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Canada's housing market both vigorous and stable
' k! u, L0 q$ |! \6 V! r. d# Z4 a; u
- Country's market poised to show growth throughout 2006 -/ o8 W! h; `4 z; p2 D& u. H3 U
, q+ [0 K O. ` TORONTO, Sept. 28 /CNW/ - For most of Canada, the housing market- d; Q# x- E$ y/ p
exhibited moderate price increases and stable unit sales during the third
" e8 ~9 e& U' p2 equarter. Wide regional variances continued to be the dominant characteristic( l& G; I9 K7 r" p2 B
in the market, exemplified by frenzied levels of activity and double digit9 {& _9 [. {1 L+ ?3 _$ T9 G
price gains observed in the energy and commodity rich Western provinces, and
: f' b, v9 [: c1 @; rmore reasonable sales volumes and moderate price appreciation in Ontario,
7 T( t; R0 U1 o# a9 e" oQuebec and Atlantic Canada, according to a report released today by Royal$ L* U5 g0 ?( ]7 k* v* |
LePage Real Estate Services.1 q: {; }8 L: q# ?- e* i
- v+ `+ ~) v+ }2 Y Z* A
Nationally, market trends established through the first three quarters
w$ j) D0 E. p* `are forecast to continue for the remainder of the year. Robust economic
4 F0 {. j& o g5 z0 C: [conditions, low unemployment rates, modestly growing salaries and wages, and
# s& Z7 W/ @4 e6 H, Z; {5 wsound consumer confidence contributed to the overall strength of the/ f8 Z1 V/ G2 }; Q2 [3 S
residential real estate sector.
( A* Q2 p/ |1 l* @" C$ |
# Q+ x/ W3 @0 W: f Of the housing types surveyed, the highest average price appreciation
( h4 S- n+ _& c6 e$ {" f! Roccurred in detached bungalows, which rose to $300,365 (+16.3%)3 n/ A. E1 Q7 e2 N2 y, i
year-over-year, followed by standard condominiums, which rose to $211,562
8 `9 @, z, s: d. S& A(+14.2%), and standard two-storey properties, which increased to $365,380
2 q4 }7 ?! C, [! ~$ g9 K(+13.2%).; k3 r5 v4 `. n6 E- ~( b5 W4 N
2 @8 F' }! z5 E/ E/ \
"Canada's sturdy housing market continued to demonstrate steady growth
( I) e; X* e) U+ {6 m1 l9 w' i" b6 Aduring the third quarter. For all but the west, we have moved on from the
) M& e- i- u1 p& c+ w% `) ~frenzied expansion that characterized the first half of this decade, and are
% K0 D7 q, Q8 P( Z. ]poised to show continued growth at a more moderate pace," said Phil Soper,
+ c$ e! d' \( lpresident and chief executive officer, Royal LePage Real Estate Services.
5 v9 e; `- A$ R8 I. A' ~"Gone is the sellers' market that we have lived with for some years. We' O9 K* }6 T2 }! c1 P5 G' D" L
welcome the more reliable conditions that are characteristic of a healthy9 O* m1 C0 \+ T
balanced market."
' s3 P, Q0 B1 |% ]' q2 @, L1 D8 a: G4 f
Despite the double-digit rise in average national house prices,1 I0 ~# R- z2 o4 n
considerable regional variances were exhibited again this quarter. The shift9 m1 o, ?) D- s+ N8 q6 a
to balanced market conditions, which began in late 2005, has continued( [% m$ K7 `% T- ^
throughout most of the Central and Eastern regions of the country. In the core9 @" x9 v) O6 w/ T0 s. }% Y
energy producing western provinces, the combination of very high in-migration,
) Q& O$ N) J% ^# c4 hmanageable affordability, and a shortage of inventory has driven record
: n Y6 Z: C; V! U# s j& _ p; ybreaking price appreciations.9 [8 ^1 W' t7 ?6 k# y7 B N
$ N! `/ m: V0 l, |" j: e- U Echoing the second quarter and supported by Alberta's rapidly expanding' o# e8 K7 d8 ]" T6 L
economy, Calgary and Edmonton led the charge of Canadian cities with the' i3 ]# V' x( A$ t+ Z& t
largest house price appreciation in all housing types surveyed.
: v$ H2 U" K; a& H3 e
c# q: C4 x7 u# R; y In Ottawa and Toronto, growth remained steady, supported by solid
+ _% P- s6 B! M9 {economic fundamentals, an increase in available inventory and strong consumer+ c' W( E8 {+ Q
confidence. While the pace of price appreciation in Ontario leveled off1 ^1 L* d% t1 Z/ q# s; t' _" n
slightly, the province's real estate market remains poised for modest growth.8 c) T3 G7 G7 K% A; t' S
In Atlantic Canada, new housing and condominium construction offered buyers/ L6 v& X& Y; L6 O8 v4 W# Q
greater selection at more competitive prices, resulting in a slower rate of: h! @4 j, E& L" S& \- z$ o
price appreciation when compared with 2005.
, g! R/ `( A! g$ v5 x) y$ k) [1 d2 A) Z% G/ Z
While the pace of growth in Canada has slowed, the domestic housing
$ k9 O, Q1 N9 `1 V& Pmarket is expected to outperform the American market. The economic and' c4 ~4 i, H, S; c. U0 \
financial fundamentals driving the residential real estate sector in Canada: M4 t' ~- F5 J
are markedly different than those found in the United States.+ d& M6 [( Q" Y0 ^5 p
7 q* {" Z* p# X0 ^" r
Added Soper: "Canada's housing market is likely to outperform the
4 k5 ]! [# L* i5 |7 iAmerican market through 2007. A number of factors are working in Canada's
- ~* W! Z$ }+ x0 f* W9 Mfavour, including healthy personal and governmental debt levels, the1 `, S6 |6 c0 j x, D6 u' T/ k
relatively modest rise in interest rates in our country, and general: \6 U0 g: ` h& y
affordability in our major cities. In addition, Americans are now seeing the# q- Y. Z9 T; K( v1 Z0 T- `2 y
downside of a tax system that encourages maximum homeowner leverage, and
7 N( V- U. n; x+ n4 g# L* maggressive financial products such as zero- and negative-amortization( l9 h3 M, G; W+ I$ q8 n2 E
mortgages that work only in a high price growth environment."
% d( _& O' z3 N8 s4 y: w. o H! \- c( b( n6 m. G9 x4 ?- |5 j
<<
! R, `2 u0 t4 {5 K: \, j# t REGIONAL SUMMARIES
S! Q, |+ S9 k7 m; V) S3 V >>! @& v, l# }5 A$ P
, |% f% ]2 V: N2 Z q) H9 N, w0 _
Balanced conditions continued to characterize the housing market in' z' h; \% Q4 A, s3 f' ~
Halifax, as significantly higher inventory levels helped to moderate the rate
) W' v5 z$ }3 S1 `) d8 fof price appreciation. Buyers were increasingly choosy, taking more time
" D, q( A% a# v/ h2 R/ K: Ilooking for newer, low-maintenance properties that were not in need of
% p/ ~3 a/ u2 P3 t3 |6 n) vrenovations.
* |& M$ h7 V0 Y0 I/ C( c- [
8 M/ ]+ K7 s# z6 j3 @+ {3 v) d The housing market in Moncton remained healthy and strong as a slight8 ?/ X q$ U( X* O# r: |# U5 S
increase in inventory helped to moderate the rate of price appreciation3 [/ Z. w, F8 q4 a8 }$ B
compared to the same period in 2005. Activity was brisk throughout August and1 i; Q+ _; G/ u5 ^4 J
September and is expected to remain this way through the fourth quarter.+ S! Y2 M2 @- w$ S
* M; A& P) F7 T( M* A7 Q
The housing market in Saint John underwent its traditional summer
# Y5 Y+ c1 Y; B* d+ t* aslowdown in the third quarter, with activity picking up towards the end of the; ~% ^! _2 V. y" z
quarter. The local economy continued to thrive, as construction on a new% |9 g |: b4 q) g3 w' O4 O. P
600,000 square-foot shopping area has begun, bringing several new box stores" G* A0 `6 V% {" n8 k! ~3 } x
to the area. Buyers have begun seeking less expensive fixtures for their homes
; w5 ]& U" ?# J% h) v3 s5 W3 S$ Dand are instead opting for more affordable housing options.
) u( i7 \6 R& D/ H1 t$ ^4 H1 p7 Z/ l- A' z# E7 A+ @
In Charlottetown, the housing market started to move towards balanced
. i) N) g# a* i3 P5 Vconditions, as some sellers had to begin to lower the asking prices on their6 G" z' F- h8 O5 ~- |7 l0 v! S' b+ l( y
homes to make them more competitive. Activity from out-of-town and US buyers2 w% o U# h- Z' _6 g; q/ b
was down slightly compared to 2005, likely attributable to the strong Canadian
) R7 X, d, |3 r1 L. X. K% X6 Tdollar. Inventory levels began to creep up in the third quarter, providing2 a {* R! C6 k& z( Q4 ]2 z
buyers with more options when looking for a home.* n; t- v3 c3 b; _: y
( p% \7 y# w1 ]# M! C3 O5 J( i6 p* z Activity in St. John's slowed slightly in the third quarter, particularly
8 n! f5 A: W) }8 i1 u: w# [among higher-priced properties, where there was a slight over-supply of homes3 n" D' U7 c8 t4 | Y6 a% M
priced over $200,000. Listing periods have increased when compared with 2005,
' L$ g0 V8 t) F% V7 i* Jas some of the pent-up demand that had characterized the market over the last
* H* n( R! Q+ r B% ofew years has been satisfied, resulting in more normal, balanced conditions.
t+ y( w2 p3 S. I
# y+ l. N2 i, O: v4 q8 w Montreal's housing market recorded modest increases in average house7 O( L: [4 Z- i; S. [' l1 y
prices, due to a slight seasonal slowdown in the third quarter as inventory
n: F4 i- p' u6 i- ?( Dlevels rose. Part of this can be attributed to the fact that many renting
0 w2 V* s0 ~" efirst-time buyers were motivated to close on the purchase of a home by July 1,
/ n- ?3 n1 X5 O3 u9 Z8 v- S. q; Iwhen rental leases expire in Quebec. Once this date has passed some of the
( W. |; w0 i# H* o4 \5 X8 gpressure is taken off the market, allowing buyers to visit more homes before
' [3 b: B6 j6 Q; O1 gmaking a purchase." m" |/ @9 R, `- O
# _: l6 w6 t; t; G8 L6 ]( f
Ottawa held its position as one of the country's most stable housing4 B0 o9 }) u( d' h2 {8 `
markets in the third quarter, reinforced by a vibrant local economy and strong. b/ @2 @' w, F8 v* L3 ~
confidence, resulting in modest increases in average house prices. The city w) L8 X: B4 S; n4 r) I
centre remained a bright spot in Ottawa, with homes in this area attracting3 e3 V) ]8 l6 h4 }) o: q
attention due to their convenient location and proximity to downtown
% B' p4 l) { P( G5 t5 r; qamenities.
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The housing market in Toronto sustained healthy activity levels3 w \ b. n8 p4 d, p1 Y
throughout the third quarter, as a strong economy helped to maintain demand! G! U2 @9 r/ ]' a" z5 O; f$ n
across the city, causing average house prices to rise moderately. Toronto has* t, r5 h% B: |/ W0 f8 a
continued to experience modest growth in average house prices, and has been
v$ ^9 n; d' g9 Jdriven primarily by purchasers who are buying homes as their principle6 `9 n% y$ s' \9 B' l# h0 L
residence, rather than for investment.
+ F# W2 a0 U' ], i g* e5 H; D
Y1 A' M$ @5 }( e1 ? The vibrant Winnipeg housing market continued to show its strength as$ }$ k& i/ G/ z6 M5 q; h
house prices rose during the third quarter. The booming local economy resulted
) C+ g* E4 G0 N( A( ` Bin a historically low unemployment rate, helping to bolster consumer# T4 ^6 \4 b, r& |( \/ k/ v
confidence and Winnipeg's ranking as the city with the lowest capitalization
5 O( O0 X/ g: A7 L9 m: X- Trate among the country's larger cities - helped to encourage buyers to enter
- a, G3 I$ J; ~4 Jthe market.6 k6 U& |* a8 h7 N% r
8 E; r1 c# _# ?4 @5 S In Regina, the market experienced a slight seasonal slowdown through
& W$ r& t/ _- Y8 e3 dJuly, as there were fewer purchasers in the market due to summer vacations. In
+ q: n0 I' M: ?4 p! P) E7 oAugust, activity resumed to the busy pace previously seen in the spring- R/ _7 Z* C+ `
months, as the influx of purchasers made it more difficult to find a home due
! U" V6 t, H/ C7 p; r' Dto the shortage of available inventory.
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Activity in Saskatoon remained brisk as the market maintained its1 m }" s2 b! |. R
momentum from the busy spring sales period. The economy in Saskatoon remains$ t# q; u8 E2 u3 l- z
vibrant, as employment opportunities are abundant with many businesses7 t3 g- J) v# w! R/ b2 M
struggling to make hires and having to recruit outside the province.
+ j+ L, |) A( r* U3 n4 W
% ?1 p; p( o; H% T4 I Calgary's housing market recorded blazing average house price increases
+ `- Z- S3 v5 a: q' g0 ]6 r' Iin the third quarter, in all surveyed categories. The burgeoning economy, low% t# k; K- A5 ?) v
unemployment rates and low inventory levels remained the leading factors that
* H* Y% q0 c1 n0 ^6 {6 ]pressured Calgary's house prices upwards. However, regardless of the soaring
4 T. c2 O$ z# U: Zprices that characterized the market - even during the typically slower summer! C4 r) F* d N' ^5 T
season - it is expected that activity will become slightly more balanced, as$ G7 Q3 Q' K/ o6 ?0 s* J
buyers are becoming more reluctant to participate in the frenetic activity.
$ h" U3 ^: ~% o3 h. r: e6 Y7 P4 o7 l& \" ` d& ]) }; n
Edmonton's booming local economy continued to thrive in the third quarter
& L1 b+ t8 o% Las activity in the oil sands north of the city continued to flourish. Edmonton
) c, U% U2 v3 K! {* q2 U# yremained the hub of activity for those coming to work in the oil industry,
0 S: i8 w" v2 E8 J# Q9 `% x+ j [maintaining tight inventory levels across the city, resulting in prices; o5 G% x0 `. g6 n9 x
increasing at record levels. However, as inventory levels continued to improve+ z6 o9 {9 o9 P- B; I
in the third quarter the rate of price appreciation should moderate slightly5 u. Q3 a; F! |8 ^
towards the end of 2006. 9 E( F$ K% u" U( _
8 r- ]8 j$ V( |& qWhile Vancouver has seen a slight reprieve from the severe shortage of
, f: T4 i9 l$ B+ `7 \% L8 ~) Winventory that had previously characterized the market, supply is still unable
# V3 O2 O/ ?. l5 B8 V3 ^+ a+ Q" b b$ Jto meet demand, driving house prices upwards. Vancouver has a very diverse* Z7 k8 z3 h+ t
group of active buyers - from first-time home buyers to baby-boomers to5 N, v* d: g) C. s
foreign investors - all of whom fuel the demand for houses, placing added
% ^: I9 f0 F) B$ Z% Upressure on tight inventory levels.
3 J* o! ?# W+ c* d+ s" H
0 |, f8 j( Q$ P$ Q Victoria's market is vibrant and supported by strong economic
& @2 F! O; ]1 M! Tfundamentals, fuelled by a booming tech sector and a migration of young people- q3 O/ ]) G( @+ ]' i
into the city that has continued to support the area's house price increases;: @3 Z$ b& L+ E9 G' e7 F( S1 P9 x
while increased inventory levels have afforded buyers more time when searching
" g+ [- W; I# l2 i# m, w7 mfor a home, helping to normalize the market's pace.
n9 C/ m1 R& F0 q$ r% K- \6 _: ^- R* t2 ` j; I
<<) o8 w2 _8 |9 K1 {9 y! i
Survey of Canadian Average House Prices in the Third Quarter 20066 V5 |& B3 L# Y+ ~/ t7 A4 i
2 D% K* ^$ \2 t$ w& t
-------------------------------------------------------------------------- ?! l; M+ R' L# B, p
Detached Bungalows Standard Two Storey. f6 S. Q2 f0 p$ A
-------------------------------------------------------------------------+ z _9 Z4 q4 A- Y U( L: k
2006 Q3 2005 Q3 Bungalow 2006 Q3 2005 Q39 z1 \+ _5 b8 D0 l3 e/ z$ H6 F
Market Average Average % Change Average Average( [4 m' d1 H* R5 @
-------------------------------------------------------------------------" o' w3 x" j' z$ @( f r/ i( i
Halifax 186,333 173,333 7.5% 198,667 199,0002 E$ `2 {& k3 z
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
/ I- l2 l5 A+ T' J* E/ Y# b6 z Charlottetown 145,000 141,000 2.8% 175,000 170,000( J, R% t: H# F1 ~, t: Y V$ T, M
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
B/ u: M+ W2 F/ b4 x+ x2 V Moncton 135,000 127,000 6.3% 129,000 123,000
! Q- h( S' u: w S- D b/ h/ K2 t% p -------------------------------------------------------------------------3 f8 m9 {3 w; {; ^5 M: e9 {5 Z
Saint John 141,200 142,900 -1.2% - -8 F! |: `. C3 ]% }' _! g
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
( A H( w- A# `6 k: X; V( R! c St. John's 143,667 142,667 0.7% 200,667 202,333: e8 C" M( g) U& U; M
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
# ]- ]/ D/ Q: t3 ]; w& [- B+ \8 W1 t! R Atlantic 150,240 145,380 3.3% 175,833 173,583
; F5 j% k5 V9 C8 k# M -------------------------------------------------------------------------- r" e9 c# b: h4 e- A. u. k/ y1 W
Montreal 213,691 203,500 5.0% 321,141 316,185
& Z; l4 B! P1 i -------------------------------------------------------------------------2 j4 r9 r! g& T: g. w
Ottawa 290,083 278,417 4.2% 285,667 273,250
8 r R" R: i% Z v5 \" x -------------------------------------------------------------------------" I# p" o5 I: W# a; i' H
Toronto 373,368 355,882 4.9% 481,523 474,766/ ^0 ~5 } d% ^5 M' s* d; E ?$ Y2 ~
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
- Z5 J# i, o, K9 `* Z2 R/ J- a Winnipeg 181,579 159,860 13.6% 202,337 180,707
) X: S& j; V7 U -------------------------------------------------------------------------
% x* {' u$ B$ k( E Saskatchewan 170,667 156,083 9.3% 182,600 166,5004 ` l9 _. J. A r
-------------------------------------------------------------------------3 q- j; z" |# w$ ~' G/ D, u) I
Calgary 395,067 252,411 56.5% 405,778 264,389
4 d+ j: }( t2 X' ]) J -------------------------------------------------------------------------
) a/ e0 z- }. l; V, Y% X4 e2 \ Edmonton 286,857 194,857 47.2% 316,429 206,714
; \" r. @4 J% F! V H! Q -------------------------------------------------------------------------3 R, A1 w5 q3 |; }& ]5 W' u( @
Vancouver 704,250 601,000 17.2% 794,000 697,500. X: Y4 x' t4 z& G
-------------------------------------------------------------------------2 O9 m4 d, T+ O) H+ U
Victoria 375,000 348,000 7.8% 403,000 391,000! a0 }3 P' ~ V2 C% X v
-------------------------------------------------------------------------; N) P7 `$ f" _% y
National 300,365 258,202 16.3% 365,380 322,860
( n7 [2 ]* D0 p+ C -------------------------------------------------------------------------
8 L! p7 V5 {: x- h4 t1 }$ ~5 I5 s% _7 [; `
-------------------------------------------------------------
( B: K3 I8 v8 t# G8 J Standard Condominium5 P4 a% Z: m, w
-------------------------------------------------------------
1 f5 ?( t1 j. W 2-Storey 2006 Q3 2005 Q3 Condo. M) N& A7 l% L% g4 P
Market % Change Average Average % Change
& } L) ^8 O: C$ S* D -------------------------------------------------------------
* Y6 f# z5 d% T6 K$ v9 K3 V& @ Halifax -0.2% 142,000 103,000 37.9%1 z4 o5 d$ X: C
-------------------------------------------------------------9 c E" g% c O: u/ v
Charlottetown 2.9% 98,000 98,000 0.0%
1 Z: m, e2 Q( s, o7 m2 j$ I2 `/ S -------------------------------------------------------------
' j; ~- G" ~/ h+ y. e Moncton 4.9% - - N/A
7 U+ H5 T0 C% C6 O -------------------------------------------------------------
+ z4 x: ?6 u* z9 E Saint John N/A - - N/A
2 A3 W! V- Q; w2 } -------------------------------------------------------------! L1 i/ x) P! n" o }
St. John's -0.8% 146,333 145,667 0.5%1 [) ~* C1 q9 K& ~0 q2 |& H, y
-------------------------------------------------------------
/ U6 ]( R- A9 s' q4 y2 F Atlantic 1.3% 128,778 115,556 11.4%
& p/ n; p( F7 g+ O4 W H -------------------------------------------------------------0 @+ @4 q; a# o6 Q
Montreal 1.6% 193,190 188,016 2.8%
; j6 s* x1 |! M% y; b1 z; m# i9 C -------------------------------------------------------------0 Q' O& Z7 c) Y3 x$ b( Q6 [) l, n
Ottawa 4.5% 181,083 172,250 5.1%
( W+ S+ h1 Q4 ^: [, Z3 i& f -------------------------------------------------------------
$ C! k. P7 p6 U Toronto 1.4% 252,088 242,918 3.8%
6 \( C5 K# c4 S" {1 |& s -------------------------------------------------------------1 [' q$ y0 u: {
Winnipeg 12.0% 105,648 96,008 10.0%- z5 E. p: V. m3 f( o
-------------------------------------------------------------$ v+ N) H$ p# F% X
Saskatchewan 9.7% 106,250 101,000 5.2%
0 B3 \) y! }9 y$ t: f -------------------------------------------------------------& I2 n0 O* @% v4 s
Calgary 53.5% 245,844 153,867 59.8%, ~- l& L$ v0 j
-------------------------------------------------------------
# {9 n5 f$ D( e6 [& | Edmonton 53.1% 200,433 131,500 52.4% J5 I& P0 i4 m) r* Z
-------------------------------------------------------------
4 d" }* S* Q( t" p# A! R& R( o6 \ Vancouver 13.8% 366,250 323,250 13.3%
, M0 j8 {9 \4 b9 S: D @ -------------------------------------------------------------
4 q; ]2 \% b5 T$ ~: c0 d$ Q( C* ^ Victoria 3.1% 229,000 220,000 4.1%6 ^2 ^8 A$ L7 B: i, W
-------------------------------------------------------------
& @# y9 N5 k! y/ Y- o3 n National 13.2% 211,562 185,296 14.2%
6 |9 m6 i& L5 o. |1 B, v4 y N -------------------------------------------------------------
9 ^. C3 d; v4 z7 `0 D6 i >>2 d- U/ X z+ d# n2 S) J3 W, b
8 U: S$ s/ F' t
Average house prices are based on an average of all sub-markets examined9 w |1 u4 W$ p3 d1 I. ?+ M
in the area, except for the smaller markets of Charlottetown, Moncton, Saint
& C3 W0 {$ n5 L1 \* |7 X" [0 ]John and Victoria.3 u- c) c ^$ Q: e- p1 |2 L
+ B# D/ B$ I- H7 _# F
The Royal LePage Survey of Canadian House Prices is the largest, most
6 O8 {& T% U+ icomprehensive study of its kind in Canada, with information on seven types of
7 l( m$ a' o* A/ ohousing in over 250 neighbourhoods from coast to coast. This release4 M5 X) N( z0 ^
references an abbreviated version of the survey, which highlights house price- |' P8 o! @: [9 I
trends for the three most common types of housing in Canada in 80 communities
2 o" m' m: ?; @; Lacross the country. A complete database of past and present surveys is
$ W6 l: B# m& [, @5 L6 o- G @available on the Royal LePage Web site at www.royallepage.ca, and current2 e& Z- W3 f* l4 p* b8 x- F
figures will be updated following the end of the third quarter. A printable
8 `& u: U$ ~: qversion of the third quarter 2006 survey will be available online on
4 G/ s U, p0 |* g' e6 cNovember 15, 2006.
% M! y) s/ e9 T. E Housing values in the Royal LePage Survey are Royal LePage opinions of
: y3 ]. A! r! @+ {fair market value in each location, based on local data and market knowledge' D9 `* L2 m- L1 e* Y) h7 o/ b% R
provided by Royal LePage residential real estate experts. Historical data is
4 u0 Z" {& W7 D- [! Pavailable for some areas back to the early 1970s. |
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