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Canada's housing market both vigorous and stable 8 l5 x0 ^8 Z Q9 T$ h/ o
5 w( l% e. r! H' k3 s. M Z* H1 R/ B- Country's market poised to show growth throughout 2006 -
0 j; S/ S6 N# _9 a, K# X
% j& q; h, [; Q$ M" Z# b2 k' S9 j, F TORONTO, Sept. 28 /CNW/ - For most of Canada, the housing market
, C7 h) `1 Y8 M1 b. H% Oexhibited moderate price increases and stable unit sales during the third
4 M: f3 u2 x& Z2 cquarter. Wide regional variances continued to be the dominant characteristic
3 E v# B& P7 N7 Gin the market, exemplified by frenzied levels of activity and double digit; Y7 d* W0 y6 ~
price gains observed in the energy and commodity rich Western provinces, and) |8 Y, }, g0 s6 ?& }" W7 M; H. b
more reasonable sales volumes and moderate price appreciation in Ontario,
3 Q- G; I7 C2 K. r# L. p% uQuebec and Atlantic Canada, according to a report released today by Royal
9 n; ~4 B% E1 y% r3 ]1 hLePage Real Estate Services.) v* L7 A1 E% W F" \; Y2 Y6 l- k
" t* A N2 d3 O Nationally, market trends established through the first three quarters
# n8 O0 s' H$ Gare forecast to continue for the remainder of the year. Robust economic7 K. S m" C( r+ [5 u
conditions, low unemployment rates, modestly growing salaries and wages, and% y2 i7 U, `8 H# w9 `9 S0 M
sound consumer confidence contributed to the overall strength of the
! z2 g" o! V; |) hresidential real estate sector.
7 g8 [, N! Z7 A- j3 h7 x9 o( q
0 K$ r W! k$ r Of the housing types surveyed, the highest average price appreciation
% a, l* u6 E! q0 uoccurred in detached bungalows, which rose to $300,365 (+16.3%)6 m, u- l2 C+ o: K( ~& L, U
year-over-year, followed by standard condominiums, which rose to $211,562
H3 p4 H, h3 Q4 u* a1 I2 G(+14.2%), and standard two-storey properties, which increased to $365,3804 S7 Y7 w& U: S+ }# _
(+13.2%).
+ P$ s6 F5 I9 _- U& z# w2 ~" Y, ]4 {2 p! B7 F+ ~
"Canada's sturdy housing market continued to demonstrate steady growth! E" d/ g/ u m7 |9 W( C
during the third quarter. For all but the west, we have moved on from the: w; ^* x: V2 Z' c* y
frenzied expansion that characterized the first half of this decade, and are1 a! K9 @, C2 |3 C# x. s
poised to show continued growth at a more moderate pace," said Phil Soper,/ @4 \& v0 n$ J6 v
president and chief executive officer, Royal LePage Real Estate Services.' J5 r2 k/ {- x& C7 r( A0 M6 B
"Gone is the sellers' market that we have lived with for some years. We b/ g& G4 k N5 n
welcome the more reliable conditions that are characteristic of a healthy- g/ }3 r/ x3 h
balanced market."
. w) I O1 P1 ^" B
4 P1 d% K3 ^: } v. _- i6 ]( j Despite the double-digit rise in average national house prices, ^6 F4 f- h" @) `- M
considerable regional variances were exhibited again this quarter. The shift, I5 U2 }* M0 ], X W( V* U
to balanced market conditions, which began in late 2005, has continued
, {1 j5 f, }/ g. N+ z8 \9 tthroughout most of the Central and Eastern regions of the country. In the core
" ^0 R9 q/ `% z' t: K M3 x4 `energy producing western provinces, the combination of very high in-migration,4 @* i3 L# N3 K/ s* [" I* g7 }
manageable affordability, and a shortage of inventory has driven record$ r% x1 z0 J/ h3 b& Z
breaking price appreciations.1 {2 \1 ?, i- I6 b4 S% }
: q2 n3 q" l7 k5 ~( | Echoing the second quarter and supported by Alberta's rapidly expanding
0 W* ~; o8 m7 r7 q- t6 b5 T# U3 heconomy, Calgary and Edmonton led the charge of Canadian cities with the1 S w, K* v1 j4 P: q
largest house price appreciation in all housing types surveyed.1 T9 T- B: D* W1 ~2 L+ `0 z) f
" `* L1 i" Z7 d5 P8 V) q- _ In Ottawa and Toronto, growth remained steady, supported by solid
: C+ D+ Z/ M, W, i1 ?economic fundamentals, an increase in available inventory and strong consumer# U# J9 Z& g5 z$ n) b2 E! G5 T
confidence. While the pace of price appreciation in Ontario leveled off N2 o$ _9 D9 [
slightly, the province's real estate market remains poised for modest growth.$ o: A0 R# w+ ~& ?. c4 v2 }' B) p; h
In Atlantic Canada, new housing and condominium construction offered buyers
& z' b) j. A7 _/ [' Y* Jgreater selection at more competitive prices, resulting in a slower rate of# S1 j9 t4 N$ ]$ C7 [
price appreciation when compared with 2005.
9 i% k' N. B2 P& Z3 p4 z: F# C" H5 g2 N
While the pace of growth in Canada has slowed, the domestic housing0 d1 X9 i3 u/ q9 A4 q
market is expected to outperform the American market. The economic and ~0 N* V' T5 b w: `
financial fundamentals driving the residential real estate sector in Canada
; f8 n: e6 o1 c% W( O0 @are markedly different than those found in the United States.
+ q" r% l; `- g# d+ t& X2 y1 d$ [& m
Added Soper: "Canada's housing market is likely to outperform the4 p4 X- ^; e6 _* L) V- c
American market through 2007. A number of factors are working in Canada's
) [- S2 C! n# Y- F. y8 h5 Xfavour, including healthy personal and governmental debt levels, the' a, T0 W) \7 C# A8 F
relatively modest rise in interest rates in our country, and general
4 Z) c! A! }8 T b1 Maffordability in our major cities. In addition, Americans are now seeing the
0 O$ _0 x: Z5 ?* [downside of a tax system that encourages maximum homeowner leverage, and
; x+ K9 L; U5 E. s. V% Oaggressive financial products such as zero- and negative-amortization
" m9 Q. ]1 I/ fmortgages that work only in a high price growth environment."
; r I( D- G$ j1 o7 [6 J+ `
: e9 J$ Y Z1 s, X( C' B <<
2 y. u$ S) M: x2 _# o. R& K REGIONAL SUMMARIES
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& j/ v! B: s8 J0 K! r4 f% O8 E% O
Balanced conditions continued to characterize the housing market in* f* |- K z" i6 B
Halifax, as significantly higher inventory levels helped to moderate the rate
. D/ L! B& V8 G6 mof price appreciation. Buyers were increasingly choosy, taking more time
- f4 Q1 G% S) v2 c7 Klooking for newer, low-maintenance properties that were not in need of6 \" y7 M" f/ V2 r) P$ U
renovations.* J7 s& y- m8 m! h
P9 P8 |& R4 p- ?, \# I The housing market in Moncton remained healthy and strong as a slight1 F2 b+ V* Y; [' E* s( W
increase in inventory helped to moderate the rate of price appreciation+ \ f/ x: Q9 U* D+ n: ]6 F
compared to the same period in 2005. Activity was brisk throughout August and
# K% z+ z; u8 h \2 dSeptember and is expected to remain this way through the fourth quarter.
& O8 a. Q& [# ?' H* F4 k+ Z! n9 Q ]1 b( W$ N! d: e
The housing market in Saint John underwent its traditional summer/ C6 w' [3 i3 k6 v" D
slowdown in the third quarter, with activity picking up towards the end of the D, R% s9 E5 Q0 g: r
quarter. The local economy continued to thrive, as construction on a new
1 U. j+ E2 B# s; i) K9 U/ u6 m600,000 square-foot shopping area has begun, bringing several new box stores6 H# P! {' r/ l2 n
to the area. Buyers have begun seeking less expensive fixtures for their homes+ Y! a1 U8 }, Y& W) j: @
and are instead opting for more affordable housing options.5 J9 B9 R8 r: l+ G0 \- |! A3 {" l1 a
" {0 E. F3 J3 u. g, @. r3 e$ x
In Charlottetown, the housing market started to move towards balanced$ `& t9 L$ C5 v3 \) d
conditions, as some sellers had to begin to lower the asking prices on their
. V% j1 ~ |" |# M! Ihomes to make them more competitive. Activity from out-of-town and US buyers) c- Y& W' x$ }# n" Q7 J
was down slightly compared to 2005, likely attributable to the strong Canadian
# w7 X; \5 x9 I9 d s" z Bdollar. Inventory levels began to creep up in the third quarter, providing9 T' X8 c `+ u6 E* M$ L( f
buyers with more options when looking for a home." Z; B# G/ D* Y. g
$ D7 O! `5 j1 [. Q; R3 u; y3 ?/ `/ R Activity in St. John's slowed slightly in the third quarter, particularly' {3 w' P1 y$ L0 _' j, N
among higher-priced properties, where there was a slight over-supply of homes
) M4 ~6 m" @+ W* k- B5 i- Cpriced over $200,000. Listing periods have increased when compared with 2005,
4 ~% o+ m$ t" Y6 G3 s g5 Pas some of the pent-up demand that had characterized the market over the last
1 u) ^ L3 [8 S9 M! v5 J1 ~. v& ?few years has been satisfied, resulting in more normal, balanced conditions.
: e7 B& z$ x7 g1 K* m `2 V
, Y) f" x8 c% x: G) b Montreal's housing market recorded modest increases in average house0 O1 g7 t' O( H/ i
prices, due to a slight seasonal slowdown in the third quarter as inventory7 Y, t! [. Q# ?, {# o
levels rose. Part of this can be attributed to the fact that many renting
) q9 u; E" v+ P4 F- u: J9 h& Y7 H- Qfirst-time buyers were motivated to close on the purchase of a home by July 1,( a0 h A: N& p/ j
when rental leases expire in Quebec. Once this date has passed some of the
/ W& n! }' P9 x& U. l% gpressure is taken off the market, allowing buyers to visit more homes before/ w6 H1 a( U# e; ?6 u
making a purchase.# f: K- J* B" Q
3 Q" ^/ l% y }3 t, p
Ottawa held its position as one of the country's most stable housing
9 [2 K. k0 J' u6 u' a6 O3 S& F' Emarkets in the third quarter, reinforced by a vibrant local economy and strong$ F* ` T7 E4 v; h, m
confidence, resulting in modest increases in average house prices. The city
! `7 |! g6 S+ _centre remained a bright spot in Ottawa, with homes in this area attracting) }" `) i$ _! s/ l: j2 \
attention due to their convenient location and proximity to downtown
4 X- E. T' A6 a9 l) t4 a: S" ~3 w, \amenities.
( }, u! s% l8 L( g! J
4 g* s h0 \* s; X% z The housing market in Toronto sustained healthy activity levels
: y8 m; ~2 B0 T0 Wthroughout the third quarter, as a strong economy helped to maintain demand, u1 F ~- J4 o0 Q0 m
across the city, causing average house prices to rise moderately. Toronto has% i U& m8 R% X% o+ |
continued to experience modest growth in average house prices, and has been8 k/ g5 I' ^! G2 u1 F% ^2 a" J
driven primarily by purchasers who are buying homes as their principle
% c' ^) |# z3 @( F9 ]' S! Vresidence, rather than for investment.0 k3 ^* w# A2 @/ C# N. ]
, T+ |% P; L, ^! }, T The vibrant Winnipeg housing market continued to show its strength as
7 P$ {. U! ~) ^6 y0 W# M6 Qhouse prices rose during the third quarter. The booming local economy resulted4 g; g9 \# z |8 V, V E7 d2 B
in a historically low unemployment rate, helping to bolster consumer( b9 d8 e: r/ R4 Q; w9 n# d5 T
confidence and Winnipeg's ranking as the city with the lowest capitalization1 n& h7 S! y4 \% j5 e; {3 K1 L
rate among the country's larger cities - helped to encourage buyers to enter
% E |$ \% {" M% ~$ sthe market.
2 j* F% F/ d5 g% f- a/ C @4 j: b: L5 |6 G: x
In Regina, the market experienced a slight seasonal slowdown through9 x- J! P) e( d) J7 ^0 o0 I2 D, ^6 c5 F
July, as there were fewer purchasers in the market due to summer vacations. In
, k) Z* E- ^5 I3 E" X: \& y# uAugust, activity resumed to the busy pace previously seen in the spring
6 b8 c% ^2 k8 T2 s1 J8 e, `- _7 tmonths, as the influx of purchasers made it more difficult to find a home due' {- ?/ Z! e% T
to the shortage of available inventory.0 n/ A! _* q& K, ^, `3 A% ^* y+ A
! O( z4 ]% [0 w7 H$ `8 g/ ~! K- @ Activity in Saskatoon remained brisk as the market maintained its3 v; W. G* ?: Q; q( ?
momentum from the busy spring sales period. The economy in Saskatoon remains
& n( i( I* c% g( l3 Evibrant, as employment opportunities are abundant with many businesses9 `; ~( A2 r+ ]' t. k6 X/ c# L9 J- u
struggling to make hires and having to recruit outside the province.
% b# o+ l: W" O$ q7 u4 E. r! o8 T1 b1 C3 }* ?& q7 I5 Q
Calgary's housing market recorded blazing average house price increases
2 y" G6 f: c2 s! T8 S1 }in the third quarter, in all surveyed categories. The burgeoning economy, low7 e: v! X- A9 `' J! E8 y
unemployment rates and low inventory levels remained the leading factors that" M Y9 I9 a+ j: q3 E
pressured Calgary's house prices upwards. However, regardless of the soaring
7 n, `4 Y$ z9 {5 ]5 _prices that characterized the market - even during the typically slower summer0 N$ @% S4 }8 X. q) N3 H% a
season - it is expected that activity will become slightly more balanced, as
8 v; s6 _4 t; ]* `, h" {/ j4 {buyers are becoming more reluctant to participate in the frenetic activity.
: ^, J" q' @$ P2 G* j, d: s$ G
7 q. w, f& ]8 H Edmonton's booming local economy continued to thrive in the third quarter
# N4 s2 n: q+ n8 Cas activity in the oil sands north of the city continued to flourish. Edmonton9 z; Q6 S2 c. \
remained the hub of activity for those coming to work in the oil industry,
( ?) q7 Y& N* Y! ~5 umaintaining tight inventory levels across the city, resulting in prices0 c5 |: s. P4 V6 Y
increasing at record levels. However, as inventory levels continued to improve5 Q, c/ ^4 n$ ?- I6 F4 d
in the third quarter the rate of price appreciation should moderate slightly
4 ]$ |9 C' f) m5 H3 p1 }towards the end of 2006.
6 q$ [& c# F0 d. K2 y& x/ F/ h
* [3 |( R/ S: F6 s U9 nWhile Vancouver has seen a slight reprieve from the severe shortage of
0 A3 C) r2 U1 Q( }inventory that had previously characterized the market, supply is still unable" @! t8 B, F m
to meet demand, driving house prices upwards. Vancouver has a very diverse( A5 T: p! [3 v' q+ l |8 w; p
group of active buyers - from first-time home buyers to baby-boomers to0 W. F2 T, s! `: }4 \* S0 O6 V
foreign investors - all of whom fuel the demand for houses, placing added; v$ } ?) x& ^5 C
pressure on tight inventory levels.& z { J! K% _ A1 O; E: O
$ n/ v! X7 M& [( Y5 ?9 v
Victoria's market is vibrant and supported by strong economic% _- q/ X P0 E( p9 o/ U
fundamentals, fuelled by a booming tech sector and a migration of young people
3 m) j' t+ G2 Minto the city that has continued to support the area's house price increases;; J3 i- {+ A9 Y: J. Y" |
while increased inventory levels have afforded buyers more time when searching$ @) @6 d1 C# w( _; M# P. s
for a home, helping to normalize the market's pace.% q! R8 A' b) I1 @. D
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<<
- T" S9 W( H9 h! c' d Survey of Canadian Average House Prices in the Third Quarter 20067 A4 w' f" H1 e
) y- D) H( |/ B" Y1 K7 w2 {4 K
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 f# b! I. Z- U Detached Bungalows Standard Two Storey1 U; _- V& m9 c @* g% G5 I: r
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
# c- y; ]6 i R' B: ~2 a 2006 Q3 2005 Q3 Bungalow 2006 Q3 2005 Q3
( u! ^- ~' q4 p: z/ {% c5 g Market Average Average % Change Average Average0 F7 _) n; S0 {: ?' a' ?! I
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
6 _- v2 }9 m6 E3 q _4 q( R Halifax 186,333 173,333 7.5% 198,667 199,000
- c2 N; V$ w" r# ? -------------------------------------------------------------------------. Y% O4 K0 Y3 b- i$ m j8 b% ~; k
Charlottetown 145,000 141,000 2.8% 175,000 170,0003 W1 O; E# \$ k- A. z( x1 d/ {
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Q% _0 i. D" R& U Moncton 135,000 127,000 6.3% 129,000 123,000$ u1 b) J9 u: ]
-------------------------------------------------------------------------( M- {9 N8 w6 u0 o
Saint John 141,200 142,900 -1.2% - -
! v# Y1 F. n# Z+ W5 _ M9 |* g7 ~ -------------------------------------------------------------------------
' V/ [3 Z: [5 }0 w# R: H3 r5 T St. John's 143,667 142,667 0.7% 200,667 202,333: f" X# ?# v5 ^0 N
-------------------------------------------------------------------------, r+ [( k4 G' n3 M
Atlantic 150,240 145,380 3.3% 175,833 173,583
) h0 C) H/ f3 \, x6 @8 V -------------------------------------------------------------------------0 l& p& h7 ~; s# {4 e, P2 q
Montreal 213,691 203,500 5.0% 321,141 316,185
# c, N) Y8 Q) M. h* A -------------------------------------------------------------------------- ?# L) e5 K6 m5 _" F% f, I
Ottawa 290,083 278,417 4.2% 285,667 273,250+ ^/ L( H; c7 m/ C, v9 }. {7 Z
-------------------------------------------------------------------------+ }" [ h% j8 y0 _/ o) P( ?4 {
Toronto 373,368 355,882 4.9% 481,523 474,7667 {9 G% f, a8 T4 \* ]" U
-------------------------------------------------------------------------$ F& c6 {# z; v$ o
Winnipeg 181,579 159,860 13.6% 202,337 180,7070 O- A0 Q3 }) ~: s G3 K' l8 Z
-------------------------------------------------------------------------# ^# H+ E7 R$ M; Z
Saskatchewan 170,667 156,083 9.3% 182,600 166,500+ U* ?- H) y' u6 n4 B
-------------------------------------------------------------------------- \! P) v4 c2 q2 y9 a9 {0 T
Calgary 395,067 252,411 56.5% 405,778 264,389
# F8 J7 |. g$ L& {5 i -------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 {, \, L. m! i! }7 K7 s/ j& U( _ Edmonton 286,857 194,857 47.2% 316,429 206,714
) d, Q8 {% F/ d) Q0 p4 X2 {: f, \ -------------------------------------------------------------------------8 b( \6 o, e6 l; l3 V
Vancouver 704,250 601,000 17.2% 794,000 697,500- |& c- o# z' ^# ?7 k, a% G
-------------------------------------------------------------------------3 Y/ a# ~% s8 V4 w q) Q
Victoria 375,000 348,000 7.8% 403,000 391,000
R( U, x2 |% I( g8 ^$ u -------------------------------------------------------------------------
$ n4 U9 [% d7 A l; q8 y$ T National 300,365 258,202 16.3% 365,380 322,860$ p+ ^- _$ W) t" i
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
! A( t, i V2 V
% D6 A2 R4 A7 I( E1 Z -------------------------------------------------------------
$ e0 h8 z3 H0 K4 h Standard Condominium" ]5 ~5 F7 d1 [
-------------------------------------------------------------) }3 E. d! p! E1 J
2-Storey 2006 Q3 2005 Q3 Condo
/ N6 [( L+ t6 M3 |6 ~# ~3 [* s Market % Change Average Average % Change
6 _1 V; C! B+ M; M& X -------------------------------------------------------------
4 _. J+ \0 O& s2 h Halifax -0.2% 142,000 103,000 37.9%1 I3 [+ g! e& ?4 t) o! I5 A
-------------------------------------------------------------
/ A! T2 @6 @' c( t0 F Charlottetown 2.9% 98,000 98,000 0.0%
" f; a6 v2 Q4 x; L& u -------------------------------------------------------------
* Z& I6 K# f* x, l Moncton 4.9% - - N/A. i5 K( s6 {, N& S
-------------------------------------------------------------
7 ]: W; N x7 ~% {& s; \ Saint John N/A - - N/A
( s: U! R$ h7 O6 V; ] -------------------------------------------------------------
. h8 Z) O( f2 S, g4 ]$ l- q St. John's -0.8% 146,333 145,667 0.5%
& Q# i1 h4 A: \: d [ -------------------------------------------------------------- U: o1 c5 X+ N
Atlantic 1.3% 128,778 115,556 11.4%
" z2 y+ y5 l. C# R+ T) b2 s, ? -------------------------------------------------------------8 O: V. B2 \% v
Montreal 1.6% 193,190 188,016 2.8%: X9 @ w" p7 @4 K
-------------------------------------------------------------
9 r* g6 F7 a2 p! N" M Ottawa 4.5% 181,083 172,250 5.1%' c2 n+ k- C7 A7 z, R- Y1 [4 u1 l
-------------------------------------------------------------
% ^4 ?! h# G# ~' ?9 x9 f9 Y Toronto 1.4% 252,088 242,918 3.8%
& i8 i9 C3 }9 V8 M* a {# C7 @ f) l -------------------------------------------------------------
8 f+ C" [2 g, ]3 |- L% t Winnipeg 12.0% 105,648 96,008 10.0%8 c% V1 |! C2 I4 L2 ^5 A
-------------------------------------------------------------2 F# v: Z C6 W/ m
Saskatchewan 9.7% 106,250 101,000 5.2%, _2 T2 L: g' f) k" J
-------------------------------------------------------------
; ]* a7 z% P1 T' h( \4 Q9 Y/ q Calgary 53.5% 245,844 153,867 59.8%
% Y% k* @8 X9 @( T5 A% v -------------------------------------------------------------; s$ r# ~2 o _& e7 g6 v! U
Edmonton 53.1% 200,433 131,500 52.4%$ z2 h: C$ f' G$ |- h. d
-------------------------------------------------------------
9 w% U' g2 l3 H Vancouver 13.8% 366,250 323,250 13.3%/ Y, R0 U- V z# q. W
-------------------------------------------------------------
2 r% ~; e* h1 R3 W! W Victoria 3.1% 229,000 220,000 4.1%. s {1 u7 V9 O3 [/ |9 A/ `/ v5 x
-------------------------------------------------------------
2 g7 O* c7 q7 Q National 13.2% 211,562 185,296 14.2%$ V: ~ a. H& A/ i6 K w
-------------------------------------------------------------
2 v4 j8 c5 @1 @& w0 ^" v! | >>3 _" ]1 C2 Q. K$ u) }& @
3 W* R& W( F" C4 U; T Average house prices are based on an average of all sub-markets examined
' {% i4 `; ]8 b& v2 j: Vin the area, except for the smaller markets of Charlottetown, Moncton, Saint
( Z) _! W, W n Z4 U4 sJohn and Victoria.* G- j! L" j% E# X
+ a3 ^; v) b# b0 ?, ~
The Royal LePage Survey of Canadian House Prices is the largest, most
; @, O! k" M3 ^( G3 Mcomprehensive study of its kind in Canada, with information on seven types of
3 c, R) ~. L. o* t i2 `" ?housing in over 250 neighbourhoods from coast to coast. This release3 L8 J" ?1 C9 n3 ` e/ x
references an abbreviated version of the survey, which highlights house price% I. ] z$ }' @1 {
trends for the three most common types of housing in Canada in 80 communities) q! O# ?) p9 B( M+ ?; i. P' G7 n
across the country. A complete database of past and present surveys is
7 r% i2 w, b7 L1 Vavailable on the Royal LePage Web site at www.royallepage.ca, and current
6 x9 U5 \: g! Y5 j: c) Yfigures will be updated following the end of the third quarter. A printable
4 _) g+ f* }+ Pversion of the third quarter 2006 survey will be available online on3 I" {+ S) L! g1 K
November 15, 2006.
: j# a" m. ?6 W/ N% Z* q Housing values in the Royal LePage Survey are Royal LePage opinions of
! V& q8 x3 I1 I6 pfair market value in each location, based on local data and market knowledge" {) I; F. p( d$ k" K9 ?. z
provided by Royal LePage residential real estate experts. Historical data is8 s2 c9 f5 Y: @+ K6 j4 V( L
available for some areas back to the early 1970s. |
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