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Canada's housing market both vigorous and stable
9 Q! f/ z5 I! ]9 @# x, g" r' C5 Y* Z/ [# x- o* [
- Country's market poised to show growth throughout 2006 -: T8 l4 j0 X3 j A7 X P- ^
' a1 t l4 ^5 G+ ?0 o8 @: E# K
TORONTO, Sept. 28 /CNW/ - For most of Canada, the housing market
- S( ~, E& {/ P u+ O, Vexhibited moderate price increases and stable unit sales during the third( C6 S, C% I! ]1 N) e
quarter. Wide regional variances continued to be the dominant characteristic
4 c" `" A" }; ]% ^5 l: a7 Y. `4 Fin the market, exemplified by frenzied levels of activity and double digit
- R2 P' q8 @4 i8 z- E% B7 k0 Eprice gains observed in the energy and commodity rich Western provinces, and7 ?$ B% j# W5 N
more reasonable sales volumes and moderate price appreciation in Ontario,
& o8 C( V: e6 \Quebec and Atlantic Canada, according to a report released today by Royal
. r2 K+ V1 h- C- c/ i" Y" iLePage Real Estate Services.
$ R6 q: T5 ?! K- {; t
! V$ n" O! R0 y1 M& X Nationally, market trends established through the first three quarters
0 o( m3 ]. ?9 l( l" iare forecast to continue for the remainder of the year. Robust economic
0 c) p, i7 _. L- J4 iconditions, low unemployment rates, modestly growing salaries and wages, and
' p7 W6 }' x# }5 Lsound consumer confidence contributed to the overall strength of the
9 y" C B% O7 z6 C9 j" mresidential real estate sector.! _5 t8 k! `2 y8 o0 R& q
' w+ @3 z% k+ j Of the housing types surveyed, the highest average price appreciation8 g% g6 h/ x4 B$ t* ?- K
occurred in detached bungalows, which rose to $300,365 (+16.3%)5 y, g( w$ d" _/ a
year-over-year, followed by standard condominiums, which rose to $211,562
, @" v1 K% _1 n+ \# L8 C8 w) t(+14.2%), and standard two-storey properties, which increased to $365,3808 q* s3 S5 m5 H! [; g' p1 r2 N v; l3 t
(+13.2%).5 E( d) Z, m# ^/ K. k. W0 ?
7 p. \- y, y ~" {) T
"Canada's sturdy housing market continued to demonstrate steady growth, ^( A3 C- g; K: [: r% y& P( _ Z
during the third quarter. For all but the west, we have moved on from the
( X% g. Z5 f% }4 I/ q I6 b4 ufrenzied expansion that characterized the first half of this decade, and are; x1 y9 h7 y( D" E* @: D/ j
poised to show continued growth at a more moderate pace," said Phil Soper,
+ C. p+ k4 G3 v8 N+ Q( |& |$ r+ qpresident and chief executive officer, Royal LePage Real Estate Services.
( h, ?- L6 v2 H# j- o8 z! d0 ?"Gone is the sellers' market that we have lived with for some years. We
4 v' q; R( }4 n4 b' ^welcome the more reliable conditions that are characteristic of a healthy9 n" O) R4 N! P4 M+ T: X+ R5 T
balanced market."
; y1 U% g6 l0 ~( N; W1 E( ]7 m. _7 o+ n
Despite the double-digit rise in average national house prices,: V& Z2 W; e4 w8 X* E
considerable regional variances were exhibited again this quarter. The shift
4 Q' D% \; `; i% V* Y3 ^to balanced market conditions, which began in late 2005, has continued
3 {; x5 a; \5 I' l' athroughout most of the Central and Eastern regions of the country. In the core
& ~) s0 l; z7 x! I( l7 S5 yenergy producing western provinces, the combination of very high in-migration,
2 l. x* {3 D3 T+ E, v: V5 N) _& y; umanageable affordability, and a shortage of inventory has driven record
& P# x0 q: L( P9 j6 gbreaking price appreciations.
3 y5 r3 H0 P0 |8 c0 n4 f+ D; g. A4 ?( [ n2 t! T1 l
Echoing the second quarter and supported by Alberta's rapidly expanding2 Z( p: S0 _/ \5 N. a3 I: n4 P/ h
economy, Calgary and Edmonton led the charge of Canadian cities with the) [! {7 ?$ V! z' T( z! f. H
largest house price appreciation in all housing types surveyed.
8 _. x. `% R4 b( V: G
& A0 ~, T# s- x In Ottawa and Toronto, growth remained steady, supported by solid5 b! W- S, B' i$ W" n" l5 L$ q
economic fundamentals, an increase in available inventory and strong consumer
/ L8 l$ c- h) [/ Z3 e+ b0 qconfidence. While the pace of price appreciation in Ontario leveled off5 o. |/ c, E( u; R, x* l5 R
slightly, the province's real estate market remains poised for modest growth.4 R- U* F4 w) B/ q
In Atlantic Canada, new housing and condominium construction offered buyers
6 R4 {8 j) c& E$ x: cgreater selection at more competitive prices, resulting in a slower rate of# F" B" X! I; B+ h
price appreciation when compared with 2005.
2 m9 R* J W" w) a' l5 b( W
: z. w* O7 {% ` While the pace of growth in Canada has slowed, the domestic housing
( b% w3 L! a s ~market is expected to outperform the American market. The economic and' \ F' u: J6 p2 r/ _6 S2 o3 W2 ~3 f" B
financial fundamentals driving the residential real estate sector in Canada) W! t! M0 e% W3 S, M, q6 A
are markedly different than those found in the United States.
0 Z& u: c& _( c1 D
+ y8 q& }- Z; T1 J Added Soper: "Canada's housing market is likely to outperform the
" f8 g, \: n; d" E A: [: b G% {American market through 2007. A number of factors are working in Canada's
' e9 x$ W: a) ]( r" z5 Yfavour, including healthy personal and governmental debt levels, the1 s* y d* e/ ~& @: I1 m1 p# s
relatively modest rise in interest rates in our country, and general; ?. C B# d i1 f, T* L) A
affordability in our major cities. In addition, Americans are now seeing the
6 F2 b* c: b8 {8 ], F# ddownside of a tax system that encourages maximum homeowner leverage, and5 I5 j1 J: k5 D
aggressive financial products such as zero- and negative-amortization8 I' u! }/ ]$ a2 R u
mortgages that work only in a high price growth environment."' ?" t* M# q0 u
1 d, \5 _' ]$ A2 o; e
<<! c# M! j1 h6 f
REGIONAL SUMMARIES7 E+ w2 b; u: g# Z% I' a: A# ^ j
>>$ m% \3 B; H- n" O Z& Y9 U% O+ y5 k
5 s) S# \( Q8 e2 O0 @' _ Balanced conditions continued to characterize the housing market in
7 \- `9 s8 e# S9 D" ~Halifax, as significantly higher inventory levels helped to moderate the rate
% ?* [( `/ ]; \( t! ^4 yof price appreciation. Buyers were increasingly choosy, taking more time6 i& J: Z9 g3 H I
looking for newer, low-maintenance properties that were not in need of
& _4 [$ O. j" g6 G' xrenovations.
4 g1 h& b1 V; B/ v. [2 f' e% x1 d8 _) F* @* i; |
The housing market in Moncton remained healthy and strong as a slight9 Z( h6 T, x1 [% E5 O
increase in inventory helped to moderate the rate of price appreciation d5 ^: {) E: h! u7 \' }) B
compared to the same period in 2005. Activity was brisk throughout August and3 r4 W1 X8 O7 u
September and is expected to remain this way through the fourth quarter.+ |0 P! ]" m1 i. `
2 e3 O. m: m! D I6 @( q
The housing market in Saint John underwent its traditional summer9 i# c# R0 ?* x, N# R" v
slowdown in the third quarter, with activity picking up towards the end of the; k7 s$ c& ^: r7 d3 j
quarter. The local economy continued to thrive, as construction on a new
) E' w, p: b) Y# D600,000 square-foot shopping area has begun, bringing several new box stores
# \' y: Q8 O7 B5 U( u4 W5 k- K1 S2 d9 Hto the area. Buyers have begun seeking less expensive fixtures for their homes
" ~) w+ a. n; u# {# vand are instead opting for more affordable housing options.
2 Q5 {9 }& t! I5 }+ Y. N4 P4 _ R
/ R& }+ J0 t0 R5 H, w& u In Charlottetown, the housing market started to move towards balanced
# ~$ g4 C$ _& Q8 ?9 u) c6 n2 pconditions, as some sellers had to begin to lower the asking prices on their
X# S4 y3 ?2 C* B9 K5 M: |homes to make them more competitive. Activity from out-of-town and US buyers
0 H b# W" m5 d& G ~+ mwas down slightly compared to 2005, likely attributable to the strong Canadian2 Q- Y2 v" ` y
dollar. Inventory levels began to creep up in the third quarter, providing
4 w* w2 {2 [. j. l" V0 Vbuyers with more options when looking for a home.7 q; K Y' v w" P8 U# X' W
" \" | }- _, f$ I8 E+ v R Activity in St. John's slowed slightly in the third quarter, particularly
% M% K# \1 \' Z) \/ G! A0 samong higher-priced properties, where there was a slight over-supply of homes' s( m$ _ V$ v9 W+ X h; o y0 P
priced over $200,000. Listing periods have increased when compared with 2005,+ @4 {+ a9 ^2 l/ c( w7 [% X
as some of the pent-up demand that had characterized the market over the last$ C- z! V% e% Z7 r ~9 c+ C U& C
few years has been satisfied, resulting in more normal, balanced conditions. I& P1 f9 c% e. m1 {
# v0 H" e# M/ @5 o7 Y3 t& F3 J
Montreal's housing market recorded modest increases in average house! }; N. {$ F5 k
prices, due to a slight seasonal slowdown in the third quarter as inventory- X& E) g; `& F) m+ U( `
levels rose. Part of this can be attributed to the fact that many renting
+ l& L0 _/ Y+ T8 J# ]; v: E& Zfirst-time buyers were motivated to close on the purchase of a home by July 1,
" C) z4 A4 }9 K0 T P" `/ U0 E- xwhen rental leases expire in Quebec. Once this date has passed some of the
+ \& q5 D4 W9 C% |2 ~pressure is taken off the market, allowing buyers to visit more homes before! i8 g, L+ ?. \; E: j- d, t
making a purchase.
' B7 y, ~2 U& ^" F# |0 ?; w2 Y2 w& o# T$ s
Ottawa held its position as one of the country's most stable housing
4 |: i9 `6 ^( @+ g: Emarkets in the third quarter, reinforced by a vibrant local economy and strong1 T6 [5 k# {* a, U# }
confidence, resulting in modest increases in average house prices. The city7 J& O# X9 R& x2 H e
centre remained a bright spot in Ottawa, with homes in this area attracting8 W8 A# y' ?$ a) }/ j, H3 b
attention due to their convenient location and proximity to downtown E* ^" v2 y% b t
amenities.
% `3 t% o5 ]8 o) Z. U6 s5 b4 z7 _! D2 f5 S6 o
The housing market in Toronto sustained healthy activity levels6 G/ s2 g5 }$ k1 `2 f! C- O7 y
throughout the third quarter, as a strong economy helped to maintain demand
3 ~7 j4 g6 e% \# z5 T1 O! aacross the city, causing average house prices to rise moderately. Toronto has
7 i8 E+ _1 d( {: \" d% Ccontinued to experience modest growth in average house prices, and has been
7 a$ Z. k9 }6 T& mdriven primarily by purchasers who are buying homes as their principle4 n: M( t" p) R0 G6 g
residence, rather than for investment.0 ]) z+ u7 A6 A L% G5 `
6 O, T9 x" i* ?$ j: {/ y: N8 [
The vibrant Winnipeg housing market continued to show its strength as" y) _) T7 ?$ u! G7 a" _0 r
house prices rose during the third quarter. The booming local economy resulted
, G# @- b, q# _7 e% I) I5 _) R3 v9 Vin a historically low unemployment rate, helping to bolster consumer! B# }3 u. s+ O
confidence and Winnipeg's ranking as the city with the lowest capitalization4 f3 v% h4 H3 e7 ?
rate among the country's larger cities - helped to encourage buyers to enter f! C$ r/ ] M0 x1 p
the market.' Q% l+ X& @/ x: |, Q4 C# t
; z E- F5 W. H+ O) ^ In Regina, the market experienced a slight seasonal slowdown through
. X( Q+ K. O! b' [, b2 |July, as there were fewer purchasers in the market due to summer vacations. In
7 T2 U) C: U# S8 g& ~8 b- U. }4 JAugust, activity resumed to the busy pace previously seen in the spring% w. e: l+ l [ w) l
months, as the influx of purchasers made it more difficult to find a home due& p8 T) g* r- W$ H+ v: @
to the shortage of available inventory.
! a6 J4 x+ _2 x @/ ]1 S
6 J, {& f/ V# x, V$ c% q Activity in Saskatoon remained brisk as the market maintained its
3 `) g* k) {2 m6 |, amomentum from the busy spring sales period. The economy in Saskatoon remains
& D% ~2 C5 Z4 d/ k6 Gvibrant, as employment opportunities are abundant with many businesses
$ ]+ ?+ o, y- ^. Z4 z) k; xstruggling to make hires and having to recruit outside the province.
* \! K* H/ E+ Z8 H" w! L- t# B$ {8 Y5 J8 M2 v5 ~& `
Calgary's housing market recorded blazing average house price increases5 g/ q0 }# o8 w# T
in the third quarter, in all surveyed categories. The burgeoning economy, low! O; ?4 I- j0 O
unemployment rates and low inventory levels remained the leading factors that. G3 w, w. f: g
pressured Calgary's house prices upwards. However, regardless of the soaring
l' @2 _# d0 t4 V( I6 sprices that characterized the market - even during the typically slower summer
- z$ L4 [" H3 U5 \5 C/ Dseason - it is expected that activity will become slightly more balanced, as! I( I( n! Z( W: E
buyers are becoming more reluctant to participate in the frenetic activity.1 E2 T2 K2 _. b
- M- J$ c4 N8 ^8 X1 V: l Edmonton's booming local economy continued to thrive in the third quarter6 V* y& l% A8 y2 K
as activity in the oil sands north of the city continued to flourish. Edmonton7 N0 z" z1 V/ x7 z6 {$ {% ?
remained the hub of activity for those coming to work in the oil industry," v% h, w& q- r+ l
maintaining tight inventory levels across the city, resulting in prices
@+ N# `; [; Q! f/ E( Yincreasing at record levels. However, as inventory levels continued to improve( `- l+ H( R, R: v" K. L
in the third quarter the rate of price appreciation should moderate slightly
0 V9 R( u2 F6 O6 o$ V @towards the end of 2006.
( g3 t0 i: |% ^# @. @9 K. A" O% P& g- s6 x2 }( b( A: d# k
While Vancouver has seen a slight reprieve from the severe shortage of
! V8 ?* C! w' T" A& p4 j) \inventory that had previously characterized the market, supply is still unable; ]4 k$ i& q# ~& j
to meet demand, driving house prices upwards. Vancouver has a very diverse
; m/ r3 Z# R0 A$ _4 n/ p1 i/ rgroup of active buyers - from first-time home buyers to baby-boomers to
6 R) |4 ~ I) l* e* W) |foreign investors - all of whom fuel the demand for houses, placing added6 N' a X' T: k8 m& Y
pressure on tight inventory levels.
+ c2 U- `( d' x' m' w
( Z3 Q. H4 L5 }. C! | Victoria's market is vibrant and supported by strong economic$ D. {! Y) I# S, [ x# d2 C
fundamentals, fuelled by a booming tech sector and a migration of young people
6 s' z& q8 K4 c9 ~; Z3 G& ainto the city that has continued to support the area's house price increases;# a, n7 u& N. Y) O( j. k
while increased inventory levels have afforded buyers more time when searching
' q9 o) I5 R% _0 T- K; ufor a home, helping to normalize the market's pace.2 H1 i( ~& m. H6 A" H: f4 O4 D
$ F0 ~& R9 n7 E$ F2 H" D- x <<
' J- [3 y; C. m5 u4 N! l Survey of Canadian Average House Prices in the Third Quarter 2006
, d: s5 G3 W6 V i5 t
7 ]2 R+ t0 T" u: @ -------------------------------------------------------------------------4 J! X/ r9 V6 @7 q
Detached Bungalows Standard Two Storey Z7 A/ @0 L% l6 A/ h( T! z
-------------------------------------------------------------------------0 z. I8 E7 o$ K9 j8 ~) E5 q
2006 Q3 2005 Q3 Bungalow 2006 Q3 2005 Q3
6 o* @6 E$ L" Z+ M F- m Market Average Average % Change Average Average
; J% G9 Y1 d. h9 c. C+ u -------------------------------------------------------------------------
3 c/ y T0 `/ v# {5 B1 z Halifax 186,333 173,333 7.5% 198,667 199,000, ^' j3 u/ ] N+ E) l
-------------------------------------------------------------------------: q( {' R. { p0 F( h$ S
Charlottetown 145,000 141,000 2.8% 175,000 170,000
% Q! J' I/ E: q/ d! { -------------------------------------------------------------------------
* p3 S) b: a+ Q0 s Moncton 135,000 127,000 6.3% 129,000 123,000
3 c; c, B( d4 K. i+ D& ?% z& b -------------------------------------------------------------------------7 h7 H$ `. n$ s3 W
Saint John 141,200 142,900 -1.2% - -/ _5 z7 z8 A9 @* l5 a. J0 T8 O
-------------------------------------------------------------------------" f s' j+ U' f0 V
St. John's 143,667 142,667 0.7% 200,667 202,333) J4 A* d' o: a2 B6 X; j0 v
-------------------------------------------------------------------------) N- v0 C& j) _$ S# {8 e d5 f
Atlantic 150,240 145,380 3.3% 175,833 173,583
- ]6 R" n3 U# H( N: ^/ p. `* Y -------------------------------------------------------------------------, o3 S: h& ^; c! D& X2 [
Montreal 213,691 203,500 5.0% 321,141 316,185
4 G5 q- S& a+ z, L/ \! b -------------------------------------------------------------------------
! C/ \! q! f/ a Ottawa 290,083 278,417 4.2% 285,667 273,250- A# O* `, u0 _! x4 \9 H) E
-------------------------------------------------------------------------" V6 t3 r/ ]2 @$ r: c1 |
Toronto 373,368 355,882 4.9% 481,523 474,7660 z* p- M9 W' I; @
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
$ e, z; A0 F# H( ?3 W0 l Winnipeg 181,579 159,860 13.6% 202,337 180,707
. w2 {! @- [7 X( Q -------------------------------------------------------------------------
: A$ A6 K: w, ]1 i. A3 f3 r; m, G Saskatchewan 170,667 156,083 9.3% 182,600 166,500: ]& E& b3 I7 C- k* Y5 U
-------------------------------------------------------------------------6 x* P' _' q1 R! a5 g1 O
Calgary 395,067 252,411 56.5% 405,778 264,389
* a# d( n6 N. Z+ m: [& k" _ ------------------------------------------------------------------------- Z3 _/ F0 Z, W
Edmonton 286,857 194,857 47.2% 316,429 206,714
5 b! v! w) @6 d2 m -------------------------------------------------------------------------
7 ]$ {# }: C, I! r, R+ X Vancouver 704,250 601,000 17.2% 794,000 697,500
& @ V a( c" W R2 S% b" }1 v" K -------------------------------------------------------------------------
7 d8 R: S0 s0 r- A Victoria 375,000 348,000 7.8% 403,000 391,000
2 g! }, k; T% T3 A7 H -------------------------------------------------------------------------% j" C" g. s2 g; Z
National 300,365 258,202 16.3% 365,380 322,8604 b9 s- p3 [" Q* T) F
-------------------------------------------------------------------------: W9 e7 O& `/ r
6 n9 o: b! ~) o2 }! e ------------------------------------------------------------- x* V7 \0 s6 L: X" `% E% J
Standard Condominium
- F& p7 N" `! { -------------------------------------------------------------2 `( Z5 M* l! D4 v
2-Storey 2006 Q3 2005 Q3 Condo
. T; }- ]1 V2 d6 h Market % Change Average Average % Change
$ U6 n2 s0 D. G+ I0 o# ~; } -------------------------------------------------------------
/ k8 S9 M' V) O! c7 y7 b Halifax -0.2% 142,000 103,000 37.9%$ O. E& J* k: y/ h, ]# k
-------------------------------------------------------------
& ^. Q, _) z4 i. B6 v Charlottetown 2.9% 98,000 98,000 0.0%0 M; o0 T( X) X' R
-------------------------------------------------------------
. B+ V4 L: O' {' q Moncton 4.9% - - N/A& o$ }9 I. j: z! G7 X
-------------------------------------------------------------; s) S# ~2 W5 M+ s
Saint John N/A - - N/A
{2 G' l$ ]# i( L2 g6 ?8 ] -------------------------------------------------------------
( F* d& \7 l9 f St. John's -0.8% 146,333 145,667 0.5%
3 N* e) l9 h# x$ t -------------------------------------------------------------! O8 x! s5 ?$ V+ p% e' g
Atlantic 1.3% 128,778 115,556 11.4%
0 Z- [8 [4 |/ v- F: s -------------------------------------------------------------$ {* r& ^+ j4 ?8 g2 o t3 J
Montreal 1.6% 193,190 188,016 2.8%
% k0 V# K& p9 s t -------------------------------------------------------------' H4 `! E% u7 c
Ottawa 4.5% 181,083 172,250 5.1%
, r; d( L3 D* u. m2 u/ i -------------------------------------------------------------. p- b1 A3 F( b8 [
Toronto 1.4% 252,088 242,918 3.8%) d* k, T8 x P+ N! x
-------------------------------------------------------------) u9 K6 K9 d0 e" D( x
Winnipeg 12.0% 105,648 96,008 10.0%: @) r/ e2 H$ f. T. y3 _
-------------------------------------------------------------. U# ?5 u# j0 {4 m
Saskatchewan 9.7% 106,250 101,000 5.2%
, y! n7 \9 j3 k+ j9 [; N -------------------------------------------------------------6 @8 |- ?+ o4 z& r0 I) c3 _
Calgary 53.5% 245,844 153,867 59.8% F1 u! ?4 v/ c2 h
-------------------------------------------------------------( L/ z7 q( ?$ ]. ]
Edmonton 53.1% 200,433 131,500 52.4%
- ?9 ^+ l" |: q# f" E. L -------------------------------------------------------------* l2 h1 v) ?3 |6 O- w: ~
Vancouver 13.8% 366,250 323,250 13.3%
5 K7 [4 v( F1 r! M -------------------------------------------------------------$ E; A8 V2 G* L( L' C
Victoria 3.1% 229,000 220,000 4.1%2 v% C n. C5 C8 B" w9 @
-------------------------------------------------------------5 [& e# ~3 a, @# N+ r, n; L
National 13.2% 211,562 185,296 14.2%, I. p+ N k& W' y* q
-------------------------------------------------------------
+ Z4 i/ f9 m+ c# j6 D3 Z: M >>
7 n9 A. ~" u5 m( K. r5 \% t: W+ D) h& K$ o( p! F$ n, A
Average house prices are based on an average of all sub-markets examined) [7 K5 h0 V5 V0 F5 [$ e' \# M8 ~
in the area, except for the smaller markets of Charlottetown, Moncton, Saint
: ^1 B2 ]9 E' [* J0 E z qJohn and Victoria.. H/ z8 e, T- z# A- y* h( L1 c
2 y# k, ~- C0 N& \
The Royal LePage Survey of Canadian House Prices is the largest, most; v+ E7 N! F( q' l% V/ o& m+ x
comprehensive study of its kind in Canada, with information on seven types of9 g3 G4 e: ~: `$ R; \2 f
housing in over 250 neighbourhoods from coast to coast. This release
5 F( G3 h7 \2 s! O$ Q4 v! _references an abbreviated version of the survey, which highlights house price
o$ W: w/ p; L- z6 Dtrends for the three most common types of housing in Canada in 80 communities
, D8 K \& i% f* p% L! G2 Dacross the country. A complete database of past and present surveys is
7 Y8 C7 K4 N# }% E+ T+ S4 [available on the Royal LePage Web site at www.royallepage.ca, and current) M/ o, K' [1 D
figures will be updated following the end of the third quarter. A printable
6 D' o1 J. e- q4 i& j) l7 I) bversion of the third quarter 2006 survey will be available online on1 N) @& K) G/ H% _( @! f6 X' l& x
November 15, 2006.! j# v+ Z% r0 j$ ~" [$ P4 {
Housing values in the Royal LePage Survey are Royal LePage opinions of
/ z. y( r6 o, Q* m' Vfair market value in each location, based on local data and market knowledge
2 t9 R; [ u$ }. k" W8 H, { uprovided by Royal LePage residential real estate experts. Historical data is
) `) K" U6 X! |5 I: Iavailable for some areas back to the early 1970s. |
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