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Canada's housing market both vigorous and stable ; Z8 ?) o. o! ^5 `+ o
9 ?. a( K7 n5 C1 K
- Country's market poised to show growth throughout 2006 -
6 F6 F7 U, u6 |% X( f! i$ \+ F
( {+ b9 | x$ i$ F+ v* @ TORONTO, Sept. 28 /CNW/ - For most of Canada, the housing market) P- L, C6 K# V- X8 x; z& ?
exhibited moderate price increases and stable unit sales during the third
# [9 i+ N. U; `; C8 Z$ Aquarter. Wide regional variances continued to be the dominant characteristic) |+ E) `5 S9 L
in the market, exemplified by frenzied levels of activity and double digit: y: z y& _. W# |& c% c
price gains observed in the energy and commodity rich Western provinces, and
& Y# X/ m2 t' q$ M2 |more reasonable sales volumes and moderate price appreciation in Ontario,1 y( h; n; F: L6 h0 W0 F5 A
Quebec and Atlantic Canada, according to a report released today by Royal
& b5 w. a! f3 Y( \( z. e. v2 RLePage Real Estate Services.6 Z6 X/ A0 ^& _5 f+ ~
6 C, s" y% @! B$ _0 }1 f8 o Nationally, market trends established through the first three quarters
6 j( I. A1 x; N; C p7 T' N) P, bare forecast to continue for the remainder of the year. Robust economic
) y+ T$ v( j- ?6 g# l% v5 {conditions, low unemployment rates, modestly growing salaries and wages, and; Y5 T, `- ~( B! M* m6 g2 C
sound consumer confidence contributed to the overall strength of the
( e( Z `3 X2 i4 A! p- l; r& H( Yresidential real estate sector. I2 |% S. i4 v- ~% t
+ Q7 x/ i7 j; a* c Of the housing types surveyed, the highest average price appreciation
i& G+ F: ]0 j& F" o/ L( koccurred in detached bungalows, which rose to $300,365 (+16.3%)& N9 I. R7 v) s# I, ]
year-over-year, followed by standard condominiums, which rose to $211,562' @9 i9 g0 f3 n
(+14.2%), and standard two-storey properties, which increased to $365,3806 B4 O6 `9 r) ?9 r. \# v: Z8 {/ x
(+13.2%)." W% Z4 C3 n$ i) m2 `& Q
4 H% z+ R4 R( J. z
"Canada's sturdy housing market continued to demonstrate steady growth
e6 j/ t N/ B! Iduring the third quarter. For all but the west, we have moved on from the
1 x+ _: f. s) o1 p% Vfrenzied expansion that characterized the first half of this decade, and are
9 I. K3 P7 S' Spoised to show continued growth at a more moderate pace," said Phil Soper,
7 t: m& B; A/ r# d* X$ |3 ypresident and chief executive officer, Royal LePage Real Estate Services.
4 Y3 t- [+ A0 {) C0 t"Gone is the sellers' market that we have lived with for some years. We
. f) n% H* K1 }2 lwelcome the more reliable conditions that are characteristic of a healthy2 J- ~# G/ w' F: S' s/ t6 f) ?
balanced market."* v, n- w; \3 n5 y( E* V( l" Q' |5 `" P
$ Q) |' M5 Q" _% l5 B+ a Despite the double-digit rise in average national house prices,& j! W+ G2 R- o6 K
considerable regional variances were exhibited again this quarter. The shift; a- `' }9 P. g1 f3 P" N4 \
to balanced market conditions, which began in late 2005, has continued5 z8 D+ P; K# g0 R; V
throughout most of the Central and Eastern regions of the country. In the core
6 i2 ~5 n; m% d( R2 F% V* n. penergy producing western provinces, the combination of very high in-migration,
8 T1 r: d I% D. { X4 {+ Z" Wmanageable affordability, and a shortage of inventory has driven record
4 ^, T; f/ Z. _, o$ Cbreaking price appreciations.
7 |2 R$ ?" [+ H/ `9 c' Q# M) \. L& u' U: @
Echoing the second quarter and supported by Alberta's rapidly expanding P6 j+ E% L% c" @/ d
economy, Calgary and Edmonton led the charge of Canadian cities with the
& P7 x+ K9 T- o% [% T( Clargest house price appreciation in all housing types surveyed.- [! H0 N7 K& R( \9 j" x( k% r
. A$ ~. M1 k8 L d/ Z: P/ u
In Ottawa and Toronto, growth remained steady, supported by solid( l* n0 y- s/ m$ H
economic fundamentals, an increase in available inventory and strong consumer7 y/ y1 Z! i( J, @
confidence. While the pace of price appreciation in Ontario leveled off
) M5 S7 s8 t1 u% B% }4 I2 @slightly, the province's real estate market remains poised for modest growth.: R I' I: D7 m" @" O: x
In Atlantic Canada, new housing and condominium construction offered buyers( z& b! O" n6 G
greater selection at more competitive prices, resulting in a slower rate of+ H- Z8 I# M3 {; z# }# H: Z7 A% D1 y
price appreciation when compared with 2005.; K& V2 ]( i* ^! V/ x m
% ^0 j& A' G' K+ p. e While the pace of growth in Canada has slowed, the domestic housing3 ]! ?3 [ Q% ?7 L8 @- s; z8 v
market is expected to outperform the American market. The economic and
7 E: [9 x: k9 W3 m t0 B& y: u% Wfinancial fundamentals driving the residential real estate sector in Canada' C1 k( @! ^6 J [
are markedly different than those found in the United States.5 y& x- W8 s$ g6 k+ U4 p
9 _# O2 o/ {2 ?( e% U# X3 m3 J Added Soper: "Canada's housing market is likely to outperform the8 _, u% \% t9 }: {1 }
American market through 2007. A number of factors are working in Canada's
4 p& J0 @$ P- R" G& K1 A, ?favour, including healthy personal and governmental debt levels, the0 x, ?8 k; A( u6 x, h
relatively modest rise in interest rates in our country, and general
" I% k( ?( x6 T8 D$ Iaffordability in our major cities. In addition, Americans are now seeing the
3 P) J p; l% @) G6 Rdownside of a tax system that encourages maximum homeowner leverage, and
+ r* e5 M" @ X6 N, T3 Q4 kaggressive financial products such as zero- and negative-amortization" v( W q! E, b/ D2 ~
mortgages that work only in a high price growth environment."; |' N0 i! K" [4 G9 ?
+ {6 i, {) w1 i9 [
<<6 `- `( Z, A9 \9 d1 z6 O
REGIONAL SUMMARIES
" A1 T; @4 g& r/ M9 F& E >>! u% X2 W2 J, F! s
) C; N# i- J8 E* ^( {. x3 }
Balanced conditions continued to characterize the housing market in
" B2 @; G s0 k! V8 g2 Q4 \Halifax, as significantly higher inventory levels helped to moderate the rate
0 E) k- e: e9 h0 Sof price appreciation. Buyers were increasingly choosy, taking more time
! `8 X3 M; N2 N' ^looking for newer, low-maintenance properties that were not in need of
5 r& v/ _" r9 G' M; zrenovations.
4 w6 F) J6 u/ H( `2 b6 X3 _% C/ [$ g
The housing market in Moncton remained healthy and strong as a slight+ |5 W" P Q' [5 K# z0 W3 h
increase in inventory helped to moderate the rate of price appreciation% F) p6 c, [% _+ l
compared to the same period in 2005. Activity was brisk throughout August and0 y9 s Q) A7 h2 s" ?
September and is expected to remain this way through the fourth quarter.
; o. r/ ~% m" l/ W% R
( c7 ]* J ~9 \7 T+ D: G& H The housing market in Saint John underwent its traditional summer2 `* ]6 k1 @! {% B% W
slowdown in the third quarter, with activity picking up towards the end of the
3 U, K4 v2 e9 Uquarter. The local economy continued to thrive, as construction on a new3 \) i5 i9 t2 k
600,000 square-foot shopping area has begun, bringing several new box stores
( O' U, c! |" `& Dto the area. Buyers have begun seeking less expensive fixtures for their homes
2 W4 E9 [2 m# K+ U( X$ {8 Iand are instead opting for more affordable housing options.( I8 u/ e: `8 z' W$ x: U# E
# ^1 e, a4 [( _0 G In Charlottetown, the housing market started to move towards balanced+ Z Z- e1 e. b$ i7 a" q# J/ F
conditions, as some sellers had to begin to lower the asking prices on their
. o p1 P: |" A% ^! h3 _' chomes to make them more competitive. Activity from out-of-town and US buyers8 I g) }6 Q; ^: t
was down slightly compared to 2005, likely attributable to the strong Canadian
$ _: M1 W5 ]& G3 j/ P5 i1 ldollar. Inventory levels began to creep up in the third quarter, providing
4 c3 c' C8 U3 t/ R) ]4 C/ B, V) tbuyers with more options when looking for a home.
9 N: c; }( e; s/ w9 L* k
: w% C; u' v K- Y( P Activity in St. John's slowed slightly in the third quarter, particularly6 m ]3 g- m/ [( @' f/ \
among higher-priced properties, where there was a slight over-supply of homes# i B3 ^/ a& @" V0 r/ W4 Y
priced over $200,000. Listing periods have increased when compared with 2005,$ C m4 g$ v" |
as some of the pent-up demand that had characterized the market over the last
* T* C3 j3 a4 q+ h2 m# r! _few years has been satisfied, resulting in more normal, balanced conditions.
6 \9 s: A! a( m: q, c7 d2 A. Y, \$ b( R
Montreal's housing market recorded modest increases in average house
/ Q# T4 u% u Y+ N! t( R# sprices, due to a slight seasonal slowdown in the third quarter as inventory1 P6 T$ V7 s6 }/ [3 n
levels rose. Part of this can be attributed to the fact that many renting- ?) {1 z% j1 y) P0 G
first-time buyers were motivated to close on the purchase of a home by July 1,& [+ @& B9 l/ l! j
when rental leases expire in Quebec. Once this date has passed some of the
+ G! v: J/ z& b* X, zpressure is taken off the market, allowing buyers to visit more homes before
% a/ C+ E8 \9 {; m! E5 [making a purchase./ R- C @* ?8 ^' h0 E
; C5 }; w# E/ I Ottawa held its position as one of the country's most stable housing2 m P/ @4 Q7 l% @* H
markets in the third quarter, reinforced by a vibrant local economy and strong
& ?' Q: N2 c; B7 d* |3 U- Iconfidence, resulting in modest increases in average house prices. The city
; g! ?) ^& d% f( X% J) P/ ocentre remained a bright spot in Ottawa, with homes in this area attracting
) W& J0 `, s9 H( r) nattention due to their convenient location and proximity to downtown( I0 I6 y- V! ?% e; Y
amenities.
7 b5 \0 `$ v, E$ F! K. h: V" A: f J
The housing market in Toronto sustained healthy activity levels9 w, D! i9 Z. i, ^8 B' W# B
throughout the third quarter, as a strong economy helped to maintain demand6 A4 J: g9 _5 M$ W- H: H9 Z1 v
across the city, causing average house prices to rise moderately. Toronto has2 y4 _- x3 B( z% [: D4 R* Y
continued to experience modest growth in average house prices, and has been
: K+ E4 X+ Z1 t9 Vdriven primarily by purchasers who are buying homes as their principle1 p6 U( C! @1 w4 a! k
residence, rather than for investment.
: b. ]8 e) e/ I
! i, a# Q! N# i' s! z6 d8 l$ Q The vibrant Winnipeg housing market continued to show its strength as
# @' ]& U8 I) Mhouse prices rose during the third quarter. The booming local economy resulted4 V0 c7 Z# {1 D) }: S: p
in a historically low unemployment rate, helping to bolster consumer$ G A0 ?& z- o5 k; |
confidence and Winnipeg's ranking as the city with the lowest capitalization
; G8 M, H C1 n& z9 prate among the country's larger cities - helped to encourage buyers to enter
# d7 r( m) R W3 Q% }the market." y5 O' g/ ]7 p$ [
. J* l. B8 B* b; O0 z
In Regina, the market experienced a slight seasonal slowdown through' }! |" A1 l8 h$ c
July, as there were fewer purchasers in the market due to summer vacations. In
5 t: }" E4 m8 s3 ^' qAugust, activity resumed to the busy pace previously seen in the spring% m% ]6 |; q9 Z. N7 u
months, as the influx of purchasers made it more difficult to find a home due
3 g+ E" {6 h. |9 c9 D! _to the shortage of available inventory.
. Z9 X: P& X1 y$ J$ H5 e" @6 H+ a! Q, |. J2 G8 s* E( p7 @
Activity in Saskatoon remained brisk as the market maintained its
: b" g, u( Y% P+ rmomentum from the busy spring sales period. The economy in Saskatoon remains6 ?3 L/ X& e* n6 i4 o# K8 \' E
vibrant, as employment opportunities are abundant with many businesses
' x2 J5 B9 G5 F3 ?/ k1 ^struggling to make hires and having to recruit outside the province.: ]6 \7 q3 s1 G' M! e2 M
- R6 g) B* c, \# g6 T
Calgary's housing market recorded blazing average house price increases, ?+ A1 O2 g3 b; V8 A. v( q
in the third quarter, in all surveyed categories. The burgeoning economy, low
5 G0 ~$ i* v- U" w/ A+ eunemployment rates and low inventory levels remained the leading factors that+ t4 g; Y0 P9 K
pressured Calgary's house prices upwards. However, regardless of the soaring) ]: a3 N+ ]' F% X: b
prices that characterized the market - even during the typically slower summer
, |8 ^: A" L, z5 ]- Lseason - it is expected that activity will become slightly more balanced, as
9 J$ ^- ~4 e, ~' y9 _. Ubuyers are becoming more reluctant to participate in the frenetic activity.0 r' a/ @9 _* d" B
* ]" X6 M8 ^5 F" R- L& o Edmonton's booming local economy continued to thrive in the third quarter# r% @. I; r5 R/ W
as activity in the oil sands north of the city continued to flourish. Edmonton# R, m Z8 U! Z: g3 u! r
remained the hub of activity for those coming to work in the oil industry,
$ m: J1 R8 a: l9 g. zmaintaining tight inventory levels across the city, resulting in prices
3 {. ?# T' s" O- Rincreasing at record levels. However, as inventory levels continued to improve
- R* p) q; N1 _in the third quarter the rate of price appreciation should moderate slightly5 p) E. U4 E: I$ u+ l
towards the end of 2006. 4 {% \+ @% F- N6 H t
$ d0 [# J* X! l" v6 H* u
While Vancouver has seen a slight reprieve from the severe shortage of- Z: g, u5 I* K# r, S) A& Y0 n
inventory that had previously characterized the market, supply is still unable
9 R6 z( \/ k3 j3 Mto meet demand, driving house prices upwards. Vancouver has a very diverse
5 m6 [7 o+ Q+ a7 P7 ]0 N! n1 n& }group of active buyers - from first-time home buyers to baby-boomers to
% o4 s* ~& o4 F- {, _2 s* qforeign investors - all of whom fuel the demand for houses, placing added; B n, W0 u S- {
pressure on tight inventory levels.
+ t0 i/ S3 i# G% A$ _- r
* ?: l: f& p x6 M Victoria's market is vibrant and supported by strong economic
( _9 ]. g1 ?8 ?4 T, Tfundamentals, fuelled by a booming tech sector and a migration of young people
& |) g* M8 m5 s: @# T/ jinto the city that has continued to support the area's house price increases;/ {" V r* h# ^
while increased inventory levels have afforded buyers more time when searching
, q* L/ z& [6 L& I( w( Q$ |for a home, helping to normalize the market's pace.
/ ~- ]' ~( V! c; P" p s9 [$ a9 @4 P3 s* z% r4 W0 G
<<
) {% L4 D& }% I, { R' z& { Survey of Canadian Average House Prices in the Third Quarter 2006
5 H# W0 m) D5 q; ~( I
3 J8 T, v3 K& s+ S( a -------------------------------------------------------------------------% q" c7 @5 }9 ^0 T) f
Detached Bungalows Standard Two Storey
5 O$ k) G: p6 M* @; o$ z -------------------------------------------------------------------------$ ~1 o2 I2 Q) ^$ H+ X! l2 d5 H
2006 Q3 2005 Q3 Bungalow 2006 Q3 2005 Q30 t& Z( A0 @" J0 j7 |
Market Average Average % Change Average Average
6 A, J% b8 K5 P H1 r -------------------------------------------------------------------------9 a8 d& D; Y- n0 {* S
Halifax 186,333 173,333 7.5% 198,667 199,000 \7 R# `' a; L7 @, m' v
-------------------------------------------------------------------------5 M/ g$ N8 C8 o' D) x
Charlottetown 145,000 141,000 2.8% 175,000 170,000+ Y( X5 ]/ l; o- D9 b
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
; l9 l: C* v- g" p* a' A5 a- Q( `7 |! k Moncton 135,000 127,000 6.3% 129,000 123,000
1 a G5 C+ z6 _ i/ x1 x3 U -------------------------------------------------------------------------
4 B) B6 @9 R% p2 \5 ~ I8 t8 N Saint John 141,200 142,900 -1.2% - -+ C! n0 G( p' n8 W- n
-------------------------------------------------------------------------. F1 k5 L9 b g" y& z
St. John's 143,667 142,667 0.7% 200,667 202,3333 d8 M! A3 x! h9 H' Y6 D I
-------------------------------------------------------------------------2 o! X, H; f5 @6 h& ^6 b
Atlantic 150,240 145,380 3.3% 175,833 173,583
% x4 ]& D1 B0 X$ p -------------------------------------------------------------------------
) k9 ?- S: `$ n8 A! I Montreal 213,691 203,500 5.0% 321,141 316,1854 Y2 n) V9 M; _2 m: x
-------------------------------------------------------------------------9 Y6 u. }& Z. Q% Z7 T
Ottawa 290,083 278,417 4.2% 285,667 273,250
+ h1 c+ y, Q: w: Q! {7 B -------------------------------------------------------------------------
8 C0 D1 Z- R# Q Toronto 373,368 355,882 4.9% 481,523 474,766
3 C0 }- b1 I1 S! k. G& M+ G) T5 O3 f -------------------------------------------------------------------------
0 J# {. ]# P/ T) ? T Winnipeg 181,579 159,860 13.6% 202,337 180,707- V! U: m3 C! r3 f4 c# E7 C
-------------------------------------------------------------------------4 C: l/ q" V8 ]4 A2 G. y7 u
Saskatchewan 170,667 156,083 9.3% 182,600 166,500+ Z3 z$ |5 @ ]" O: ^8 \
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
9 M9 Q, b7 E, n6 E Calgary 395,067 252,411 56.5% 405,778 264,3894 w! }2 a' Q. h2 T# q9 w
-------------------------------------------------------------------------* u$ S4 f L% Q9 F
Edmonton 286,857 194,857 47.2% 316,429 206,714
- |: n/ `% h9 I+ w8 L0 R: S* Z- ]2 a -------------------------------------------------------------------------0 N4 I; M8 Y. J3 T
Vancouver 704,250 601,000 17.2% 794,000 697,500
# X4 }% L2 e* Q+ [3 v3 k; X3 L& _7 i -------------------------------------------------------------------------
; W/ L6 a) M0 p* h R5 o4 e" Q3 k: A Victoria 375,000 348,000 7.8% 403,000 391,000
8 `/ m4 c$ e8 U8 J0 Q0 K -------------------------------------------------------------------------1 w0 L+ V0 h2 W+ V. {; X- b' l0 Y
National 300,365 258,202 16.3% 365,380 322,8604 n; ]* e- e% E$ o- J1 {' j/ ^6 z) V
-------------------------------------------------------------------------( k. R6 q$ k' e6 [/ S+ Y9 W
: L3 Z. H" I* x+ s0 ]
-------------------------------------------------------------7 x! L( A5 g, I. p, e# l6 D( v
Standard Condominium' }! c' M6 o5 B2 j
-------------------------------------------------------------. B3 |8 q# T5 Y, ^
2-Storey 2006 Q3 2005 Q3 Condo
' E& ?0 R9 x$ R2 {, b W$ T4 b Market % Change Average Average % Change7 y* X2 f5 o% `6 B
-------------------------------------------------------------
5 T/ I K6 p. [% I4 O1 X2 c6 \% ^! b% {! J' n Halifax -0.2% 142,000 103,000 37.9%
$ u! d O4 d, q/ [! _; R" U4 h -------------------------------------------------------------& M2 t6 z5 V( t7 d2 ~) H" Y
Charlottetown 2.9% 98,000 98,000 0.0%- V, r5 @, M: g! S
------------------------------------------------------------- R6 E+ S/ ^4 W7 z% E. l' J* M: K
Moncton 4.9% - - N/A1 p% s6 m& [% n6 j
-------------------------------------------------------------% k' j) [) ~% {
Saint John N/A - - N/A
1 u7 w: R& _; n* U' | -------------------------------------------------------------
* G/ j ]# ^# l s1 B St. John's -0.8% 146,333 145,667 0.5%
" s+ U/ o: K8 S: i -------------------------------------------------------------* B$ i4 s3 o" r- l* r) R8 h
Atlantic 1.3% 128,778 115,556 11.4%. m4 J( x# \" S+ D; `- Q; @5 m
-------------------------------------------------------------
! t& a+ O& ~. h; b Montreal 1.6% 193,190 188,016 2.8%. W+ {9 T+ w. H
-------------------------------------------------------------
1 S6 W1 d/ {% U' d Ottawa 4.5% 181,083 172,250 5.1%2 x' a9 h1 K; N( M" J8 n
-------------------------------------------------------------5 Z$ U& `( h7 S$ R, o9 o
Toronto 1.4% 252,088 242,918 3.8%5 n% ^. P+ c4 X: B( ~
-------------------------------------------------------------9 O7 a* T, ^) n/ _$ Z+ P4 J
Winnipeg 12.0% 105,648 96,008 10.0%+ p/ r9 v" m; T4 j( i
-------------------------------------------------------------
/ J9 ]4 P, O/ a4 Y) o: W Saskatchewan 9.7% 106,250 101,000 5.2%
+ V' q* z/ r+ G: _ -------------------------------------------------------------
& i5 l6 F' {( m! x( a. W Calgary 53.5% 245,844 153,867 59.8%
: I/ Q8 s& w7 X4 C" _" M2 Z8 A+ J -------------------------------------------------------------" u, L' z/ a% Q4 W, c4 ?) F
Edmonton 53.1% 200,433 131,500 52.4%
5 v3 k9 v: A4 g2 m4 s3 [ -------------------------------------------------------------
& w0 _& w( Y4 V! q# K' M( N Vancouver 13.8% 366,250 323,250 13.3%
, E% ~* M) l* `4 m5 | -------------------------------------------------------------1 V4 ]+ R2 j+ r* J% L* i5 m2 t
Victoria 3.1% 229,000 220,000 4.1%2 N! y4 f, k! x& I+ e$ y
-------------------------------------------------------------
: {8 d& v4 c+ P- U- S: M% q$ O; H National 13.2% 211,562 185,296 14.2%6 [# K: i$ u$ f6 u$ I. Y
-------------------------------------------------------------" F* V. B& M' Z1 z8 }2 a' X/ s
>>
/ s$ Q ~$ M, Z/ q9 G$ O6 p% B \
Average house prices are based on an average of all sub-markets examined
! t N) ]3 {& @ Vin the area, except for the smaller markets of Charlottetown, Moncton, Saint3 J" N: T0 L$ W( v
John and Victoria.
) s. J- j8 [4 p7 R0 ^2 o; e/ b& @/ E$ R* P
The Royal LePage Survey of Canadian House Prices is the largest, most
; N0 m+ {+ d2 J7 o! Icomprehensive study of its kind in Canada, with information on seven types of$ [( v, P% @2 U* p Q( W: a' A2 @
housing in over 250 neighbourhoods from coast to coast. This release
* d( X& V! L; K& R' Y0 z% j$ m& hreferences an abbreviated version of the survey, which highlights house price
9 }- F" {* ^) n# f# h4 E9 a9 ztrends for the three most common types of housing in Canada in 80 communities
" G* J+ _2 \$ N7 E, s/ U1 s B# oacross the country. A complete database of past and present surveys is
* A- D6 y2 x7 A' l+ F: P7 oavailable on the Royal LePage Web site at www.royallepage.ca, and current
: n( G& q+ P u& T+ F! Nfigures will be updated following the end of the third quarter. A printable/ h2 V1 E; n# }6 q
version of the third quarter 2006 survey will be available online on
3 C+ V% A. M( w- T8 XNovember 15, 2006.
: y2 s' m2 v8 ]! V Housing values in the Royal LePage Survey are Royal LePage opinions of7 J0 ^+ H6 j+ w
fair market value in each location, based on local data and market knowledge& ?+ H# q, g- {
provided by Royal LePage residential real estate experts. Historical data is
2 z8 ]& g8 N5 U( M. W1 _& f; Mavailable for some areas back to the early 1970s. |
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