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Canada's housing market both vigorous and stable L5 ?; N s K' w
' x0 W- O& |0 o F2 w: s0 e
- Country's market poised to show growth throughout 2006 -
1 N* N- q0 {# r5 g# S7 o; Y j% _, @! [; J( S6 Z8 H0 {
TORONTO, Sept. 28 /CNW/ - For most of Canada, the housing market; Q! a* I0 x% _5 n n& N" P
exhibited moderate price increases and stable unit sales during the third% l8 f8 @' S+ M! _2 N
quarter. Wide regional variances continued to be the dominant characteristic
$ h4 ?* B& M, S0 j/ J k( M- Uin the market, exemplified by frenzied levels of activity and double digit! y+ [/ ]6 D( @( M4 q0 l9 b& C
price gains observed in the energy and commodity rich Western provinces, and
) H H9 E! _/ I0 _% H5 ?more reasonable sales volumes and moderate price appreciation in Ontario,! y9 B7 p: F' ~; `1 l& N) u; v) u) S
Quebec and Atlantic Canada, according to a report released today by Royal
- Q4 r0 E9 E/ W, HLePage Real Estate Services.
$ X) n9 P& }- }, w: ?3 I( X3 g) \+ R8 y# h/ ]' ?
Nationally, market trends established through the first three quarters; I8 x1 j6 m0 Z( a/ }
are forecast to continue for the remainder of the year. Robust economic) w$ T6 F( P' M8 r, _' a; k o
conditions, low unemployment rates, modestly growing salaries and wages, and
4 E5 Q, w- I- O; C9 H7 O8 }sound consumer confidence contributed to the overall strength of the9 @+ |( {$ g: E. c
residential real estate sector. h) [5 r* A1 S+ l' q
: w, a5 I4 x# |: c
Of the housing types surveyed, the highest average price appreciation. g* i# F' H5 v, I: \9 t/ A
occurred in detached bungalows, which rose to $300,365 (+16.3%)
7 ?; H/ o, j1 o! q. t, S4 O& |year-over-year, followed by standard condominiums, which rose to $211,562
; E* g" z# E [# ~2 h$ a(+14.2%), and standard two-storey properties, which increased to $365,380/ g+ C- P" j- P! D$ P; A) b
(+13.2%).
9 N2 R. \9 p: u/ F8 z" D& G" _
. X! C' @$ G7 Y "Canada's sturdy housing market continued to demonstrate steady growth! x. n! h I8 w* y6 h5 |
during the third quarter. For all but the west, we have moved on from the: M% d& A( X# e {, w( t
frenzied expansion that characterized the first half of this decade, and are& |3 E y1 f" X, d$ w, s: Z
poised to show continued growth at a more moderate pace," said Phil Soper,
! O* I* P$ A, X! K) xpresident and chief executive officer, Royal LePage Real Estate Services.+ p* I4 d9 ^7 j: Y7 S
"Gone is the sellers' market that we have lived with for some years. We1 }: t1 f0 j4 d1 b3 R+ P
welcome the more reliable conditions that are characteristic of a healthy6 B" K1 k, b3 a0 L3 c
balanced market."" [8 m S4 b+ `+ D( E' `' g+ B
4 d% X5 ?& [% ^7 l" e
Despite the double-digit rise in average national house prices,
2 M* I3 {' B: Z$ Yconsiderable regional variances were exhibited again this quarter. The shift) X7 P$ _0 {- e) h/ _5 q
to balanced market conditions, which began in late 2005, has continued0 O. ~$ h$ s% ?
throughout most of the Central and Eastern regions of the country. In the core: C# ]4 A! ]. ^% z+ a
energy producing western provinces, the combination of very high in-migration,
* l) \& ?7 v. H- tmanageable affordability, and a shortage of inventory has driven record
9 \# T" v" \9 C Gbreaking price appreciations.8 w5 Y" y3 D/ |9 J5 u
; P! `, C2 \4 T% U* I
Echoing the second quarter and supported by Alberta's rapidly expanding% r* p6 d H6 a
economy, Calgary and Edmonton led the charge of Canadian cities with the
1 s5 g o4 e" |0 Z( G* klargest house price appreciation in all housing types surveyed.
+ b& T3 M8 l1 _% i6 ~4 v8 y4 d; c4 B6 A8 N1 v
In Ottawa and Toronto, growth remained steady, supported by solid
- n1 r# n4 A4 A5 j ceconomic fundamentals, an increase in available inventory and strong consumer
2 U0 |2 ^0 K4 Bconfidence. While the pace of price appreciation in Ontario leveled off2 v+ T! u0 D7 |& n9 }
slightly, the province's real estate market remains poised for modest growth.! K) l6 b: A7 {: X3 L7 G; {
In Atlantic Canada, new housing and condominium construction offered buyers$ a7 h# K9 a5 C0 m4 U- k
greater selection at more competitive prices, resulting in a slower rate of
8 g# ^' Q9 B& h; mprice appreciation when compared with 2005.
\, X1 d: Y1 |, h0 D) o% _2 z+ S# E$ T, f) J
While the pace of growth in Canada has slowed, the domestic housing W* Y) p8 V3 y2 Q" _
market is expected to outperform the American market. The economic and* `) N4 Z- P$ G! g: g( t9 ?
financial fundamentals driving the residential real estate sector in Canada
+ v8 {8 t$ o5 Z( \4 P1 _are markedly different than those found in the United States. a# K. T/ F+ y- R1 x6 ^/ F
+ r1 m b) X& _$ o9 [: |( [* J+ l
Added Soper: "Canada's housing market is likely to outperform the
' y2 O" \9 X7 v2 ~; R, K7 x: MAmerican market through 2007. A number of factors are working in Canada's! Q# M9 j: O, {- r; o6 l
favour, including healthy personal and governmental debt levels, the
- z; S% m% D" F Erelatively modest rise in interest rates in our country, and general
# A% T5 ~9 B+ {( faffordability in our major cities. In addition, Americans are now seeing the
4 T6 Y, j: n, qdownside of a tax system that encourages maximum homeowner leverage, and5 y4 i# d M/ U, e; m+ T: M6 c
aggressive financial products such as zero- and negative-amortization
M# y Q# d" V0 dmortgages that work only in a high price growth environment."
3 ?' D) s( P1 a6 f2 t1 k+ E' \
0 _7 M) y. `8 x- y7 A <<
: A8 _4 \/ B: A& i" g REGIONAL SUMMARIES
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3 }$ A9 ^$ S4 ], | Balanced conditions continued to characterize the housing market in
. V8 g* D; d1 DHalifax, as significantly higher inventory levels helped to moderate the rate
5 Q+ C( B/ m5 i) B* ]of price appreciation. Buyers were increasingly choosy, taking more time
# C2 N- n+ P, Y/ b! hlooking for newer, low-maintenance properties that were not in need of
_( M. v% Q' }renovations.2 P. b# ^' e, w$ F% P3 ?
! u/ W+ I* M9 K$ T! B% L, a The housing market in Moncton remained healthy and strong as a slight' J. i( u/ s+ T1 u! {$ j3 [# L
increase in inventory helped to moderate the rate of price appreciation
& S, u& v/ E! e* O2 {compared to the same period in 2005. Activity was brisk throughout August and
0 f. v4 |" P: u( j2 t, |6 OSeptember and is expected to remain this way through the fourth quarter.
T# V9 ]. r/ u9 z0 Q' [& \* u1 y( X# Q# \9 H1 @
The housing market in Saint John underwent its traditional summer
* F) X- R5 c6 }. n1 N5 d# gslowdown in the third quarter, with activity picking up towards the end of the
0 g5 D' E( `+ z. H1 |quarter. The local economy continued to thrive, as construction on a new
! m W8 G- Y' x* S600,000 square-foot shopping area has begun, bringing several new box stores; G( ]: h0 x* T) T' S# X
to the area. Buyers have begun seeking less expensive fixtures for their homes+ b7 b8 R: {0 w
and are instead opting for more affordable housing options.1 L) e' B7 U6 a$ h
v2 C% x% D5 u h. ? In Charlottetown, the housing market started to move towards balanced
; w( a; O$ `6 @% @1 w9 G2 h- tconditions, as some sellers had to begin to lower the asking prices on their6 T+ B2 j$ N6 n A6 N) x, B: |" ^1 }
homes to make them more competitive. Activity from out-of-town and US buyers. K/ i+ A5 |$ D
was down slightly compared to 2005, likely attributable to the strong Canadian
- T! r# @* v }% I& o2 w4 n8 |! A: T" jdollar. Inventory levels began to creep up in the third quarter, providing2 u4 o* ?4 S6 c9 Z4 }4 @/ u
buyers with more options when looking for a home.# R4 K) m) B/ o& _6 {9 A
0 s* G# d) N$ f& a! F' `+ k7 B( d
Activity in St. John's slowed slightly in the third quarter, particularly D1 {& z5 t) Q+ [' D: Y
among higher-priced properties, where there was a slight over-supply of homes
. v8 Y: P2 }4 upriced over $200,000. Listing periods have increased when compared with 2005,% M2 t' l, @: P p( B: Q4 J6 K
as some of the pent-up demand that had characterized the market over the last8 u7 z+ b, P, b
few years has been satisfied, resulting in more normal, balanced conditions.9 W; J5 G8 l. n6 e1 E+ E: I2 T
* R- k! f3 g6 \' E
Montreal's housing market recorded modest increases in average house
7 V5 B1 T2 W4 C) d6 pprices, due to a slight seasonal slowdown in the third quarter as inventory
) K9 h% x8 e* k$ {# o5 Flevels rose. Part of this can be attributed to the fact that many renting* w0 s9 R+ W- ` A5 C
first-time buyers were motivated to close on the purchase of a home by July 1,
6 R/ n$ v9 u" V% q- wwhen rental leases expire in Quebec. Once this date has passed some of the
) i4 f( B1 ?& y% z& H0 P, \pressure is taken off the market, allowing buyers to visit more homes before
: e1 Y+ m6 ^ a( g2 A2 g" p/ bmaking a purchase.% y9 B: A1 y5 X) J& I% d8 p9 L
0 `( [1 x" c) [4 S1 l& E, o: o Ottawa held its position as one of the country's most stable housing
& o# B0 z4 [9 b# w& u' ymarkets in the third quarter, reinforced by a vibrant local economy and strong
( \5 |" w Z" xconfidence, resulting in modest increases in average house prices. The city
" R0 H* o2 |! m2 pcentre remained a bright spot in Ottawa, with homes in this area attracting k- Y1 B6 g+ L7 e2 q7 f
attention due to their convenient location and proximity to downtown7 G0 U& m6 k: J8 z
amenities.. Z" D+ A" S5 W
H- y2 i" B/ [$ n5 m
The housing market in Toronto sustained healthy activity levels9 z1 Y6 z! a% l5 g. {+ o/ K7 K
throughout the third quarter, as a strong economy helped to maintain demand
+ @8 P6 N' @ R+ zacross the city, causing average house prices to rise moderately. Toronto has
5 H1 C" i1 x w7 Zcontinued to experience modest growth in average house prices, and has been
/ z1 m: r/ g. w( H& a* J* {driven primarily by purchasers who are buying homes as their principle
* S' n- O+ z$ @1 Z9 }residence, rather than for investment.1 F) w8 T, P0 P5 r% F
) V% [- w" P/ b$ u4 z5 ?
The vibrant Winnipeg housing market continued to show its strength as
9 _% O1 K& t( J$ w3 g3 U- t" chouse prices rose during the third quarter. The booming local economy resulted
0 t4 B" {* R5 l" ]( i3 O0 J1 ], d, kin a historically low unemployment rate, helping to bolster consumer
+ B/ H4 k9 t5 Y5 k& \confidence and Winnipeg's ranking as the city with the lowest capitalization
1 B$ p1 X( }2 [& F! [$ Xrate among the country's larger cities - helped to encourage buyers to enter
8 n$ D: ^: h( W$ t3 nthe market.5 ^: g6 Q3 E+ ~; `
) i) `9 J; ~( J) H8 N- ^6 _ In Regina, the market experienced a slight seasonal slowdown through
0 Y4 W& S* E, O. ], ZJuly, as there were fewer purchasers in the market due to summer vacations. In4 w- {; d# m+ {4 C1 v- }- w! c' H
August, activity resumed to the busy pace previously seen in the spring* C2 \% s! s) V9 h5 E, i+ Z' I
months, as the influx of purchasers made it more difficult to find a home due
) e- G5 m1 Y h6 s$ uto the shortage of available inventory.) g- F3 l$ L! x4 J0 y6 `
) J& ~# j2 }2 U Activity in Saskatoon remained brisk as the market maintained its# I; S! f2 ]3 i! J7 x/ Z
momentum from the busy spring sales period. The economy in Saskatoon remains
2 \( ?( d! z5 K( |: ~4 p* rvibrant, as employment opportunities are abundant with many businesses
Z9 w/ |2 z, G: g; }) k; s$ [: F7 Jstruggling to make hires and having to recruit outside the province.7 {8 S. ~/ Y7 k4 P5 C% L6 P
$ Z7 ^1 q' `/ ]5 _! w1 O! G9 \# ^ Calgary's housing market recorded blazing average house price increases
9 f( |# N* l6 |8 Z6 B. Min the third quarter, in all surveyed categories. The burgeoning economy, low( J9 o. H4 r2 Q8 q% h7 J, T: _2 e
unemployment rates and low inventory levels remained the leading factors that
5 Z' _2 \, y0 G: ?" X: \' Epressured Calgary's house prices upwards. However, regardless of the soaring7 w4 b, _7 X6 ?" s
prices that characterized the market - even during the typically slower summer" Q$ n+ [* B& e# g9 |
season - it is expected that activity will become slightly more balanced, as9 k2 u/ B1 i; T* u1 H. i
buyers are becoming more reluctant to participate in the frenetic activity.
, L: s5 q; l% K2 R( j$ D& C9 K- o; m$ @# K; G+ y3 L
Edmonton's booming local economy continued to thrive in the third quarter
8 @- Y0 G- i7 fas activity in the oil sands north of the city continued to flourish. Edmonton, e; Y Q( Q5 S% H7 X$ A
remained the hub of activity for those coming to work in the oil industry,& q5 `: C7 h) K3 W0 [( S
maintaining tight inventory levels across the city, resulting in prices
* a# v" G9 `) Q: \increasing at record levels. However, as inventory levels continued to improve- o/ A5 {+ p6 G# C% L+ n/ j+ |. U
in the third quarter the rate of price appreciation should moderate slightly
% _* s9 s' Z' x1 M. Qtowards the end of 2006. 4 v3 L% M; _6 c- w2 r2 c
/ U) i' y5 h( V/ gWhile Vancouver has seen a slight reprieve from the severe shortage of1 H: O& d# @9 O# d0 n1 M" |
inventory that had previously characterized the market, supply is still unable- }- @/ |8 X, r2 {
to meet demand, driving house prices upwards. Vancouver has a very diverse
( H0 g5 I% h& u2 b, I# egroup of active buyers - from first-time home buyers to baby-boomers to" \' m* T0 D: p) `2 K, r7 `
foreign investors - all of whom fuel the demand for houses, placing added
; ?: E; n/ d2 i! Q0 l! Npressure on tight inventory levels.5 d' f; o' F6 G0 o
k8 y8 x' e# C% O Victoria's market is vibrant and supported by strong economic
$ e% U7 J* h; E m2 z: bfundamentals, fuelled by a booming tech sector and a migration of young people
/ |% G/ Z" t k! binto the city that has continued to support the area's house price increases;$ k- s% i& S( }" i$ S# F$ x
while increased inventory levels have afforded buyers more time when searching
& }4 v/ B6 @& B6 m8 \7 vfor a home, helping to normalize the market's pace.
5 j/ E- Y4 F) y9 b% c- h9 W4 p! d9 ^7 w! ?% [$ \
<<
4 ?5 `2 R) f1 b. Z% \ Survey of Canadian Average House Prices in the Third Quarter 2006
3 B3 \: r% ~2 V; s3 }2 J' N# m
0 F) ]" A+ A1 O# a( s5 l D2 R7 g- } -------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 g% _7 Z: k$ M' _5 [8 J, y4 Q1 X Detached Bungalows Standard Two Storey
' g; ?% `4 W( A9 P3 f3 x( U5 [# J8 v -------------------------------------------------------------------------
9 S$ O* ^- F b- q; z 2006 Q3 2005 Q3 Bungalow 2006 Q3 2005 Q3
1 o3 ]* M2 n: A& e4 j8 w Market Average Average % Change Average Average
- W4 \) t: O1 y( p -------------------------------------------------------------------------, h, \% ?( q6 _) t& g0 n* `+ R
Halifax 186,333 173,333 7.5% 198,667 199,000
/ p9 U7 n$ c3 n; y -------------------------------------------------------------------------5 |0 q) r! T& A' S/ `6 N
Charlottetown 145,000 141,000 2.8% 175,000 170,000
9 _+ B7 Z* @- X* J4 g; b' ? -------------------------------------------------------------------------/ G/ ]+ i3 J- e1 Z. C
Moncton 135,000 127,000 6.3% 129,000 123,000
' D" I- a0 r+ M% _ O -------------------------------------------------------------------------$ c5 K0 @3 U6 ]0 |
Saint John 141,200 142,900 -1.2% - -/ }0 A2 X! I! T
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
4 o# ~3 P( t( O3 G St. John's 143,667 142,667 0.7% 200,667 202,333
, d) I6 J6 y0 K6 I- ]4 \- P -------------------------------------------------------------------------
3 T* i' X3 }" ^0 i# w Atlantic 150,240 145,380 3.3% 175,833 173,583
8 ]- Y2 D+ t1 x7 W0 f/ D' O, y -------------------------------------------------------------------------# O, L7 w+ E" F. E' a! R$ B$ P
Montreal 213,691 203,500 5.0% 321,141 316,185
3 e: m4 z# S M) h/ i ------------------------------------------------------------------------- A4 t q8 A0 l
Ottawa 290,083 278,417 4.2% 285,667 273,250
) l" O. N& I$ o -------------------------------------------------------------------------
7 k' ~+ k s+ M* E0 J# a5 p Toronto 373,368 355,882 4.9% 481,523 474,766
0 I2 B8 A6 {( a/ D; O; I -------------------------------------------------------------------------
9 Z: B2 \3 b7 k, F& B5 ? Winnipeg 181,579 159,860 13.6% 202,337 180,707, z m: v8 ], p8 H3 I
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
) {. B) o( x: R A8 X Saskatchewan 170,667 156,083 9.3% 182,600 166,500' V# t$ t- W' L' }' b) R1 t o
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
?2 u! k% S1 O% Z5 l1 l0 i Calgary 395,067 252,411 56.5% 405,778 264,389- C* ?6 d9 A& {) v" x
-------------------------------------------------------------------------' w" D- V, Q* C) G. ], p
Edmonton 286,857 194,857 47.2% 316,429 206,714
) H" n2 {( }; D0 E6 K: G; d$ {4 \ -------------------------------------------------------------------------
2 f8 F/ d0 a1 \. F# ?9 K# P Vancouver 704,250 601,000 17.2% 794,000 697,500
! ^, q D; B5 Q3 D8 t6 J! A E -------------------------------------------------------------------------1 j3 _1 B% x3 [
Victoria 375,000 348,000 7.8% 403,000 391,000, H: R" _) e7 S5 i- m
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
}9 a2 D' {1 Q8 h e! w1 B National 300,365 258,202 16.3% 365,380 322,860
! a$ o: A2 s9 w -------------------------------------------------------------------------8 V$ m6 ^) ^# b9 c5 X$ G* M; @
- Y0 }' N2 _* X% w7 N -------------------------------------------------------------
6 U5 {7 b4 M# m& O8 ^* @$ E/ h- H Standard Condominium
! [4 B9 n' T( e! } -------------------------------------------------------------
2 s8 L. C M' c) h; @6 B 2-Storey 2006 Q3 2005 Q3 Condo% u: C0 T9 p# Q' h3 y% I7 S
Market % Change Average Average % Change7 W9 A0 G5 J9 q/ K0 }: r
-------------------------------------------------------------4 ^. c" R* v! f4 E0 s
Halifax -0.2% 142,000 103,000 37.9%
# d/ A k+ y# g2 {; \ -------------------------------------------------------------5 o" M- Z# N- q2 s, ^
Charlottetown 2.9% 98,000 98,000 0.0%
4 \. }) p/ {2 j+ Q" P -------------------------------------------------------------
9 B8 A4 v4 g' }2 s6 k& V l Z Moncton 4.9% - - N/A/ t& }) P) W4 ]
-------------------------------------------------------------
, j& }3 X/ C* p @2 ~5 o' l: r6 ^ Saint John N/A - - N/A
, y' f% N! F v -------------------------------------------------------------8 n! G1 U6 N. _) P- }
St. John's -0.8% 146,333 145,667 0.5%, K6 P/ Y. s! ~1 s( _( ~
-------------------------------------------------------------0 ]! n6 V# y; ?; g9 y
Atlantic 1.3% 128,778 115,556 11.4%
) J" V6 ~+ W4 t# {' O( S, R -------------------------------------------------------------
?$ I o- j2 O3 K* Y4 S/ { Montreal 1.6% 193,190 188,016 2.8%
; s( B6 X; I, k8 ^% I3 r O -------------------------------------------------------------
# ^- _2 B8 G4 F! r S3 L( t. _ Ottawa 4.5% 181,083 172,250 5.1%1 N. G' C# C+ O' s; D% }# q
-------------------------------------------------------------% g# G# ]/ @4 J: K$ N9 I- C- a# r
Toronto 1.4% 252,088 242,918 3.8%3 g* e* V0 S2 v* w8 V7 M
-------------------------------------------------------------
; g/ C2 t8 G( B+ i' o Winnipeg 12.0% 105,648 96,008 10.0%
6 l7 K, V+ y- K: J# x$ u -------------------------------------------------------------
7 @: H: e+ g% `7 J8 O' {6 ? Saskatchewan 9.7% 106,250 101,000 5.2%
$ G3 N' Z5 X4 H, u4 h' B -------------------------------------------------------------
1 q0 Q! f* M) @ p5 C Calgary 53.5% 245,844 153,867 59.8%% G# G' n/ u( ], d
-------------------------------------------------------------
: ^: H p- @# T6 B" }8 i6 u0 Z5 m* n Edmonton 53.1% 200,433 131,500 52.4%
) W/ M3 e8 Q" n! _( k1 [8 R -------------------------------------------------------------
/ I8 {7 _3 x* S) t: x$ h Vancouver 13.8% 366,250 323,250 13.3%
# k/ ?* U3 @* ~ q! P; @* R: V -------------------------------------------------------------) z% q6 N& t/ M2 L' M$ D0 M. W/ m. `
Victoria 3.1% 229,000 220,000 4.1%
9 S. E' `8 C$ {1 c; ? -------------------------------------------------------------3 m2 n( c2 p# f
National 13.2% 211,562 185,296 14.2%5 G! ~: [4 y" W. d
-------------------------------------------------------------# {+ h4 U: [. |/ W& U1 D
>>
0 P1 o( A1 E7 [% ~$ H1 X& k
. V+ j [' M; V* ?5 d Average house prices are based on an average of all sub-markets examined
, j- @1 k/ a8 ^/ ~; ?8 Rin the area, except for the smaller markets of Charlottetown, Moncton, Saint
$ L, Q7 M2 I- z0 u1 i3 b# e7 ?John and Victoria.
; e- }" C& c- }3 m( b
, \/ ?) V& R* `+ \ The Royal LePage Survey of Canadian House Prices is the largest, most+ ~' q! }5 C; W* Z9 w% C) s
comprehensive study of its kind in Canada, with information on seven types of4 U$ D9 D9 q/ z j( j, {
housing in over 250 neighbourhoods from coast to coast. This release
3 N6 [1 U2 s0 d1 a# Y! e2 Sreferences an abbreviated version of the survey, which highlights house price8 q( i9 r8 b, k7 F4 [8 \& i2 H
trends for the three most common types of housing in Canada in 80 communities% I) q5 ^0 z! B# C
across the country. A complete database of past and present surveys is* M) l H- Z" X( K# p2 h3 ^
available on the Royal LePage Web site at www.royallepage.ca, and current
, \! r! m3 V) H( m3 O- Y: \6 \figures will be updated following the end of the third quarter. A printable# |' B1 u4 i' n- M
version of the third quarter 2006 survey will be available online on* h! f8 U- G, f/ u, s; t+ {3 W
November 15, 2006.
& b0 J" [8 }6 a Housing values in the Royal LePage Survey are Royal LePage opinions of
, f4 }& [! W0 h* x6 jfair market value in each location, based on local data and market knowledge
/ n) Q, Y4 [' |provided by Royal LePage residential real estate experts. Historical data is+ j1 b4 G7 \, C6 x
available for some areas back to the early 1970s. |
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