 鲜花( 0)  鸡蛋( 0)
|
Canada's housing market both vigorous and stable # ~5 Y! P: Y' Q3 ~3 D
: D$ m7 R8 t& j% j
- Country's market poised to show growth throughout 2006 -) Q% @! N5 E- {( p
6 l3 M4 m9 ^" s% o) l# x TORONTO, Sept. 28 /CNW/ - For most of Canada, the housing market! ~; q! n4 F: A
exhibited moderate price increases and stable unit sales during the third
$ V7 l6 }( X- L4 C7 k7 q6 l) q* xquarter. Wide regional variances continued to be the dominant characteristic; j( E/ W, _ C
in the market, exemplified by frenzied levels of activity and double digit
0 b0 F5 `2 V& t9 r; ?2 zprice gains observed in the energy and commodity rich Western provinces, and
$ u( k0 c) _( g1 h( Mmore reasonable sales volumes and moderate price appreciation in Ontario,
" u2 c3 O8 @( pQuebec and Atlantic Canada, according to a report released today by Royal/ X* m( b6 H p5 ?. f& k* Z; s" \
LePage Real Estate Services.. h" n4 o" Q' q* u
0 F- `3 U2 |! [) n% ^* f Nationally, market trends established through the first three quarters6 Q0 F& h/ Y) K% B5 ^4 K
are forecast to continue for the remainder of the year. Robust economic
$ e' x, M9 {. R5 p& t: M2 _conditions, low unemployment rates, modestly growing salaries and wages, and
5 v0 u, t/ r- \$ D0 bsound consumer confidence contributed to the overall strength of the" f! L6 V' o. A- D2 c
residential real estate sector.+ h, n# L4 ~2 {3 a; w
" j5 H9 Y/ M; F) ?
Of the housing types surveyed, the highest average price appreciation
1 K. m0 f O) Noccurred in detached bungalows, which rose to $300,365 (+16.3%)
& N3 S/ M+ B/ i) Xyear-over-year, followed by standard condominiums, which rose to $211,562
) A# P- S& s3 q(+14.2%), and standard two-storey properties, which increased to $365,380
2 H {# i7 n9 S+ z(+13.2%).
5 k& K: T3 i5 A; U# ]
$ V# K, \: S0 ~: Q" F5 E5 ^ "Canada's sturdy housing market continued to demonstrate steady growth
: @ P( x) {+ L! l, T7 V8 j5 Nduring the third quarter. For all but the west, we have moved on from the M8 p9 _2 r3 @" u. ]# `% J6 _! X
frenzied expansion that characterized the first half of this decade, and are a6 w7 s3 G! U+ m% }; z, {1 d6 ^
poised to show continued growth at a more moderate pace," said Phil Soper,! y+ ?4 U( |# {1 A) @$ j: H* y( O
president and chief executive officer, Royal LePage Real Estate Services./ z/ W4 I7 P4 X: [, Y8 J( {5 ~+ W% Z
"Gone is the sellers' market that we have lived with for some years. We8 ~" Y3 U! \* W7 j6 U- t
welcome the more reliable conditions that are characteristic of a healthy/ ^: {, |) k' o9 e* _( W
balanced market.": M, V+ y8 g( A7 J3 v
{2 i* G3 e k; T7 Y
Despite the double-digit rise in average national house prices,
1 t7 m. C, d' `' Z1 w& `considerable regional variances were exhibited again this quarter. The shift1 s- e' O$ |* F. \# J0 B3 f$ q q3 W
to balanced market conditions, which began in late 2005, has continued3 h; k3 o% B2 p% x R
throughout most of the Central and Eastern regions of the country. In the core5 ~7 E( q9 V( e7 k* N8 b
energy producing western provinces, the combination of very high in-migration,
' [( ^% [% t% gmanageable affordability, and a shortage of inventory has driven record
2 w# v! S4 p0 G% q- rbreaking price appreciations.
% l( Z; z5 X# p
: `; ^4 A) t. R9 `% }, a5 I2 z Echoing the second quarter and supported by Alberta's rapidly expanding
. ?8 X% s9 h* S- Reconomy, Calgary and Edmonton led the charge of Canadian cities with the
8 C, A6 i1 @6 S* ^largest house price appreciation in all housing types surveyed.' }( Q" l3 \. ?4 I; w. |
/ A7 L- N8 n" u$ t1 `
In Ottawa and Toronto, growth remained steady, supported by solid9 c$ o# }/ l- \* U4 f
economic fundamentals, an increase in available inventory and strong consumer
, W( ]6 Q/ D8 [/ Y& t% U. Iconfidence. While the pace of price appreciation in Ontario leveled off0 i9 p) A& X; g3 D6 G' L0 K( H
slightly, the province's real estate market remains poised for modest growth.
5 _& g2 r2 {5 O/ y" R& s: ~% xIn Atlantic Canada, new housing and condominium construction offered buyers
8 ? T) Y, H( { I( Ugreater selection at more competitive prices, resulting in a slower rate of
1 x5 U3 a |' \) ?6 Aprice appreciation when compared with 2005.
% v& y+ k @3 o2 I! Q+ n" v: Y! w/ t( i
While the pace of growth in Canada has slowed, the domestic housing
3 M l8 `/ k* O- V6 pmarket is expected to outperform the American market. The economic and
: f( p* p+ O; N! r/ x1 l8 @financial fundamentals driving the residential real estate sector in Canada
9 C. O3 T/ _8 n# ]; S" {are markedly different than those found in the United States.3 ~4 m; C& z6 |! y1 P+ v+ }7 B6 `
3 Q/ m, [: S0 t) A/ Q) P Added Soper: "Canada's housing market is likely to outperform the; U4 T: y/ i2 Z3 l3 m5 d
American market through 2007. A number of factors are working in Canada's
9 M+ K! n: G- Afavour, including healthy personal and governmental debt levels, the3 c9 q4 Q6 P& ^/ o
relatively modest rise in interest rates in our country, and general! m$ L. @1 v+ P+ G( s R
affordability in our major cities. In addition, Americans are now seeing the
, M: j6 K1 K1 O% F6 |; X, hdownside of a tax system that encourages maximum homeowner leverage, and
) X( B. S; A5 j+ _8 G$ t. E. ^, Haggressive financial products such as zero- and negative-amortization
4 O% @+ Z/ L* H4 f$ umortgages that work only in a high price growth environment."' y ~- A- Z9 M" e* F
% n/ {5 _$ q: x
<<
_ Q- D) A- [. [) u x6 y REGIONAL SUMMARIES
$ t* l) L' M+ J7 P3 I" l$ D% [ } >>
% z: Z x. l" R; [" G& u f: N, n+ K9 f5 ~8 t5 I' s
Balanced conditions continued to characterize the housing market in
. l2 Z$ |" A$ i& v* YHalifax, as significantly higher inventory levels helped to moderate the rate$ |( X9 }4 U# y# H
of price appreciation. Buyers were increasingly choosy, taking more time
2 F0 h* H$ ^7 Y7 |0 R6 S( Xlooking for newer, low-maintenance properties that were not in need of
" I7 Z0 {$ x9 J2 `$ k2 Nrenovations.
4 C, B, S4 U4 J2 o0 }* V( I4 `8 f
The housing market in Moncton remained healthy and strong as a slight% r4 |% l/ |& j
increase in inventory helped to moderate the rate of price appreciation
0 I# h2 j4 G- l2 B- [" Ycompared to the same period in 2005. Activity was brisk throughout August and
4 s5 A' X( v% V# N& v* ]$ HSeptember and is expected to remain this way through the fourth quarter.
6 L% o( | o4 H( W0 [+ r' N- _/ ?2 Z/ x8 j' Q" _( o+ ?7 b
The housing market in Saint John underwent its traditional summer
- o/ Z2 A z4 N5 C, G& @slowdown in the third quarter, with activity picking up towards the end of the
+ p6 N* _7 V. a6 }. R/ p1 Wquarter. The local economy continued to thrive, as construction on a new
9 k# Q0 _5 {. w600,000 square-foot shopping area has begun, bringing several new box stores
2 }" s# Q' `) ]6 Gto the area. Buyers have begun seeking less expensive fixtures for their homes. j* K/ l. u! Z8 f
and are instead opting for more affordable housing options.
, ?3 y2 D' m. h' P) f5 K/ n5 s5 n& S4 } P6 S
In Charlottetown, the housing market started to move towards balanced/ ^$ ~3 V! L/ A5 u+ Q5 y8 ]6 T
conditions, as some sellers had to begin to lower the asking prices on their3 E; T3 {3 O$ w; N
homes to make them more competitive. Activity from out-of-town and US buyers! R1 d. q! C6 m
was down slightly compared to 2005, likely attributable to the strong Canadian
' v' O7 K0 b9 A5 k: `dollar. Inventory levels began to creep up in the third quarter, providing9 g5 M( Q) W( [5 k, Q
buyers with more options when looking for a home.
- V% y. _9 m# a6 D; J( e& S& s+ C* h- c @7 {' \
Activity in St. John's slowed slightly in the third quarter, particularly
- P1 M+ J* U" Kamong higher-priced properties, where there was a slight over-supply of homes9 Q7 Y4 E1 c! C7 l2 [: D. O3 b: e
priced over $200,000. Listing periods have increased when compared with 2005,7 ]" a7 i' U) O% Z- N+ [7 E) i
as some of the pent-up demand that had characterized the market over the last
( S$ j& b5 [9 ^. g! N% G; n2 Wfew years has been satisfied, resulting in more normal, balanced conditions.
# |8 b% |/ j& ^" b
6 c4 s: ?* n, [" |, D9 x Montreal's housing market recorded modest increases in average house+ o' e+ H+ D8 W" \2 ]! T4 e' ?- X
prices, due to a slight seasonal slowdown in the third quarter as inventory
+ f8 Y6 ^) d7 j7 _' |" Clevels rose. Part of this can be attributed to the fact that many renting7 X+ y+ n) I M& V0 O3 R
first-time buyers were motivated to close on the purchase of a home by July 1,0 V V* L' J+ d; t8 u- ?
when rental leases expire in Quebec. Once this date has passed some of the, i* A- r8 @9 m" G4 y5 `) V$ E
pressure is taken off the market, allowing buyers to visit more homes before) E1 N( N% y, T( h
making a purchase.
7 A6 C( v- H0 W# P+ C( ^1 T+ t$ _, L4 _% k8 h
Ottawa held its position as one of the country's most stable housing
2 e& r4 }; G% s( w7 s& f0 W0 gmarkets in the third quarter, reinforced by a vibrant local economy and strong5 f0 q( t u9 U- M: H
confidence, resulting in modest increases in average house prices. The city, M" p0 A: Q7 S- r* y7 X+ l
centre remained a bright spot in Ottawa, with homes in this area attracting. V+ ~0 X2 Y" ]
attention due to their convenient location and proximity to downtown
) J8 K( ?0 K* Q) L% @/ q5 M6 Damenities.4 R$ p3 c: d9 D$ L7 W* D
" z6 X+ u2 b5 ]& m2 s
The housing market in Toronto sustained healthy activity levels6 c* i, \0 m: q1 [$ I
throughout the third quarter, as a strong economy helped to maintain demand
8 y, O( B% K. x/ P2 `8 b; ^across the city, causing average house prices to rise moderately. Toronto has e0 {9 l+ |! S2 Z
continued to experience modest growth in average house prices, and has been4 V, T1 }9 f1 F4 x; {
driven primarily by purchasers who are buying homes as their principle
T" G, B- k' [3 rresidence, rather than for investment.
* | u3 V1 ~/ S( t: V) P3 n4 m
5 n$ Z4 Z7 w y$ F4 H The vibrant Winnipeg housing market continued to show its strength as
' h+ M- ^$ w' o" ?4 I0 k* X$ ^house prices rose during the third quarter. The booming local economy resulted
9 [2 A/ a. T3 F9 Din a historically low unemployment rate, helping to bolster consumer3 B$ C8 f- O/ ]/ r. b. x" R
confidence and Winnipeg's ranking as the city with the lowest capitalization7 F; f7 @+ |( N1 ~
rate among the country's larger cities - helped to encourage buyers to enter
3 z2 U0 u. Z8 p, @: q$ j/ Fthe market.
2 ]9 ~. E* h3 d% r* T1 H1 I) \
In Regina, the market experienced a slight seasonal slowdown through9 M2 L( `$ h2 Y+ s* v
July, as there were fewer purchasers in the market due to summer vacations. In4 Q# F7 H4 U, w. L$ ?
August, activity resumed to the busy pace previously seen in the spring$ R0 v6 l1 S) |0 c2 \+ P. S: w
months, as the influx of purchasers made it more difficult to find a home due9 Z3 n6 C p; Q/ `0 i5 U3 s
to the shortage of available inventory.
! F5 J5 z1 u- z9 @& {5 Z7 n% s
; `( G0 G6 E% h Activity in Saskatoon remained brisk as the market maintained its& g8 K% [, t! `& W, Z0 t. L: E
momentum from the busy spring sales period. The economy in Saskatoon remains4 v0 f( R* v0 A" i8 V. V
vibrant, as employment opportunities are abundant with many businesses
) i1 \7 K- a$ X0 ]: B3 R- Z4 [7 Cstruggling to make hires and having to recruit outside the province.: T, `: n. ?5 h# F( ~* v+ [# ^
. b( E8 S* V' X7 d. k5 L Calgary's housing market recorded blazing average house price increases( Z& w# R9 Z0 g9 K( M
in the third quarter, in all surveyed categories. The burgeoning economy, low7 B: f+ f" z |4 a
unemployment rates and low inventory levels remained the leading factors that
- v$ N9 }- N, b9 D; M9 Vpressured Calgary's house prices upwards. However, regardless of the soaring0 z7 U6 [! S: |4 v* `/ B
prices that characterized the market - even during the typically slower summer8 ^! J; {! _, p9 H
season - it is expected that activity will become slightly more balanced, as0 k) z; R) G3 m* u3 L* v
buyers are becoming more reluctant to participate in the frenetic activity.
6 G4 v: b9 j9 t- A4 B$ x
/ k: v5 N3 @# {9 @+ o V( d' b Edmonton's booming local economy continued to thrive in the third quarter
, R( x5 Q3 l. I# T, ^6 fas activity in the oil sands north of the city continued to flourish. Edmonton6 H- m7 Y2 R2 I* Y( C( Y
remained the hub of activity for those coming to work in the oil industry,$ ~% G( J: @' ~+ V* f% g
maintaining tight inventory levels across the city, resulting in prices
) S- |3 c( { h$ P- A/ iincreasing at record levels. However, as inventory levels continued to improve
4 t( Z [5 p' n! iin the third quarter the rate of price appreciation should moderate slightly
9 _' d4 \( j+ z G: gtowards the end of 2006.
& C, g% a6 o" M! z" E0 x/ n' t6 N8 r5 Z% r& V
While Vancouver has seen a slight reprieve from the severe shortage of% b5 W" y/ x. J! p8 Q
inventory that had previously characterized the market, supply is still unable. s6 Z: X9 w' x( S
to meet demand, driving house prices upwards. Vancouver has a very diverse
! v3 ^6 j+ s1 q$ f1 r2 Egroup of active buyers - from first-time home buyers to baby-boomers to
V9 X4 D" n* P4 ~, _foreign investors - all of whom fuel the demand for houses, placing added, Y: a( [, @4 _
pressure on tight inventory levels.
, c: T% t. g% w- j g8 b- x. V0 A+ M0 P
Victoria's market is vibrant and supported by strong economic
* [+ {' R) d% i/ b Cfundamentals, fuelled by a booming tech sector and a migration of young people6 A, q# \, t/ V4 h5 a
into the city that has continued to support the area's house price increases;
( i; W0 f2 y6 B; [while increased inventory levels have afforded buyers more time when searching: |+ T. \# K3 X1 [$ b$ t
for a home, helping to normalize the market's pace.0 ]6 J% l- n7 o$ N _
9 W5 Q. _9 R; I. I+ Q <<; f2 K1 O$ p+ U3 v
Survey of Canadian Average House Prices in the Third Quarter 2006
) K3 ?" K6 F7 F) `* E
% h; c% L/ S& B! X. T Z* m -------------------------------------------------------------------------9 [7 k* c2 y; j r
Detached Bungalows Standard Two Storey
& J( [' m" n0 U/ `+ o8 Z -------------------------------------------------------------------------
0 D0 G: S" j& X$ i1 Q# r 2006 Q3 2005 Q3 Bungalow 2006 Q3 2005 Q3
! Q; e& S" H- h4 W, g8 ? Market Average Average % Change Average Average4 C! a3 u7 U8 Y7 m
-------------------------------------------------------------------------4 x6 O5 u, G; x, f, W3 p
Halifax 186,333 173,333 7.5% 198,667 199,0002 `" M. r4 J3 m% \: P
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
! b0 Y8 d$ F; t. w0 Y6 ?0 [ Charlottetown 145,000 141,000 2.8% 175,000 170,000" ^+ A" O" @& _
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
/ e" ^( S- O* c! \/ z. @" W Moncton 135,000 127,000 6.3% 129,000 123,000
) T7 i7 r# W0 c# @ -------------------------------------------------------------------------" N q! @: _. g! y! p& t
Saint John 141,200 142,900 -1.2% - -$ b. e3 {7 i! y) I
-------------------------------------------------------------------------. Z o# L$ k9 w; y Y
St. John's 143,667 142,667 0.7% 200,667 202,333
5 k% Q- p4 y3 \- A1 u, h( N -------------------------------------------------------------------------' M! ?) {% ^0 l8 M
Atlantic 150,240 145,380 3.3% 175,833 173,583
$ R& B/ G" v! r, Q. v" }7 F: c -------------------------------------------------------------------------4 ~; m! m+ m7 o; {. ~/ C% g" Q/ h
Montreal 213,691 203,500 5.0% 321,141 316,185
$ W4 |& Z" r! f0 |3 W5 P2 I; b8 ^ -------------------------------------------------------------------------
/ `% X# j* d q; g" B. F Ottawa 290,083 278,417 4.2% 285,667 273,250- R- \1 p. J. I/ x5 w
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ o: z1 H- z- S$ f& p$ H Toronto 373,368 355,882 4.9% 481,523 474,766
) U, R, n6 V8 K; S -------------------------------------------------------------------------- U( ^1 O! S. J+ O6 d5 x4 M6 `
Winnipeg 181,579 159,860 13.6% 202,337 180,707& A1 B1 a/ f8 {, k& T [: _9 M
-------------------------------------------------------------------------" x5 Q6 w, D( S# W; `
Saskatchewan 170,667 156,083 9.3% 182,600 166,5002 O; O' [# ^. {1 c5 E6 e! A, O. t
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
0 f# c/ K I: b9 u9 l Calgary 395,067 252,411 56.5% 405,778 264,389
" U$ {5 o+ G) J- s -------------------------------------------------------------------------& B% s' H( V4 J# b7 G4 i
Edmonton 286,857 194,857 47.2% 316,429 206,714
6 k) ]' F( ^" r1 t2 T -------------------------------------------------------------------------
0 b$ X# V; }: |3 S; c8 z3 s; q Vancouver 704,250 601,000 17.2% 794,000 697,5002 o7 Z4 _( _% L: o% Z. E
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
; U: a" i* W5 K% d Victoria 375,000 348,000 7.8% 403,000 391,0004 j/ g! }; g% Y* w5 [
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
" b( u r- `: i+ V ` National 300,365 258,202 16.3% 365,380 322,860/ t2 I" [. m. G. ^# S
------------------------------------------------------------------------- c- M1 H6 j7 W" S W# p
* G4 J3 Q/ \% ~, {
-------------------------------------------------------------
. t& y* v% `' p6 P& F Standard Condominium) c9 c: u/ c, Q% r3 I+ {' ]
-------------------------------------------------------------
) ^ B& M. r9 `1 V 2-Storey 2006 Q3 2005 Q3 Condo0 S, u4 X3 j+ E- t, A# l$ r, s
Market % Change Average Average % Change
$ x; T. Y! Q( H8 w# |4 W4 j -------------------------------------------------------------
% C' g! m4 X+ j$ y' o3 `# o6 u. M Halifax -0.2% 142,000 103,000 37.9%
" f! }9 Z; {' S! P' m1 T+ N -------------------------------------------------------------+ m, o$ Z* ?5 d+ b- U( L
Charlottetown 2.9% 98,000 98,000 0.0%2 a9 q, c6 d+ q- d9 U
-------------------------------------------------------------# X8 {9 l# ~7 d% N0 I9 X
Moncton 4.9% - - N/A
* B9 ^" R8 r% m" j -------------------------------------------------------------
/ }" K" z9 _6 B/ T+ J Saint John N/A - - N/A9 A3 k( z8 c, ^
------------------------------------------------------------- f! s3 _) s0 @. o
St. John's -0.8% 146,333 145,667 0.5%
" U# }- [2 k6 {) c: W -------------------------------------------------------------9 J% r- {' u, M$ z
Atlantic 1.3% 128,778 115,556 11.4%
0 W; w3 v5 M4 @5 e- C; L6 m -------------------------------------------------------------" P1 U. f8 u, ?8 ^# \, t
Montreal 1.6% 193,190 188,016 2.8%7 F% n3 G9 j+ l4 z& w
-------------------------------------------------------------7 X* \ I0 }- K/ x' x
Ottawa 4.5% 181,083 172,250 5.1%) j$ H6 m+ g) u1 B. Q3 F* c
-------------------------------------------------------------4 K. Y$ E& u0 |6 Q1 j( b8 a
Toronto 1.4% 252,088 242,918 3.8%
" ~. r0 N& |7 n2 G2 b5 ~/ y -------------------------------------------------------------: y* l; R$ C$ d
Winnipeg 12.0% 105,648 96,008 10.0%( t4 P) v* S; c1 H. m5 I' z
-------------------------------------------------------------; ]% p' ^" X( @5 ~* J8 d6 t8 i( `
Saskatchewan 9.7% 106,250 101,000 5.2%
- M# Q5 q) Y$ L( R! Q) [0 W -------------------------------------------------------------/ |! e6 n9 H1 {8 q, y, o6 R& S" c/ c
Calgary 53.5% 245,844 153,867 59.8%; L- {) c! [) t0 ~; s
-------------------------------------------------------------
5 }% h& C. J, T Edmonton 53.1% 200,433 131,500 52.4%" A) k% ?1 H& S) ?
-------------------------------------------------------------
: f; a; P5 m3 J- V Vancouver 13.8% 366,250 323,250 13.3%% T6 M" T+ D# [/ ]9 Q" w
-------------------------------------------------------------
( d3 t. ^# h2 z) r* @$ L0 Z1 ~8 C4 [% U Victoria 3.1% 229,000 220,000 4.1%/ U$ e1 W5 q5 P9 A9 f- b# R
------------------------------------------------------------- }" \* I$ F6 M; J* t
National 13.2% 211,562 185,296 14.2%4 S# u3 J4 u' n0 F0 @% d0 W/ E7 p; S
-------------------------------------------------------------
& D$ @+ n6 V3 T' d/ s$ W >>
; q/ e6 |& x$ |) A. z3 ]5 ^9 e W$ ?. b! v& f3 \0 M
Average house prices are based on an average of all sub-markets examined
6 T( ]9 Y# {8 C7 Oin the area, except for the smaller markets of Charlottetown, Moncton, Saint1 e( l! X; c/ c) p2 X
John and Victoria.$ S- O- B( m4 e* r9 U( K, s% s
2 r' r6 ?$ F, }. U/ s& h The Royal LePage Survey of Canadian House Prices is the largest, most
& \& [% D% Y/ ?. t9 S! q" Ycomprehensive study of its kind in Canada, with information on seven types of
% g( P+ e8 z8 ]housing in over 250 neighbourhoods from coast to coast. This release2 s) V4 H( v! e4 d. Y
references an abbreviated version of the survey, which highlights house price( d6 P, c" a% b0 W
trends for the three most common types of housing in Canada in 80 communities- t3 L" Y5 h: v/ u
across the country. A complete database of past and present surveys is0 |3 s: ~! f3 o* }0 T8 n( o) G7 y+ F/ ]- f
available on the Royal LePage Web site at www.royallepage.ca, and current
" O R- d8 D: M8 Ufigures will be updated following the end of the third quarter. A printable
* p0 m, P, I- i) M$ uversion of the third quarter 2006 survey will be available online on
" w$ T+ I. m0 ]1 Z3 O8 N- V# d& hNovember 15, 2006.) R3 S8 ?1 @4 [0 U- I
Housing values in the Royal LePage Survey are Royal LePage opinions of, j) l, E( D& v o* T( q
fair market value in each location, based on local data and market knowledge
5 c9 [8 b) b$ E5 M& j+ S' hprovided by Royal LePage residential real estate experts. Historical data is4 u: a O# \" y& f
available for some areas back to the early 1970s. |
|