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Canada's housing market both vigorous and stable 7 E* O' S( ?. v8 _3 B
% h( p% o6 b: p7 i# ^* d- Country's market poised to show growth throughout 2006 -6 H8 J4 e& Y8 u8 o& E7 a6 v
5 O0 _7 o5 `# V- G! R, D
TORONTO, Sept. 28 /CNW/ - For most of Canada, the housing market w5 o' M' P& ]
exhibited moderate price increases and stable unit sales during the third
& M/ U X- E+ @! n, wquarter. Wide regional variances continued to be the dominant characteristic. m, V/ e7 W, @0 q
in the market, exemplified by frenzied levels of activity and double digit8 o; f* }, j; C( \2 X( e8 S9 X
price gains observed in the energy and commodity rich Western provinces, and
' m6 g9 |) I! Tmore reasonable sales volumes and moderate price appreciation in Ontario,
& N* ]/ x) [* d- }Quebec and Atlantic Canada, according to a report released today by Royal: r2 ?1 @9 A- c; f7 K$ o- G0 B
LePage Real Estate Services.+ w. q/ Q- E. R9 W3 q/ @: J$ V
0 a. R. i7 o# x1 B# I- ]
Nationally, market trends established through the first three quarters- e5 I* v4 m Y4 K. w
are forecast to continue for the remainder of the year. Robust economic+ h- P; P3 Q/ U: P
conditions, low unemployment rates, modestly growing salaries and wages, and5 e8 C4 c0 z1 K4 N
sound consumer confidence contributed to the overall strength of the, i: \4 D) P6 |- K
residential real estate sector.
: M, N7 o; g L" d' G& I
/ I2 w- Z9 |( ] Of the housing types surveyed, the highest average price appreciation
& G5 a8 \; A- j! I; Z: ~, ^6 Zoccurred in detached bungalows, which rose to $300,365 (+16.3%)
- P" w& D- \" X6 t+ qyear-over-year, followed by standard condominiums, which rose to $211,5623 ~# I H7 F T% C: u( Y
(+14.2%), and standard two-storey properties, which increased to $365,3801 k# V% I' t! _ T1 D
(+13.2%).
' A2 L0 J/ {, k+ s& g
4 \; ]" s' I: ^* z: z "Canada's sturdy housing market continued to demonstrate steady growth
! H* ]) \" A2 L# j6 r6 _during the third quarter. For all but the west, we have moved on from the
; G' [+ ?, m$ A0 Dfrenzied expansion that characterized the first half of this decade, and are
* t3 |, a7 p& g" k' f* K( upoised to show continued growth at a more moderate pace," said Phil Soper,6 m6 {" j" h3 g0 f, Y
president and chief executive officer, Royal LePage Real Estate Services. i! D, W: E) N x" c
"Gone is the sellers' market that we have lived with for some years. We
+ `$ e! U- k9 u, d- Q7 D! ~7 gwelcome the more reliable conditions that are characteristic of a healthy
4 e6 e: ~% d) f" cbalanced market."3 v. \, y% Q( L
( _! p2 `( V1 h3 \" P Despite the double-digit rise in average national house prices,
* E/ C! v8 o* O) |0 mconsiderable regional variances were exhibited again this quarter. The shift
$ K5 I, g% B5 [2 F" [to balanced market conditions, which began in late 2005, has continued
$ d+ b) J+ H0 s8 N' c3 P/ ~" ]) xthroughout most of the Central and Eastern regions of the country. In the core
" ?4 X N( }+ Yenergy producing western provinces, the combination of very high in-migration,
; |0 p+ Z" H, j5 smanageable affordability, and a shortage of inventory has driven record
; B' I0 K, V/ M: K$ D* Rbreaking price appreciations./ ]1 J/ `5 c0 R2 Y8 k6 l; O! R
! `& I: |; K; T/ [& f5 u
Echoing the second quarter and supported by Alberta's rapidly expanding+ d) a- D: U0 E4 y; F! I( P
economy, Calgary and Edmonton led the charge of Canadian cities with the
- T+ \2 ]7 J8 K3 j: llargest house price appreciation in all housing types surveyed.
1 s/ A1 @. b* v7 _2 q5 P p- x8 _$ Z4 O! V; W$ P
In Ottawa and Toronto, growth remained steady, supported by solid; X" w6 I8 G5 }. T0 r% l3 Q$ w2 `6 Y
economic fundamentals, an increase in available inventory and strong consumer @: x! c0 Y. I5 i+ a* Z7 u, d
confidence. While the pace of price appreciation in Ontario leveled off+ `: c; [- h. Y' H/ u% @
slightly, the province's real estate market remains poised for modest growth.: e0 R# x- |& n$ I+ _
In Atlantic Canada, new housing and condominium construction offered buyers& w: ^, I1 `! X7 r/ [9 W
greater selection at more competitive prices, resulting in a slower rate of
0 j C) G/ |- `5 j4 Vprice appreciation when compared with 2005.
0 m% [# c y3 z$ @3 x" G+ {" ?' |2 X2 F! y: s- @
While the pace of growth in Canada has slowed, the domestic housing
5 `0 a$ Y7 i9 jmarket is expected to outperform the American market. The economic and
/ Z! G \# y+ j" ?4 X$ tfinancial fundamentals driving the residential real estate sector in Canada) Y! s+ m' t6 \* z$ R' {& f
are markedly different than those found in the United States.
( `3 `; V3 p( d* X( E& ?* i2 B: I3 q
Added Soper: "Canada's housing market is likely to outperform the8 d7 R4 y5 Y( c0 Z2 ]5 g( d2 S
American market through 2007. A number of factors are working in Canada's! L, g6 g( q2 B
favour, including healthy personal and governmental debt levels, the
0 N. e& y( U8 o0 W! yrelatively modest rise in interest rates in our country, and general
) T' t; _7 I* _4 Xaffordability in our major cities. In addition, Americans are now seeing the% {0 E3 ~8 `9 K" @/ v" H2 L
downside of a tax system that encourages maximum homeowner leverage, and. W5 V0 ?9 S7 B H1 _, q
aggressive financial products such as zero- and negative-amortization
" g( o: D0 m K( d/ v* n8 Smortgages that work only in a high price growth environment."* S/ a; F$ V( F" V9 u/ G1 ?4 A3 w
( w5 N5 ?! u5 R4 x
<<
% q7 i% }( C6 n, V REGIONAL SUMMARIES
! `' t r8 w- v2 z+ F >>% o3 E# h6 A5 G! V5 s1 h2 G
& g3 H' v* b e# L7 w9 R Balanced conditions continued to characterize the housing market in
4 M0 d* W: Q" j% S: `Halifax, as significantly higher inventory levels helped to moderate the rate) }$ X! [! d- W1 ?
of price appreciation. Buyers were increasingly choosy, taking more time, _ ~6 Q' c! ~6 j
looking for newer, low-maintenance properties that were not in need of! Z" Z# Z) ^7 b* z# _
renovations.
2 g. ^/ N1 ]+ s
3 [8 Y+ b1 \( m/ l) U+ ] The housing market in Moncton remained healthy and strong as a slight
; ^8 l% j1 P! o# e, Uincrease in inventory helped to moderate the rate of price appreciation6 t7 l' ?; I) K: g
compared to the same period in 2005. Activity was brisk throughout August and
: B; _+ i# k9 z5 r" o0 jSeptember and is expected to remain this way through the fourth quarter.
+ w# K" o2 O: X; T+ R4 G( m
0 l5 z$ B" h p- f0 L The housing market in Saint John underwent its traditional summer
7 P1 Y1 t& X2 _7 ]3 Z& ^4 a) gslowdown in the third quarter, with activity picking up towards the end of the
; F- k; J( [$ F' g+ Fquarter. The local economy continued to thrive, as construction on a new d5 K! c& ?/ f0 m( N$ s
600,000 square-foot shopping area has begun, bringing several new box stores$ G8 {2 X7 n; q: h% l
to the area. Buyers have begun seeking less expensive fixtures for their homes' y/ K# `, a8 c( F4 V! o. t' Z
and are instead opting for more affordable housing options.0 d* W# E$ e. g9 K
1 C9 l1 z9 M4 y) p# _ In Charlottetown, the housing market started to move towards balanced
2 I. l8 S+ a M: O/ I/ }9 H- uconditions, as some sellers had to begin to lower the asking prices on their
9 Z4 ^/ Y7 r- } L' {homes to make them more competitive. Activity from out-of-town and US buyers
6 t' ?1 i) n# g! z2 O. Dwas down slightly compared to 2005, likely attributable to the strong Canadian8 J* @, N! s: Y( P3 ]# g5 O; I
dollar. Inventory levels began to creep up in the third quarter, providing
/ q. s/ u3 l* W" S* gbuyers with more options when looking for a home.- B4 ]% Q9 m8 i+ k
/ m/ O9 F8 l6 H% `& Y4 j' Z
Activity in St. John's slowed slightly in the third quarter, particularly
. k( ?) }& P( Damong higher-priced properties, where there was a slight over-supply of homes
6 m4 o9 t3 q# d& Ppriced over $200,000. Listing periods have increased when compared with 2005,
- I" A. p; f* N7 I; Das some of the pent-up demand that had characterized the market over the last
& M; e: q$ J! g' t2 ^few years has been satisfied, resulting in more normal, balanced conditions.
) t& A, P1 X% @! w
: S+ d8 p% m; X. s4 g! ]0 f Montreal's housing market recorded modest increases in average house2 k, {' M q* O2 b
prices, due to a slight seasonal slowdown in the third quarter as inventory7 g8 T# B' A) h5 Z% P( S6 U) l2 R
levels rose. Part of this can be attributed to the fact that many renting0 }, w. y W) L+ b, {/ c2 W+ o
first-time buyers were motivated to close on the purchase of a home by July 1,
; x- ^- [8 {) E9 Jwhen rental leases expire in Quebec. Once this date has passed some of the& F4 d, {' ]+ S3 Y3 c9 ]& _
pressure is taken off the market, allowing buyers to visit more homes before$ _: V1 u( Y5 ^5 C, {$ }2 t4 ~
making a purchase.
+ E6 a5 A W$ \/ E" N. v J P3 T1 ?; c( j- Y( D6 D0 \
Ottawa held its position as one of the country's most stable housing
; E# L9 M& C$ o" t$ Cmarkets in the third quarter, reinforced by a vibrant local economy and strong) o% T* {, I% _8 x1 A3 T
confidence, resulting in modest increases in average house prices. The city
( Y7 i& D; `7 H: P' |+ Wcentre remained a bright spot in Ottawa, with homes in this area attracting' ~4 R2 ]* X) {0 f
attention due to their convenient location and proximity to downtown
3 P, V- C t3 L9 U1 U8 Lamenities.
* \& ]& ~$ J2 w7 o A! y( B9 n5 J4 ^: c$ X7 c" U
The housing market in Toronto sustained healthy activity levels0 [# Y0 n4 n# z. z
throughout the third quarter, as a strong economy helped to maintain demand
" \0 N* I) d, j) c6 I2 Kacross the city, causing average house prices to rise moderately. Toronto has
! R0 ?3 N3 n3 U" L/ y$ h2 ?continued to experience modest growth in average house prices, and has been; w" e0 S+ w4 P. i5 \9 b
driven primarily by purchasers who are buying homes as their principle
$ z" T3 j% L. @/ g. dresidence, rather than for investment.
8 h% U" h6 x. Y7 v$ E! h4 s6 }
' m7 \" S9 R }6 r+ z: l0 C The vibrant Winnipeg housing market continued to show its strength as/ p7 c: X' a/ ]/ p# O
house prices rose during the third quarter. The booming local economy resulted
$ N3 S! `$ q1 P% i" k1 j: O, `in a historically low unemployment rate, helping to bolster consumer" C0 J8 Y/ I" R, O$ }! S0 N4 ?4 b. ~
confidence and Winnipeg's ranking as the city with the lowest capitalization5 [4 d8 x4 p3 s% Z. g8 I
rate among the country's larger cities - helped to encourage buyers to enter
' `6 u1 V, r% e% Lthe market.
^7 M' H9 H5 y, y" e: s- _3 O/ d' r
In Regina, the market experienced a slight seasonal slowdown through
6 ~3 r/ X8 V2 J& I7 K6 x% \July, as there were fewer purchasers in the market due to summer vacations. In# A# y& b$ {1 X: Y# A6 @ U) w
August, activity resumed to the busy pace previously seen in the spring+ ?- D8 K/ \/ [( U2 _
months, as the influx of purchasers made it more difficult to find a home due
4 t# w0 G7 O; ^4 E7 H* Gto the shortage of available inventory.0 j. z5 v% L2 Y) O# _; V
" E: v2 p; ~, U% i$ o0 R
Activity in Saskatoon remained brisk as the market maintained its
E; @' `" _& ?3 \- E4 ]6 W9 `& Fmomentum from the busy spring sales period. The economy in Saskatoon remains: U0 a+ I7 {6 I- c3 _4 y
vibrant, as employment opportunities are abundant with many businesses
7 A6 q* i% X( \, [struggling to make hires and having to recruit outside the province.3 L7 q% `9 S, o, ~
: N s: r$ C" q2 }0 ? Calgary's housing market recorded blazing average house price increases' ~0 S9 S- k3 W$ c% T! g
in the third quarter, in all surveyed categories. The burgeoning economy, low
2 F4 p/ I0 A5 t; Iunemployment rates and low inventory levels remained the leading factors that: r5 |1 ~" ?8 ^7 V7 V$ K! S! g B! K
pressured Calgary's house prices upwards. However, regardless of the soaring
+ e+ c3 t- m- G, i0 m' W7 {, `prices that characterized the market - even during the typically slower summer
3 L1 O& ]0 |$ V4 |season - it is expected that activity will become slightly more balanced, as$ P. Q2 I Y: K3 d9 q* [
buyers are becoming more reluctant to participate in the frenetic activity.& J8 ?' e: _* z" e# d$ _0 Y
/ P; J! u1 k) I1 b5 g* R
Edmonton's booming local economy continued to thrive in the third quarter
3 l! i( {0 V( @ U. [as activity in the oil sands north of the city continued to flourish. Edmonton+ P; r8 w8 ^' f% Q& D+ ~8 _, o; r# I7 m
remained the hub of activity for those coming to work in the oil industry,
( Y( g) J# z, E" smaintaining tight inventory levels across the city, resulting in prices S; B- p. R' f/ ~) ]
increasing at record levels. However, as inventory levels continued to improve
6 o& {6 K# D$ U: Vin the third quarter the rate of price appreciation should moderate slightly
' {& _7 _: y, ~; q) utowards the end of 2006. + ~3 |- L9 N2 p. ?! _ i1 l: S
$ m, g8 T) @! |1 w0 qWhile Vancouver has seen a slight reprieve from the severe shortage of$ R2 J8 U6 V7 n4 h
inventory that had previously characterized the market, supply is still unable
' X& C- a7 _1 x! K1 wto meet demand, driving house prices upwards. Vancouver has a very diverse
% R D- N; e8 C+ O! {( Wgroup of active buyers - from first-time home buyers to baby-boomers to
2 `" Y$ I' `& hforeign investors - all of whom fuel the demand for houses, placing added$ u) D$ \6 \/ J# ^. u0 Y: \
pressure on tight inventory levels.
& Z5 Z4 h: I! Y: \ a8 i$ K/ g# E5 g5 w: W8 e' \
Victoria's market is vibrant and supported by strong economic
8 C( e7 Z. q4 a: y Zfundamentals, fuelled by a booming tech sector and a migration of young people
2 Y2 M( G% m3 ?8 Sinto the city that has continued to support the area's house price increases;
: g6 O+ G' p# c! |- z u- B3 i% o* Lwhile increased inventory levels have afforded buyers more time when searching" M! E8 n" f" |( v. i y
for a home, helping to normalize the market's pace.5 Y7 b1 b* U# v" b+ G
9 o* q! v5 U3 Q2 \1 E$ C <<7 |; v% d' O3 v4 K* N7 Z3 l: G
Survey of Canadian Average House Prices in the Third Quarter 2006
+ e1 A: O/ a, i% T7 R0 i# @ ]
/ ^ Q# G c5 M1 Y4 U, h -------------------------------------------------------------------------7 Z: `* v" a/ ~) O: j
Detached Bungalows Standard Two Storey) I$ T$ O9 @0 X0 |1 n/ e
-------------------------------------------------------------------------$ I! h- N' O- r$ v
2006 Q3 2005 Q3 Bungalow 2006 Q3 2005 Q39 N% u9 B% z7 Z
Market Average Average % Change Average Average
; d) M6 L9 a$ `7 ~/ @9 d -------------------------------------------------------------------------5 e8 F& r0 I- s" R7 E' Z
Halifax 186,333 173,333 7.5% 198,667 199,000
6 `# S7 w& p5 I( e -------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 [" e, |7 J& V" R& o0 j3 R. K Charlottetown 145,000 141,000 2.8% 175,000 170,000* E8 }* A% P( d' H9 w
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
% L& q) \, f$ A: u Moncton 135,000 127,000 6.3% 129,000 123,000
5 y' _5 x' b+ }/ x P4 a9 n -------------------------------------------------------------------------, T, p" l' Q" m0 `9 R' h
Saint John 141,200 142,900 -1.2% - -) G( j/ }' Z$ J5 G
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
; c2 ~/ t/ s5 G1 F/ O St. John's 143,667 142,667 0.7% 200,667 202,333* |" O g4 l( p; N9 l
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ |6 K6 ^9 m3 d! z8 X L8 Y( a* \ Atlantic 150,240 145,380 3.3% 175,833 173,583/ `2 h6 |: l7 n
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 D* Z. c0 n0 r5 n1 ` Montreal 213,691 203,500 5.0% 321,141 316,1852 K% R& w7 f2 D" ?; B
-------------------------------------------------------------------------0 g* F" d* Z# W; t v5 M
Ottawa 290,083 278,417 4.2% 285,667 273,2503 S5 J# G# E. T! \& o! E- x' U! ?2 w
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
' h. v6 g9 ]3 A8 i" |' k$ O- z Toronto 373,368 355,882 4.9% 481,523 474,7666 a9 Y# g$ L4 F; e
-------------------------------------------------------------------------. |: y- i3 l$ Z8 v: h
Winnipeg 181,579 159,860 13.6% 202,337 180,707& s% S4 o0 w& ]: y+ |
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
* _2 Y' ?9 Y3 R9 P Saskatchewan 170,667 156,083 9.3% 182,600 166,500" Z# E7 N/ H Y8 N& I" ^
-------------------------------------------------------------------------% j. U( \' Z% g! m& p% \, G
Calgary 395,067 252,411 56.5% 405,778 264,389
" ^% J7 ]0 a& F/ K' P9 w -------------------------------------------------------------------------
) F* X( K( Q6 i9 B Edmonton 286,857 194,857 47.2% 316,429 206,714
9 V: u6 `$ ]) w9 A. x* G( g4 g -------------------------------------------------------------------------
6 r3 M Y; Y1 K2 ^0 z2 f4 R- L. E Vancouver 704,250 601,000 17.2% 794,000 697,500. {& n M( R' N
-------------------------------------------------------------------------) }. d. Y, U1 f' U! b3 W! w9 d
Victoria 375,000 348,000 7.8% 403,000 391,000
; Q/ c( C# [3 r; {' i -------------------------------------------------------------------------7 V1 y$ h$ d2 [; @: s; Y9 C& I
National 300,365 258,202 16.3% 365,380 322,860. L6 b3 ^; v! R3 |
-------------------------------------------------------------------------6 K6 R" a' ?$ R) W6 v
% Z5 C2 `" g/ h' u" U* s4 u
-------------------------------------------------------------% q$ W+ [6 k A( p, w& X& @
Standard Condominium* V0 {5 _+ W5 d( y+ Y3 K
-------------------------------------------------------------
A6 K% c: S" [& s 2-Storey 2006 Q3 2005 Q3 Condo
8 K8 {4 {7 W/ _; ?* S Market % Change Average Average % Change
% }- R! K; Y2 B5 n- f: {* H' v -------------------------------------------------------------
3 b& E! j+ u8 E2 s Halifax -0.2% 142,000 103,000 37.9%
0 u# Y8 I( O8 I* x* b: J -------------------------------------------------------------" j7 |! I' }9 M
Charlottetown 2.9% 98,000 98,000 0.0%! v9 H9 m8 t' b9 d1 D; G
-------------------------------------------------------------
6 m |7 @ m7 F1 x3 b" R Moncton 4.9% - - N/A
9 t! q7 L' ^! ?, O: H$ j5 c' ] -------------------------------------------------------------
# b; x$ q" V0 M; O" Y: o; | Saint John N/A - - N/A; @) K8 _9 q3 n3 P5 e) V
-------------------------------------------------------------
6 f& K% H9 T6 k4 z. G0 q4 T St. John's -0.8% 146,333 145,667 0.5%
4 t7 I# V3 {/ I5 R& O5 V -------------------------------------------------------------
4 O- H- T& N2 ]& Z Atlantic 1.3% 128,778 115,556 11.4%3 g( G# D- ~, _7 _/ p" _
-------------------------------------------------------------2 X" |6 S3 R& x2 @0 r* H
Montreal 1.6% 193,190 188,016 2.8%
3 u3 B2 y6 H; m$ g9 n -------------------------------------------------------------
) M% O0 P2 N' j* F7 L7 I$ f Ottawa 4.5% 181,083 172,250 5.1%
5 L; k; K- @0 c' q. R! Q1 V -------------------------------------------------------------
9 F, [# n/ q' {, `+ ^5 v7 r( U Toronto 1.4% 252,088 242,918 3.8%+ [ b3 _" c$ ^9 n' |9 ?4 U6 i5 q
-------------------------------------------------------------
/ N8 d4 q8 P) S, |& O0 E( x Winnipeg 12.0% 105,648 96,008 10.0%
$ i( f5 z8 o, b, y$ a, I$ s -------------------------------------------------------------
7 |, ?9 y; s! ]4 }4 P Saskatchewan 9.7% 106,250 101,000 5.2%
' @& ~. J+ V; d) O! g -------------------------------------------------------------2 C* B5 K, j$ T" F
Calgary 53.5% 245,844 153,867 59.8%, o* g. U8 u4 K" R/ C! v% s. c
-------------------------------------------------------------
8 V+ Q8 o9 i# G6 s7 m Edmonton 53.1% 200,433 131,500 52.4%5 K" e5 u4 h- @4 D0 r+ d- C% E" a
-------------------------------------------------------------
" t& W- v2 L: p; w7 m5 E& y Vancouver 13.8% 366,250 323,250 13.3%' y8 z4 |# j7 z- f8 e
-------------------------------------------------------------) y* T% K* B7 K; k6 O
Victoria 3.1% 229,000 220,000 4.1%
6 K8 S* W6 D( E1 c3 B+ s -------------------------------------------------------------- [1 \+ }+ z! J8 [
National 13.2% 211,562 185,296 14.2%
- h0 z' X& |4 T% }; p) ? -------------------------------------------------------------& }9 v8 q: w; w, i
>>
; V7 E0 e2 A' _/ q! C! G# a/ T7 G4 a% W( ~
Average house prices are based on an average of all sub-markets examined. m. J! w! m r; S' J ^
in the area, except for the smaller markets of Charlottetown, Moncton, Saint% v! x4 w( s. U; f8 t
John and Victoria.) `1 f; w; }; D6 i$ h3 ]; w+ F
% }, _! J% x1 A7 H( Q; c
The Royal LePage Survey of Canadian House Prices is the largest, most* u. [8 m7 y0 n4 G
comprehensive study of its kind in Canada, with information on seven types of$ V( s& j% |4 _& g% A1 t+ c
housing in over 250 neighbourhoods from coast to coast. This release
{, Q% ^: u, Mreferences an abbreviated version of the survey, which highlights house price
( S% p/ u$ ]) e4 g+ q* }4 `& Wtrends for the three most common types of housing in Canada in 80 communities
# m/ k! g! x O) F/ S1 U( Eacross the country. A complete database of past and present surveys is
: j* s: g; L8 z; M' Qavailable on the Royal LePage Web site at www.royallepage.ca, and current# T0 Z( d' g1 d# k
figures will be updated following the end of the third quarter. A printable: V# r* s$ K2 N+ \* {
version of the third quarter 2006 survey will be available online on4 |. g6 W, v( H) O2 @8 M
November 15, 2006.& ~) v+ @ t/ b1 h0 b
Housing values in the Royal LePage Survey are Royal LePage opinions of% M$ B% K* Z! Y8 c Y- O! i i+ |
fair market value in each location, based on local data and market knowledge
0 P, d8 }0 v. t) Hprovided by Royal LePage residential real estate experts. Historical data is
5 L- e2 M- W8 f8 ^! _+ Kavailable for some areas back to the early 1970s. |
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