 鲜花( 0)  鸡蛋( 0)
|
Canada's housing market both vigorous and stable
% c9 W6 W! H( ?$ f2 G
5 x- I0 J6 y* e9 N7 q- Country's market poised to show growth throughout 2006 -
8 P6 h4 n* k( n( q5 H, Q0 f! ?& `$ P* S4 v; F1 S1 E
TORONTO, Sept. 28 /CNW/ - For most of Canada, the housing market- q' J: C) e$ j) h9 t
exhibited moderate price increases and stable unit sales during the third. S0 h J( O1 @$ ^# B1 j
quarter. Wide regional variances continued to be the dominant characteristic
0 L5 G1 u- N* ~, l" R( h0 Kin the market, exemplified by frenzied levels of activity and double digit8 D8 g# u# O* a1 L0 h
price gains observed in the energy and commodity rich Western provinces, and
1 {4 i3 S) E3 }) {5 P+ T2 p. Q& b% F1 Mmore reasonable sales volumes and moderate price appreciation in Ontario,* W, H2 V G7 K/ {+ k8 |$ A
Quebec and Atlantic Canada, according to a report released today by Royal
* \' \1 V9 ~6 F' ULePage Real Estate Services.5 t0 j- a, a; c
6 V: s' W! t" u2 V/ w1 A& t; p Nationally, market trends established through the first three quarters
6 z1 E/ n% o' r) S) Vare forecast to continue for the remainder of the year. Robust economic( b" n1 Q* ~+ c& k, D) o/ D
conditions, low unemployment rates, modestly growing salaries and wages, and
) C& H0 T* n A: ?sound consumer confidence contributed to the overall strength of the! S$ C* J6 |1 F1 L
residential real estate sector.
" b5 C, u* Q, `1 a/ P! U* Q$ i: c' H. l
Of the housing types surveyed, the highest average price appreciation
$ k2 d& ^7 Y# f& l9 O. ^6 Boccurred in detached bungalows, which rose to $300,365 (+16.3%)# R7 C5 k. t! `9 B: J- o5 b' U( W& r
year-over-year, followed by standard condominiums, which rose to $211,562) N5 h; P' Y" t( e% J4 h$ O, `6 [
(+14.2%), and standard two-storey properties, which increased to $365,380
# ?- o. p3 u0 A& ^+ V(+13.2%).5 J& a! }$ ^- F7 j2 [
6 o, v: d7 a' r: T "Canada's sturdy housing market continued to demonstrate steady growth
$ n5 u6 M# _4 q2 | Q/ h! A7 ]during the third quarter. For all but the west, we have moved on from the
# K9 \% P7 _) L: Y$ w, b: hfrenzied expansion that characterized the first half of this decade, and are( O% C, n$ P+ ^7 S1 @! m! j
poised to show continued growth at a more moderate pace," said Phil Soper,* S+ e \ `$ @5 v
president and chief executive officer, Royal LePage Real Estate Services.# i. j0 O s: s/ k
"Gone is the sellers' market that we have lived with for some years. We
: B) x) F/ k( p( b: U \6 N; Kwelcome the more reliable conditions that are characteristic of a healthy
3 Z8 X$ C& E1 V- Kbalanced market."1 b8 Q) N: ? X! E
$ R/ x0 L7 w3 u: O
Despite the double-digit rise in average national house prices,) o! h' p1 Q+ s& y* n/ m9 t e- C7 B
considerable regional variances were exhibited again this quarter. The shift
/ [; k4 d& z" C: x# l! hto balanced market conditions, which began in late 2005, has continued- ^7 L4 ? o1 v# D/ ?
throughout most of the Central and Eastern regions of the country. In the core
, d) i) L" k9 `) |) y- O0 d5 D& M0 [energy producing western provinces, the combination of very high in-migration,
$ y9 C0 s2 }! C" y6 Qmanageable affordability, and a shortage of inventory has driven record- t% V8 ^! e" C$ c$ M `7 _5 u
breaking price appreciations.% d6 t5 O0 R* D8 Y: d/ ~
' y: {, J: h+ I
Echoing the second quarter and supported by Alberta's rapidly expanding
0 H- Y) Z% Z( ?4 q5 Z6 Deconomy, Calgary and Edmonton led the charge of Canadian cities with the8 s t2 s+ x# s3 S7 Z8 X9 Q
largest house price appreciation in all housing types surveyed.
6 k* D/ ^+ y. Z% p5 u0 g# K# U O0 P, N) s8 |" A, ~
In Ottawa and Toronto, growth remained steady, supported by solid0 {9 f$ b' X; ^
economic fundamentals, an increase in available inventory and strong consumer
' m! {, a5 N5 qconfidence. While the pace of price appreciation in Ontario leveled off0 S7 R% ^* n, H# P+ ?8 K( u
slightly, the province's real estate market remains poised for modest growth.. @' c Z0 Q0 w+ J
In Atlantic Canada, new housing and condominium construction offered buyers% L+ Y# d7 Z7 f5 N" w/ W
greater selection at more competitive prices, resulting in a slower rate of
$ S: \+ X; M, j6 _price appreciation when compared with 2005.
' U3 l3 F0 W7 n' j# E: k
9 u3 u. x3 e1 |8 Z% f While the pace of growth in Canada has slowed, the domestic housing! G, @5 b0 W, B& j- `) V4 `2 h& H
market is expected to outperform the American market. The economic and# ?1 A( B- e' Z* L( T
financial fundamentals driving the residential real estate sector in Canada- W9 T/ J" m! B' @: ?( }1 [
are markedly different than those found in the United States.
( y* @2 S; S) k I! J
& _' R, B; H0 T6 u2 M Added Soper: "Canada's housing market is likely to outperform the
0 _3 W/ h8 Q8 T a* PAmerican market through 2007. A number of factors are working in Canada's
' }1 l; [* }0 p* q1 s2 i/ P8 Ifavour, including healthy personal and governmental debt levels, the
7 [) |6 x2 m; Z! p& B/ qrelatively modest rise in interest rates in our country, and general
. U- s* p& k7 ^) N3 ?affordability in our major cities. In addition, Americans are now seeing the
5 z: A6 i5 y0 ?7 j# Mdownside of a tax system that encourages maximum homeowner leverage, and
! `9 U+ J8 G, l( A8 H- C$ p0 haggressive financial products such as zero- and negative-amortization' a. c! P6 I# u7 G4 A
mortgages that work only in a high price growth environment."
7 _+ ]1 E7 R" J- S. y' I1 \- H: O8 W, H) Y _; N9 ?+ f# t+ |/ t
<<5 u$ ^ l k) B* T1 w3 y
REGIONAL SUMMARIES0 P- k& ]" W* W2 ^2 S
>>
% Z' G4 F4 M2 E$ d8 p8 x- N3 B9 w5 c4 ~
Balanced conditions continued to characterize the housing market in
, h5 u% W$ `+ f; ~9 V& I, p% tHalifax, as significantly higher inventory levels helped to moderate the rate
2 P/ q! |* [' S* H) \of price appreciation. Buyers were increasingly choosy, taking more time5 G+ E3 l) B8 u2 |. l
looking for newer, low-maintenance properties that were not in need of+ K" U, u8 j7 W3 O% g6 N
renovations.* Q8 y) J, ^& F Q! x6 n1 T
5 i7 y5 i0 q. ]7 T' k6 z The housing market in Moncton remained healthy and strong as a slight
+ p) y, k$ G% [$ Q: @5 B/ rincrease in inventory helped to moderate the rate of price appreciation
9 g: E, I- X9 V; u! O- H) t$ Ecompared to the same period in 2005. Activity was brisk throughout August and
4 n6 P- q* D; p: XSeptember and is expected to remain this way through the fourth quarter.5 S( S |& g6 }* ^
0 C9 I3 P1 K; ?/ b$ F5 ~
The housing market in Saint John underwent its traditional summer
) d( U! D( r$ V& uslowdown in the third quarter, with activity picking up towards the end of the
$ k! E- G" }5 h- b2 e* r6 p% \quarter. The local economy continued to thrive, as construction on a new
/ a% u# ?& l1 c) L% ^" L$ O600,000 square-foot shopping area has begun, bringing several new box stores* G: V% q* g* @9 w3 t. f
to the area. Buyers have begun seeking less expensive fixtures for their homes0 b- a+ Q1 n+ r! i
and are instead opting for more affordable housing options.3 r/ H! m6 `' m1 `* S' Y; \3 T. ?
3 R4 a1 M8 k* N
In Charlottetown, the housing market started to move towards balanced
$ R3 D) S U7 A0 r0 I1 _conditions, as some sellers had to begin to lower the asking prices on their
% J- c8 N' `( p8 t2 Qhomes to make them more competitive. Activity from out-of-town and US buyers4 A8 H$ h4 V7 H
was down slightly compared to 2005, likely attributable to the strong Canadian
5 D' q: Q! D4 j1 A% U2 K3 cdollar. Inventory levels began to creep up in the third quarter, providing* Q7 t# n) }3 L, ~
buyers with more options when looking for a home.4 y5 G5 V9 _2 i1 G4 O) H: U
& R8 W! ~+ N( }; i4 L- [7 u* I
Activity in St. John's slowed slightly in the third quarter, particularly
* d6 E3 P* H) P1 E6 Ramong higher-priced properties, where there was a slight over-supply of homes0 w* `9 s: Z$ p I3 p9 F! ~
priced over $200,000. Listing periods have increased when compared with 2005,
& b& h6 H- ~+ _! N; {* Xas some of the pent-up demand that had characterized the market over the last
. ?% J; ~/ C$ ofew years has been satisfied, resulting in more normal, balanced conditions.
+ P2 E X8 {8 o. x& z( R
4 @, @3 ?2 B$ ]& B6 @% t Montreal's housing market recorded modest increases in average house; X: A' c, ^1 p- i
prices, due to a slight seasonal slowdown in the third quarter as inventory! h5 q1 o( z3 ~' r! u. M
levels rose. Part of this can be attributed to the fact that many renting3 d3 Q3 o+ z0 g: W
first-time buyers were motivated to close on the purchase of a home by July 1,2 a" O% q% ?* \+ [
when rental leases expire in Quebec. Once this date has passed some of the
: C6 d0 l8 u/ @pressure is taken off the market, allowing buyers to visit more homes before/ {, V% l8 Z# S! i" h4 g7 G' H* d. M" P
making a purchase.
9 P( `2 i2 L6 v3 S. o4 ]9 D( _8 z n1 ^8 i9 }7 @3 U, t' ~
Ottawa held its position as one of the country's most stable housing
- v# D* N8 F3 hmarkets in the third quarter, reinforced by a vibrant local economy and strong
& G9 K# s0 ]2 e y/ Gconfidence, resulting in modest increases in average house prices. The city
8 E, ]: ]) k: Q) [) Ucentre remained a bright spot in Ottawa, with homes in this area attracting3 ?" ?# b; B" t
attention due to their convenient location and proximity to downtown
7 o. C. X. @. K0 O) Y( Vamenities.' Y& y# X+ y( W
7 y- [( u. F( Z
The housing market in Toronto sustained healthy activity levels1 A% y; D) Q0 _
throughout the third quarter, as a strong economy helped to maintain demand# N7 B' k! R. R
across the city, causing average house prices to rise moderately. Toronto has& M) n4 b& W* {# t& x- w
continued to experience modest growth in average house prices, and has been$ i6 Y# f! b. `2 |. `, w
driven primarily by purchasers who are buying homes as their principle) B, g; u$ h5 c* u' v) B
residence, rather than for investment.
$ {7 ^- O/ e: W, n- a; L& \ Y, ]
The vibrant Winnipeg housing market continued to show its strength as
1 |+ L) o5 d& ehouse prices rose during the third quarter. The booming local economy resulted
5 e H/ D/ o& i7 j0 L5 E2 r2 Jin a historically low unemployment rate, helping to bolster consumer
# k0 k/ l5 E: f/ Yconfidence and Winnipeg's ranking as the city with the lowest capitalization9 z( B/ { R9 c# Q' ^0 c7 C5 v3 V& W
rate among the country's larger cities - helped to encourage buyers to enter
8 U% c2 M6 ^, Kthe market.1 U% e X$ D6 L/ H: W
# {/ N$ h1 X4 N* e
In Regina, the market experienced a slight seasonal slowdown through1 f0 n1 i0 d/ Z
July, as there were fewer purchasers in the market due to summer vacations. In
9 D. p2 K) O! E0 m9 l% cAugust, activity resumed to the busy pace previously seen in the spring+ Y) B* Z2 U$ j2 z. U
months, as the influx of purchasers made it more difficult to find a home due$ {( q8 \7 P) i+ l6 X+ S
to the shortage of available inventory.& U4 i/ F6 l3 i
# j# {* D! z" _ Activity in Saskatoon remained brisk as the market maintained its
/ X( o! @/ M" b$ c1 Jmomentum from the busy spring sales period. The economy in Saskatoon remains
! @" f8 q; w2 V: N- Y/ D& u, uvibrant, as employment opportunities are abundant with many businesses4 r) ~, e; g6 B; b
struggling to make hires and having to recruit outside the province.
9 p5 ] N- H- {2 H A3 U- e4 y }1 [; |$ A
Calgary's housing market recorded blazing average house price increases
# U3 Z. M8 P* b3 D: |2 M0 Win the third quarter, in all surveyed categories. The burgeoning economy, low
; e" \7 r e& z5 O3 Yunemployment rates and low inventory levels remained the leading factors that8 S4 i$ Q/ k$ M- X8 p, q
pressured Calgary's house prices upwards. However, regardless of the soaring5 T3 g& {& B* z
prices that characterized the market - even during the typically slower summer6 d0 {& e! \6 ^* U' w9 K# Y
season - it is expected that activity will become slightly more balanced, as
$ f* x# m" H8 x# U% Q' e3 J1 |* gbuyers are becoming more reluctant to participate in the frenetic activity.
; ]' @3 x4 N3 q% ~, R- Y# i. Z/ H$ u1 o" q
Edmonton's booming local economy continued to thrive in the third quarter
; i+ {& U9 f; }" m' U4 Bas activity in the oil sands north of the city continued to flourish. Edmonton
6 Z$ ^4 Y9 } y& Q+ p8 Sremained the hub of activity for those coming to work in the oil industry,( ]0 Z4 Z. b) q7 ^) _( w0 ?# Z
maintaining tight inventory levels across the city, resulting in prices7 [7 k/ A M/ p) v) K3 v
increasing at record levels. However, as inventory levels continued to improve
- d1 W- S/ B# Kin the third quarter the rate of price appreciation should moderate slightly
$ n, g* d6 A1 Ktowards the end of 2006. 1 w j' F4 Z, }* o0 V+ R
* V+ J! y2 R* ]! i, j9 l
While Vancouver has seen a slight reprieve from the severe shortage of- z4 y; I Z6 r: |, C) X% N
inventory that had previously characterized the market, supply is still unable
) K& q" U0 V: x3 T- _to meet demand, driving house prices upwards. Vancouver has a very diverse! L4 w/ O9 h: q# F
group of active buyers - from first-time home buyers to baby-boomers to7 W' {" M* F( S/ a, Z1 U
foreign investors - all of whom fuel the demand for houses, placing added5 R# `4 }' y9 F @, o0 ]( F( j9 D
pressure on tight inventory levels.. y+ d2 s$ e/ V8 O2 ^
2 J3 L% P d* f+ x0 c9 F) n Victoria's market is vibrant and supported by strong economic
8 P( G+ o1 C. k& Y: s9 s5 q) O9 gfundamentals, fuelled by a booming tech sector and a migration of young people! g. Z( T" c. ?! B F
into the city that has continued to support the area's house price increases;
' _" Y4 o4 X& y( }. H, v5 t+ A% _while increased inventory levels have afforded buyers more time when searching
0 p$ b7 Y7 y1 P. }3 |5 T Ufor a home, helping to normalize the market's pace.1 B- {1 m x& N% @2 x7 ]
5 T' W, b& }: n2 D' T# P <<
/ ]% z- B% F+ _) ^$ j5 B% O Survey of Canadian Average House Prices in the Third Quarter 2006
$ p$ R6 ]( y% ^3 M4 e O* s9 }" [6 r" e( o
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
2 V6 w" r6 _0 w) p5 n* u. n Detached Bungalows Standard Two Storey4 C8 H# {' Q. K, ~# z8 Z
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
" t, e* r5 U% Q1 k1 |0 d 2006 Q3 2005 Q3 Bungalow 2006 Q3 2005 Q3
2 d3 R$ U* _) Y. A Market Average Average % Change Average Average) s" v0 p9 [$ [2 m! `2 V; o4 G
-------------------------------------------------------------------------$ {8 b2 ^( }! O! q) L
Halifax 186,333 173,333 7.5% 198,667 199,000
, l' c- C& }' L$ K5 ^ -------------------------------------------------------------------------& {- ^: x2 Y1 E3 K
Charlottetown 145,000 141,000 2.8% 175,000 170,000
) ]: M) \- k! n+ d -------------------------------------------------------------------------
, c0 R" Z7 N9 Q) i2 P4 A f Moncton 135,000 127,000 6.3% 129,000 123,000/ [' f7 [* O+ n1 `# r& ]7 V
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
" ?6 Z! s) \* L- O2 h Saint John 141,200 142,900 -1.2% - -" r! F% M, e0 c% Q" w% {* ]% g
-------------------------------------------------------------------------0 r' f( J$ o1 i7 n+ B
St. John's 143,667 142,667 0.7% 200,667 202,333
~4 e5 d1 g8 l9 M0 G! P -------------------------------------------------------------------------
D& B7 o% S6 L' S Atlantic 150,240 145,380 3.3% 175,833 173,583
, j% T/ s7 w5 v* p4 Q! c -------------------------------------------------------------------------
$ U4 ?' W, a. w0 R* ? Montreal 213,691 203,500 5.0% 321,141 316,185
; h; b7 M' {* D: ` -------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 I; Q6 P4 H0 `. p; e9 ~+ V! V Ottawa 290,083 278,417 4.2% 285,667 273,250 ^2 j- ~$ l8 H W
-------------------------------------------------------------------------8 D4 ~6 N* V3 q+ |3 |2 T, s
Toronto 373,368 355,882 4.9% 481,523 474,7667 B7 _/ N1 c. L8 ?
-------------------------------------------------------------------------6 O- D4 T" \0 N( j: |
Winnipeg 181,579 159,860 13.6% 202,337 180,707* ^2 { b9 p3 `! J9 O
-------------------------------------------------------------------------2 D; `$ U6 }/ z- v) b; g1 a
Saskatchewan 170,667 156,083 9.3% 182,600 166,500% i1 g4 \+ z2 I; d( o
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
, [# c( n% ?% y Calgary 395,067 252,411 56.5% 405,778 264,389
$ b* p2 r, p9 G -------------------------------------------------------------------------: a1 k+ I/ D* d! `
Edmonton 286,857 194,857 47.2% 316,429 206,714
, N; a. {' a: B% j7 ?; d4 b -------------------------------------------------------------------------
$ i; _* s4 J+ }0 G5 n( i8 w/ | Vancouver 704,250 601,000 17.2% 794,000 697,500
: N! \) e, D4 }$ R -------------------------------------------------------------------------
. v$ D1 ]9 P3 h+ f& N Victoria 375,000 348,000 7.8% 403,000 391,0005 N9 |6 d5 M. J+ u
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
: k8 Z7 \. d; B9 v National 300,365 258,202 16.3% 365,380 322,860% r! v- A% B d0 u7 P, p+ y! q
-------------------------------------------------------------------------2 g$ U8 Z9 x' @ u6 t
9 V5 o3 R4 q) v: Q$ a4 _ -------------------------------------------------------------# N3 r3 m$ J4 h, `+ s/ m) Y
Standard Condominium& x# l, l( X; u' m
-------------------------------------------------------------
' J# L5 M; M; \: h- I4 X! O6 q% o 2-Storey 2006 Q3 2005 Q3 Condo' p6 o, i, `4 h& O# p% J) G& w
Market % Change Average Average % Change1 K( F, q8 ?0 h( {7 `5 |
-------------------------------------------------------------6 Q7 {* ?4 Q; f- |0 u3 Z! b
Halifax -0.2% 142,000 103,000 37.9%2 C* `) `4 U1 w1 b* L3 w( _
-------------------------------------------------------------' D$ o4 W C5 C& Y: a* S/ h
Charlottetown 2.9% 98,000 98,000 0.0%
& _& N# j) X8 s6 i$ _) x1 O -------------------------------------------------------------
* `, V& L: x9 m( o$ }+ q+ @6 ?) k/ l. s Moncton 4.9% - - N/A0 H9 G+ z7 Y3 n! F+ c8 F. Q1 n
-------------------------------------------------------------! r1 ]2 k. ~+ i/ w4 z+ F2 i
Saint John N/A - - N/A
0 q7 B: \7 V8 o; H c( D6 w -------------------------------------------------------------% ]7 L- s. H* C3 @% q4 G( H
St. John's -0.8% 146,333 145,667 0.5%1 j {# g+ ~; b7 n' ^& W
-------------------------------------------------------------
5 g; t+ _, U& Z F0 | Atlantic 1.3% 128,778 115,556 11.4%4 u) B7 K9 U# o X
-------------------------------------------------------------* Y. f) o6 {$ [4 q) m% \
Montreal 1.6% 193,190 188,016 2.8%# z( P7 K% B1 n G( v. J
-------------------------------------------------------------
; d |& A$ y1 a% q Ottawa 4.5% 181,083 172,250 5.1%7 t) c; v, h$ F' l5 B' _
-------------------------------------------------------------% \+ U$ \; K6 d7 w& f6 f7 U
Toronto 1.4% 252,088 242,918 3.8%
3 z* G% S5 A; C -------------------------------------------------------------
- U6 Q5 _: s# ^7 m& g Winnipeg 12.0% 105,648 96,008 10.0%
5 G: y& d" T3 c; c. j -------------------------------------------------------------
% \ W+ g4 o$ H2 A' ` Saskatchewan 9.7% 106,250 101,000 5.2%. O( H/ T5 m1 D4 Y
-------------------------------------------------------------- \7 J- Q7 Q) H b
Calgary 53.5% 245,844 153,867 59.8%
3 }2 W% g4 n/ F -------------------------------------------------------------
' K- p% C# p2 j4 U4 T Edmonton 53.1% 200,433 131,500 52.4%8 _8 y9 ?/ O: ^; h
-------------------------------------------------------------) H. r; I4 S) }8 |' `2 q
Vancouver 13.8% 366,250 323,250 13.3%
- k- M, k6 n' Z9 \' S ------------------------------------------------------------- R7 I7 R2 |$ w0 _6 _+ E4 G) n
Victoria 3.1% 229,000 220,000 4.1%4 Z. d" H& L7 K- n7 o. O
-------------------------------------------------------------) r6 a6 X) _0 [4 a7 ^! a
National 13.2% 211,562 185,296 14.2%% A* l& \* h) I( I
-------------------------------------------------------------' u( a7 P1 O. e. `" n6 Y7 O: w. A3 Y
>>
' m0 j* H% K6 @+ O9 h: c, c& I
- P+ I$ e) O3 o Average house prices are based on an average of all sub-markets examined% C3 N) @. }0 G% j2 E$ @ P
in the area, except for the smaller markets of Charlottetown, Moncton, Saint
2 g4 j0 O$ B9 V3 [John and Victoria.( f; ^7 D& h$ X1 X$ A
) r6 n5 n& ^& b5 {" n3 _/ S# m The Royal LePage Survey of Canadian House Prices is the largest, most
& w8 D& u5 ]. t8 C" T" qcomprehensive study of its kind in Canada, with information on seven types of( i" d% S; x4 F
housing in over 250 neighbourhoods from coast to coast. This release5 n8 I+ s$ @3 B/ f* a0 t
references an abbreviated version of the survey, which highlights house price
6 c/ D' e0 ` h# R8 ~2 `trends for the three most common types of housing in Canada in 80 communities
! G O& c6 x$ @$ J! _across the country. A complete database of past and present surveys is# K4 x# u+ [5 V6 ]% Q9 C
available on the Royal LePage Web site at www.royallepage.ca, and current
! E/ ?' E4 U+ x& x: jfigures will be updated following the end of the third quarter. A printable
) _ f6 P" O. q B0 } E! zversion of the third quarter 2006 survey will be available online on
( M/ ~( |; M/ K4 n) v2 ?November 15, 2006.6 c% K5 n8 `5 ]
Housing values in the Royal LePage Survey are Royal LePage opinions of
+ G1 i( T) c# e$ g* N0 lfair market value in each location, based on local data and market knowledge
# @( M7 T9 r0 m; f- ~provided by Royal LePage residential real estate experts. Historical data is! z% C( d2 J+ g. Y
available for some areas back to the early 1970s. |
|