v$ \( c$ B2 z/ _' F
( G# K _. y0 I- @9 F
While Vancouver has seen a slight reprieve from the severe shortage of H8 B+ T0 Z8 [; x) f
inventory that had previously characterized the market, supply is still unable% z% U2 d$ Q. P( P
to meet demand, driving house prices upwards. Vancouver has a very diverse0 A6 u- a7 Q) t! H7 J: c. }2 c
group of active buyers - from first-time home buyers to baby-boomers to
( d' Z/ @' |! Dforeign investors - all of whom fuel the demand for houses, placing added$ Y% Q$ R) x% J, a, R
pressure on tight inventory levels.! J& v% k. J1 y _9 \ F# Z
* U9 R. f1 E- V3 \9 S" ?5 ^
Victoria's market is vibrant and supported by strong economic/ B/ w1 h( i* ]4 Y+ h! W- v: D1 q O
fundamentals, fuelled by a booming tech sector and a migration of young people
' ^/ G) {) B* Z w1 Y" Dinto the city that has continued to support the area's house price increases;1 N1 d! Y8 T4 j$ g ^- F
while increased inventory levels have afforded buyers more time when searching3 Z7 u0 l" ~" S; C W# Z6 w
for a home, helping to normalize the market's pace.' Z" I, J. P7 U; k6 ]3 }3 m
/ g& w; J; W; \5 X1 @( F' V3 M+ v& } <<
8 _5 x$ P) _+ v+ G! ~ Survey of Canadian Average House Prices in the Third Quarter 2006
) W+ s$ f1 |' q! {3 F @9 f! U) y7 n0 Z
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
) a$ ?2 E. L, o2 J. V& V Detached Bungalows Standard Two Storey
' ]6 e3 j# k4 a+ [& u -------------------------------------------------------------------------. _" ^! C! }- w4 S+ e) \, L e
2006 Q3 2005 Q3 Bungalow 2006 Q3 2005 Q39 a8 {1 P- ]' Z. c. n3 h
Market Average Average % Change Average Average7 D: l4 T4 K1 S# ?
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
8 n* \% q* y& H* C2 T Halifax 186,333 173,333 7.5% 198,667 199,000+ C2 Y% @' w. {" N
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
0 V# D( m; g6 k# T. J% {6 P# m Charlottetown 145,000 141,000 2.8% 175,000 170,000
1 S( k! J* _, ~4 e -------------------------------------------------------------------------
4 Y+ T1 E( W4 B: p a+ a" o Moncton 135,000 127,000 6.3% 129,000 123,000
+ P7 @3 C; C7 n J% Q# K1 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------' O+ m7 a4 s* q& T% R0 y- U
Saint John 141,200 142,900 -1.2% - -! D W: L9 V3 o/ c' U% h
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
B3 b+ w. t' s" E6 Y5 F8 t& g. S St. John's 143,667 142,667 0.7% 200,667 202,333' N5 O- ?7 T+ i3 H
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ r% {# P; Z( F/ \* n( _1 M( f Atlantic 150,240 145,380 3.3% 175,833 173,583& e' Z' c% G0 p" j, K# E
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
. D# g- S8 @9 j6 J Montreal 213,691 203,500 5.0% 321,141 316,1856 X% A3 J3 p- w
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
2 ^+ x. A" Y8 i0 K' @2 n% K Ottawa 290,083 278,417 4.2% 285,667 273,2502 C8 R C. k, w0 a7 u b
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
* F/ ?$ \) e0 W/ R% c7 Q Toronto 373,368 355,882 4.9% 481,523 474,766: d& ?" l& X. Q( z; g
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
' d' s. K& v) R2 `# D Winnipeg 181,579 159,860 13.6% 202,337 180,707
3 C) r7 b4 T8 r' G$ u' F -------------------------------------------------------------------------
$ \: T6 I2 D/ q! E5 q# L Saskatchewan 170,667 156,083 9.3% 182,600 166,500
6 X* j6 G' r A7 G" y -------------------------------------------------------------------------
; ~! `8 B/ _) \2 _ Calgary 395,067 252,411 56.5% 405,778 264,389
! _! `& U! M0 f* [ -------------------------------------------------------------------------* Y% V0 L4 I0 J" i( [: M
Edmonton 286,857 194,857 47.2% 316,429 206,714* O# H6 x7 I( A, [7 \. Z
-------------------------------------------------------------------------/ W( U7 h$ ^4 X$ \; e, n9 ~# o
Vancouver 704,250 601,000 17.2% 794,000 697,500( p4 U) J' Q: k4 z% E0 _% u2 [8 E3 v
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
& x% @! A. B! U' V Victoria 375,000 348,000 7.8% 403,000 391,000
0 v$ ^2 `% o5 I -------------------------------------------------------------------------
; h+ \) g: y9 }, s! N National 300,365 258,202 16.3% 365,380 322,860! {/ M$ m$ b$ q8 \% k
-------------------------------------------------------------------------5 Z: U8 @, r9 S% u
% i7 l- |) j3 G* }' M% N* ~$ Q# ?
-------------------------------------------------------------9 K9 j+ |4 H, }' d
Standard Condominium
& a: [( }. f' m( n# H4 I -------------------------------------------------------------
* J/ z* t2 o l 2-Storey 2006 Q3 2005 Q3 Condo( l2 e& f: N& t
Market % Change Average Average % Change- f% W: O: Q' h1 c0 @
-------------------------------------------------------------
& U: v* ^ g$ e Halifax -0.2% 142,000 103,000 37.9%+ r' |3 N$ M# J" u
-------------------------------------------------------------4 Q5 z) V/ n$ d: ?
Charlottetown 2.9% 98,000 98,000 0.0%
) d( [% q1 u: ?& w -------------------------------------------------------------
' V x. ?/ x x9 b8 T5 r Moncton 4.9% - - N/A8 Y5 W) H, p+ |
-------------------------------------------------------------1 N: Y6 q' x6 i! P9 j& M- m1 k9 @
Saint John N/A - - N/A8 ]. A( S0 Q5 S3 R6 v
-------------------------------------------------------------
2 N6 b: P+ G4 ~ q7 p: g St. John's -0.8% 146,333 145,667 0.5%0 n: Z( K) I# N- \/ m
-------------------------------------------------------------* N1 f! w% ?$ ~0 T' I1 {5 Y
Atlantic 1.3% 128,778 115,556 11.4%& E7 M1 R O. Z4 H0 D+ f6 `7 M. x
-------------------------------------------------------------3 C! B& o; V/ U' N v
Montreal 1.6% 193,190 188,016 2.8%
. s$ B1 Q: |0 I- M$ X9 A -------------------------------------------------------------9 _6 |6 P4 ]$ d5 W9 Q
Ottawa 4.5% 181,083 172,250 5.1%4 K9 _ _) Y Z5 y
-------------------------------------------------------------9 ^, v5 \0 G$ D2 t. x
Toronto 1.4% 252,088 242,918 3.8%" L& [3 y- r; Y, k: K- r
-------------------------------------------------------------
! i8 _: ^) \+ o; L6 ~" D9 L Winnipeg 12.0% 105,648 96,008 10.0%6 D7 z$ l& L. S( J; a/ N' s
-------------------------------------------------------------
6 `$ C% ~8 q" ?: S3 j Saskatchewan 9.7% 106,250 101,000 5.2%& P' d. S! k4 |
-------------------------------------------------------------
8 i8 T5 y1 ?9 {% V9 I$ S Calgary 53.5% 245,844 153,867 59.8%
9 P/ f1 w1 g+ a- Y/ j -------------------------------------------------------------5 c0 ]1 E3 Z$ |, V
Edmonton 53.1% 200,433 131,500 52.4%
7 J% r4 | F# l: p4 g% U. Q -------------------------------------------------------------+ p: @4 v9 \& i* T
Vancouver 13.8% 366,250 323,250 13.3%
' n3 [0 ^' } |/ [/ E& J3 `+ L -------------------------------------------------------------
& G8 a0 M7 |( W2 x& q7 y7 V E Victoria 3.1% 229,000 220,000 4.1%, }+ j0 w% \4 ] C/ V, ?$ D
-------------------------------------------------------------
: ^- Q/ j2 j/ U' i) I; X! W) o National 13.2% 211,562 185,296 14.2%
8 ^, m+ S) B6 V% C r V" n -------------------------------------------------------------
w1 ~) c: N) a' H >>" \' u" ]1 g" p! \$ x8 x8 i
U9 A2 [# M. a# z0 @4 T, W9 R# e# `
Average house prices are based on an average of all sub-markets examined @% w$ H% l2 E
in the area, except for the smaller markets of Charlottetown, Moncton, Saint- I- t( W; i/ [3 d3 N( S
John and Victoria.# n) | V2 I& z' x
" \" F' G' p8 k+ D
The Royal LePage Survey of Canadian House Prices is the largest, most$ U+ D! h9 t* j6 m) @; Z, \4 ~
comprehensive study of its kind in Canada, with information on seven types of$ n0 ?2 X+ t3 J& ?
housing in over 250 neighbourhoods from coast to coast. This release: G6 A0 L+ k9 z; X; E9 K, o
references an abbreviated version of the survey, which highlights house price
! p$ B8 R0 P+ O6 B# Dtrends for the three most common types of housing in Canada in 80 communities! k/ Z! g. ?; }+ @
across the country. A complete database of past and present surveys is7 v/ i4 t8 q1 Q8 b1 R$ |
available on the Royal LePage Web site at www.royallepage.ca, and current
6 U8 H) m- H/ ]! Q; z, E1 k' kfigures will be updated following the end of the third quarter. A printable% {# J" |: o$ D0 h& U; H' {( |
version of the third quarter 2006 survey will be available online on
7 c/ R D* G( C0 h8 Q- s( n7 g" xNovember 15, 2006.- V% I& `& F, q: u
Housing values in the Royal LePage Survey are Royal LePage opinions of
2 y# E( [" t( I2 y, \4 ?; G4 hfair market value in each location, based on local data and market knowledge
, d1 Q1 T6 m1 K9 gprovided by Royal LePage residential real estate experts. Historical data is
$ [8 H" V5 L) w7 o0 s$ Navailable for some areas back to the early 1970s. |
|