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Canada's housing market both vigorous and stable
/ l( `! E5 C/ s3 f+ e. S9 n# N, L2 c# z* V3 A5 v: d8 L
- Country's market poised to show growth throughout 2006 -
! y2 y0 z* H, J* v8 U+ ?/ X( V7 x# B z
TORONTO, Sept. 28 /CNW/ - For most of Canada, the housing market
$ k" `1 S/ J2 C; _- Lexhibited moderate price increases and stable unit sales during the third! ~4 `7 _9 O1 C3 I" V- P
quarter. Wide regional variances continued to be the dominant characteristic
' }( @: S* z! m7 zin the market, exemplified by frenzied levels of activity and double digit
W1 d! L% `. g# W* M& `) D+ Lprice gains observed in the energy and commodity rich Western provinces, and) o8 T4 e( Z Z) J- J+ D4 q% V
more reasonable sales volumes and moderate price appreciation in Ontario, z+ x# B6 J( a. v$ {- ^9 f `( H
Quebec and Atlantic Canada, according to a report released today by Royal
& F# E/ |1 u8 j9 y8 uLePage Real Estate Services. B2 G( E4 r$ j* }$ w) t
% x/ [+ {6 S6 M Nationally, market trends established through the first three quarters7 A \5 T' k! s/ f1 }7 ^
are forecast to continue for the remainder of the year. Robust economic
4 z- d2 a( b: G0 {. ?% Mconditions, low unemployment rates, modestly growing salaries and wages, and0 F1 M- r7 z; K: E5 \
sound consumer confidence contributed to the overall strength of the- |- B2 Q& u; v# k- c
residential real estate sector.5 Z+ W, H: B% J; \7 J9 Q5 k9 c2 G" t
4 r$ C- k. S' U9 I
Of the housing types surveyed, the highest average price appreciation
1 z6 R- f& ?9 l" Doccurred in detached bungalows, which rose to $300,365 (+16.3%)$ l! _# J7 z# M
year-over-year, followed by standard condominiums, which rose to $211,562
7 m4 ^: P7 d: V+ `8 I7 N(+14.2%), and standard two-storey properties, which increased to $365,380! I! R1 d5 H' K1 i: F3 D
(+13.2%)./ w! x8 T6 Z4 E2 u9 U! a
0 O9 m6 u$ F4 Q" m& A7 n
"Canada's sturdy housing market continued to demonstrate steady growth
8 c+ E M' H2 }( N/ q2 Bduring the third quarter. For all but the west, we have moved on from the
8 `; I8 q- D6 v. @0 c5 Q. Rfrenzied expansion that characterized the first half of this decade, and are! A" @ s; u( C8 P+ u
poised to show continued growth at a more moderate pace," said Phil Soper,
+ p/ p/ J5 q$ Lpresident and chief executive officer, Royal LePage Real Estate Services.
8 l% u1 c- L( `" W* Z/ w$ m"Gone is the sellers' market that we have lived with for some years. We0 G, J8 {- G# {; T/ i3 O8 |8 i
welcome the more reliable conditions that are characteristic of a healthy5 S% |# l! Z4 e( ?
balanced market."
0 k( z( u6 W* d* J5 ~3 R3 E6 u
; d" ?9 O% \# @) ]! V' W Despite the double-digit rise in average national house prices,$ G# B6 X1 g6 ~4 s( b5 O8 o
considerable regional variances were exhibited again this quarter. The shift
& ?) d9 J! P, F5 Zto balanced market conditions, which began in late 2005, has continued
$ {5 ~+ u( h8 h* x; H4 `4 \ v% Pthroughout most of the Central and Eastern regions of the country. In the core' E, q" C' ^$ x& ?9 x7 J0 Z2 C6 W
energy producing western provinces, the combination of very high in-migration,
- u3 t; u0 i( K7 Pmanageable affordability, and a shortage of inventory has driven record
' b9 B" R, Z- Z& W; t2 Ubreaking price appreciations.
2 i, P8 F4 h+ n( L4 {- N3 w. F& M W3 s$ Z2 }# ^. j# v2 V# t8 h }
Echoing the second quarter and supported by Alberta's rapidly expanding
) R# J4 V* K" v/ ueconomy, Calgary and Edmonton led the charge of Canadian cities with the
3 i: O7 Z7 u- a/ I+ @largest house price appreciation in all housing types surveyed.# }* U& ^$ X4 }+ c! p4 n
5 y( _1 o$ R+ B+ R0 O* w
In Ottawa and Toronto, growth remained steady, supported by solid
b9 J) l% V' c1 meconomic fundamentals, an increase in available inventory and strong consumer
- |- {1 S) q! c- _# c8 tconfidence. While the pace of price appreciation in Ontario leveled off1 n/ J3 S j9 Y/ F; Z9 Z, M: L# V
slightly, the province's real estate market remains poised for modest growth.
7 F9 e8 P, M2 k! G( QIn Atlantic Canada, new housing and condominium construction offered buyers
# x, D3 n1 y, {5 A" S7 P- Q* `& ]greater selection at more competitive prices, resulting in a slower rate of1 m N' W) U( J# J0 i2 v
price appreciation when compared with 2005., N8 ~ P/ K/ f' ]0 v
' F) W# |& h% S+ ^7 n While the pace of growth in Canada has slowed, the domestic housing
9 A8 Q6 _3 F3 r$ [4 } ]& J% rmarket is expected to outperform the American market. The economic and1 Z) s+ r( a! }7 r
financial fundamentals driving the residential real estate sector in Canada4 K$ g2 _+ N. j) n- ?1 T
are markedly different than those found in the United States.* G6 T+ V& p4 X5 p
* ?& p# f+ t$ h, ]: T& `
Added Soper: "Canada's housing market is likely to outperform the
2 e' e b# Y$ nAmerican market through 2007. A number of factors are working in Canada's4 J5 v! D; M4 `) m9 C
favour, including healthy personal and governmental debt levels, the" k) [& ~; N% x) B' \* w1 Q- n4 e5 n5 s
relatively modest rise in interest rates in our country, and general- I% V/ k7 l' ~! P, _ S
affordability in our major cities. In addition, Americans are now seeing the1 _; y7 L; u! K
downside of a tax system that encourages maximum homeowner leverage, and
. d' b% A _2 S6 S0 t1 \aggressive financial products such as zero- and negative-amortization
3 s# W# |* a- Q9 \0 n; S: i' [; J: l" Hmortgages that work only in a high price growth environment."
1 ]7 a8 Z8 s' s6 d
, z$ Q1 P8 W/ i2 Z- {0 ?& i9 R. r( \ <<1 \1 O6 W2 U: T" |8 A7 \
REGIONAL SUMMARIES) U6 q. V2 i: N. `
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Balanced conditions continued to characterize the housing market in
9 E7 ~& T/ x1 s0 H. K( m$ W* z0 BHalifax, as significantly higher inventory levels helped to moderate the rate
9 C, P! G9 K1 B9 b5 y# R; pof price appreciation. Buyers were increasingly choosy, taking more time9 `1 G8 P$ P) f. T/ q, J% D$ A+ m
looking for newer, low-maintenance properties that were not in need of
- y0 |& x4 C( W: |$ _- Yrenovations.
3 R' g5 M# @7 `7 E; C- [4 d- q" z/ q( P/ C3 y1 b" w9 W9 h
The housing market in Moncton remained healthy and strong as a slight0 N" w. |5 z* V
increase in inventory helped to moderate the rate of price appreciation, u: @" }, {3 H, u2 e# J6 M4 d# z+ N
compared to the same period in 2005. Activity was brisk throughout August and
0 } O6 N4 y/ C8 e) RSeptember and is expected to remain this way through the fourth quarter.
- R& D2 A: T% \* Z
3 d6 ]+ V3 C- t. I2 c S The housing market in Saint John underwent its traditional summer, m! s4 M5 o% J* _6 [" V
slowdown in the third quarter, with activity picking up towards the end of the
6 O( p$ S: Y2 [& vquarter. The local economy continued to thrive, as construction on a new3 N5 E9 L4 P, b
600,000 square-foot shopping area has begun, bringing several new box stores7 q8 p! m) u3 {+ w* p# K
to the area. Buyers have begun seeking less expensive fixtures for their homes
. B2 i* p7 q6 L k" Pand are instead opting for more affordable housing options.1 k$ L2 B9 L6 T$ i% ^
8 K( @+ O0 }/ s$ s" Y) P
In Charlottetown, the housing market started to move towards balanced
! b; V( O" @$ n" E' r" L) rconditions, as some sellers had to begin to lower the asking prices on their
: z5 `9 ~* }- c, F% Phomes to make them more competitive. Activity from out-of-town and US buyers P, l! S6 v5 U X) l
was down slightly compared to 2005, likely attributable to the strong Canadian4 m$ w, ^+ D% Y
dollar. Inventory levels began to creep up in the third quarter, providing
1 G( E0 b' R' {7 W1 S4 r1 d! @buyers with more options when looking for a home.% y7 ^3 c" [5 g# G1 p, Y4 C
' t. U9 \5 S: n6 e4 g Activity in St. John's slowed slightly in the third quarter, particularly( d, i; \( {5 `& |& |
among higher-priced properties, where there was a slight over-supply of homes
. a, {9 P( |( ~* e. t1 Vpriced over $200,000. Listing periods have increased when compared with 2005,+ N' _' b( T) a8 _
as some of the pent-up demand that had characterized the market over the last
5 o' _3 q2 P$ c% G6 y( }0 M; q/ vfew years has been satisfied, resulting in more normal, balanced conditions., j. a8 z" F+ S4 D: z* R2 b: Q1 n0 i
5 n) k Q' ~" x( H6 a Montreal's housing market recorded modest increases in average house. G! k% J3 E9 H$ g: v8 Q( |+ O' F- q3 r
prices, due to a slight seasonal slowdown in the third quarter as inventory/ c3 e* z: _8 _. {
levels rose. Part of this can be attributed to the fact that many renting/ [* n% w) ~1 `# J v) B$ z
first-time buyers were motivated to close on the purchase of a home by July 1,
. M( w3 J' Y8 Z9 T. m z' ]when rental leases expire in Quebec. Once this date has passed some of the
" R7 B; @+ O3 M: v3 cpressure is taken off the market, allowing buyers to visit more homes before
) m, E# g5 M7 F I, imaking a purchase.' X. O! X8 T0 U0 \
9 j1 b2 W T2 [1 } Ottawa held its position as one of the country's most stable housing, }5 h! }6 v$ n3 }6 w% ]
markets in the third quarter, reinforced by a vibrant local economy and strong. r1 z9 T! @9 ?% A' W* Q
confidence, resulting in modest increases in average house prices. The city; E0 B/ F5 J- E9 o/ E2 O- |
centre remained a bright spot in Ottawa, with homes in this area attracting1 M% i* D% Q* {( X! e# z1 z$ e- M1 y
attention due to their convenient location and proximity to downtown
# f1 h; B: d. }1 I Qamenities.' a, q" A5 i7 ~5 X0 l f4 m
- M4 G& g# r I6 g& t) b' ^
The housing market in Toronto sustained healthy activity levels
8 Z' S8 |5 ]" ~" b7 _, Dthroughout the third quarter, as a strong economy helped to maintain demand
3 [$ _1 |3 R- }+ |across the city, causing average house prices to rise moderately. Toronto has6 C; r0 D. ]% m) y# U! M
continued to experience modest growth in average house prices, and has been
# v' m. p9 f& U" R8 i" }+ q% O, Q' adriven primarily by purchasers who are buying homes as their principle* e# g% Z, V$ ]
residence, rather than for investment.
3 D& K! g* {& R+ z: M2 t- v+ Q ^' `
The vibrant Winnipeg housing market continued to show its strength as
$ I. e: [ W' S3 yhouse prices rose during the third quarter. The booming local economy resulted
" S) W) R7 T4 A! Q4 y* |' ?, \in a historically low unemployment rate, helping to bolster consumer1 N+ R! |% W5 D1 p7 \. m: Y
confidence and Winnipeg's ranking as the city with the lowest capitalization- M0 K% L: n' Y( u: ]9 I4 O) [# t8 \7 s
rate among the country's larger cities - helped to encourage buyers to enter$ F/ O0 v- c0 F
the market.
% f" E( q; _# j+ D: [1 D
' W9 f- u, v4 j5 p In Regina, the market experienced a slight seasonal slowdown through# D0 s% N) V* r7 t$ A2 k! I
July, as there were fewer purchasers in the market due to summer vacations. In. C3 X! G% H* d7 p
August, activity resumed to the busy pace previously seen in the spring! k3 h; y0 f" @! T
months, as the influx of purchasers made it more difficult to find a home due
* L: l8 e4 }3 E! z7 Nto the shortage of available inventory.
* }- q; g# b7 a% q
3 G+ f. E9 N7 q Activity in Saskatoon remained brisk as the market maintained its
6 N5 O y y" v* F5 ]2 U9 F3 j8 wmomentum from the busy spring sales period. The economy in Saskatoon remains9 o: I7 N8 f1 l, {+ s9 n
vibrant, as employment opportunities are abundant with many businesses: Z. A$ l3 {& a* M5 U0 p
struggling to make hires and having to recruit outside the province.: e" z [2 G. y+ k2 z
7 z% }: u0 \/ N. }& D# B4 \2 f Calgary's housing market recorded blazing average house price increases
$ A% n. O8 {7 ain the third quarter, in all surveyed categories. The burgeoning economy, low
7 O/ Q' ~" p# l/ l9 K4 kunemployment rates and low inventory levels remained the leading factors that* \8 v, q% S$ W6 [
pressured Calgary's house prices upwards. However, regardless of the soaring! n& E& e$ b* _9 e- f0 W
prices that characterized the market - even during the typically slower summer
/ U' w. e" ]( a' dseason - it is expected that activity will become slightly more balanced, as& ~/ a8 ?4 f7 [/ D8 \
buyers are becoming more reluctant to participate in the frenetic activity.
( y. X5 @3 p8 }: b9 J! p+ e+ y \* F# T% i+ W
Edmonton's booming local economy continued to thrive in the third quarter
+ D* |5 u( E0 P7 Y# n0 h" Las activity in the oil sands north of the city continued to flourish. Edmonton @0 z3 N& ^$ G. U
remained the hub of activity for those coming to work in the oil industry,
2 f( e7 P/ a6 Y) `0 A( p8 emaintaining tight inventory levels across the city, resulting in prices
! n4 J7 `. s! N' p2 Eincreasing at record levels. However, as inventory levels continued to improve& R6 \+ o$ n% v/ L# j% Y0 F/ f
in the third quarter the rate of price appreciation should moderate slightly" {- Q+ D- F0 m& V* i& b( v
towards the end of 2006.
( S. E) o& J" L$ X) E( g+ D% V$ I& c! j
While Vancouver has seen a slight reprieve from the severe shortage of8 R% { Z7 ]; ]5 B* p
inventory that had previously characterized the market, supply is still unable
+ h- N i2 h. f' Eto meet demand, driving house prices upwards. Vancouver has a very diverse
* |0 K2 K' B8 ?7 L5 E6 T# Z* Lgroup of active buyers - from first-time home buyers to baby-boomers to
9 a9 t x6 O8 O- s, Yforeign investors - all of whom fuel the demand for houses, placing added- D/ Q6 f% `/ F7 d0 o/ J0 Y- `$ c
pressure on tight inventory levels.0 b X% w1 Q5 j' f0 v
* k/ H4 M. C6 |+ a
Victoria's market is vibrant and supported by strong economic# c ~4 {1 k( t
fundamentals, fuelled by a booming tech sector and a migration of young people
; w- F0 }7 m( S7 s; i& y- h Ointo the city that has continued to support the area's house price increases;
. e* @) s p! L; @0 xwhile increased inventory levels have afforded buyers more time when searching
/ ^# W/ {" i6 Z* l5 Vfor a home, helping to normalize the market's pace.
. m* w+ L4 d7 j$ {! a
- \- y7 o3 l9 a$ ~9 I7 t4 h* \7 I <<4 d+ U; |& h# S, y
Survey of Canadian Average House Prices in the Third Quarter 2006
" T& r' ~; m D, R' W1 X- u, e9 _) G- H/ ]
-------------------------------------------------------------------------) T4 H4 \! Q7 ~0 j- V& k2 L3 n
Detached Bungalows Standard Two Storey
& x2 R3 u; V" ^) Y -------------------------------------------------------------------------, n% G; J. M& i: x4 `/ l
2006 Q3 2005 Q3 Bungalow 2006 Q3 2005 Q3
: V5 J8 U5 i$ ^7 v" c$ O( p6 ] Market Average Average % Change Average Average1 g9 P( w4 U/ T2 j9 Q
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
7 ?/ q( K/ N c+ |7 f/ c Halifax 186,333 173,333 7.5% 198,667 199,000
d" C9 w, Y0 c: Q% P -------------------------------------------------------------------------
4 K z4 v: O: p4 `* c- D Charlottetown 145,000 141,000 2.8% 175,000 170,0007 ?& E9 ]7 Z0 }. {* B/ @1 a
-------------------------------------------------------------------------+ O" u) z+ K' U) {' K- F3 b% P2 S
Moncton 135,000 127,000 6.3% 129,000 123,000
; I$ Y w3 N0 M- ^* H -------------------------------------------------------------------------
$ X2 Q+ ?& n7 }" { a) q9 w$ y Saint John 141,200 142,900 -1.2% - -
# t f$ S# z& R9 b; E2 i -------------------------------------------------------------------------1 d' `3 V% K! [! T3 D& }
St. John's 143,667 142,667 0.7% 200,667 202,333
7 Q* }% n& ^7 B& B" o" G7 s# A" Y -------------------------------------------------------------------------
2 U7 ^* {4 s( A Atlantic 150,240 145,380 3.3% 175,833 173,5832 n2 h; w6 `# K
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
5 b7 Y, P! }; d" o0 T: P Montreal 213,691 203,500 5.0% 321,141 316,185/ H/ V- A% i/ b2 M; Q$ d% N
-------------------------------------------------------------------------6 f; D& t! i2 U! w. O* Y
Ottawa 290,083 278,417 4.2% 285,667 273,250- |, U+ z, n' S% m, o
------------------------------------------------------------------------- z1 L5 z' v `1 ?6 S1 i4 Q! ~% a
Toronto 373,368 355,882 4.9% 481,523 474,766" E$ U3 Q% B7 a
-------------------------------------------------------------------------6 e; L P) K. Z& l4 S' B
Winnipeg 181,579 159,860 13.6% 202,337 180,707
/ @4 t9 l9 I( }/ E' Z -------------------------------------------------------------------------% k0 V& w, I# D/ W6 I
Saskatchewan 170,667 156,083 9.3% 182,600 166,500$ y: ~( Q% _& v6 I7 y% _
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
, {( g/ k8 O7 F) |5 X Calgary 395,067 252,411 56.5% 405,778 264,389+ {, `1 X% D1 Z
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
: r" \) P+ ]$ t5 U8 z. Q" T5 ` Edmonton 286,857 194,857 47.2% 316,429 206,714
6 q* V6 g& ^1 G -------------------------------------------------------------------------
9 N' P$ ~5 k, J! b; }7 W! k! i% i: N8 R Vancouver 704,250 601,000 17.2% 794,000 697,500
; P5 C0 e& S. z -------------------------------------------------------------------------
! B# P7 V& x; i8 p, j Victoria 375,000 348,000 7.8% 403,000 391,000, Z# z( g g; K! _$ G5 B# l7 y
-------------------------------------------------------------------------' }6 `! j/ N! t4 C, T3 w
National 300,365 258,202 16.3% 365,380 322,860
3 u2 E! ?1 x( R; z -------------------------------------------------------------------------- g6 X! K5 C; x; q: ~1 {
% h! O7 E; J, f
------------------------------------------------------------- V7 r0 {2 n u* g# l
Standard Condominium
% P" P! c$ [* H -------------------------------------------------------------
( D" }' P$ Z' ] Q/ E) \$ G7 g 2-Storey 2006 Q3 2005 Q3 Condo
( x2 E {, Q( B# c C7 g Market % Change Average Average % Change5 T3 _9 s0 Q- }
-------------------------------------------------------------
9 t0 F0 }. s/ s# \" y# R2 x& | Halifax -0.2% 142,000 103,000 37.9%" z7 d' [' F+ v) a: I
-------------------------------------------------------------
" M, i8 M# d6 v Charlottetown 2.9% 98,000 98,000 0.0%( h4 O8 v1 f- j8 e" M
-------------------------------------------------------------3 |% v% U2 b) M6 J+ F0 C
Moncton 4.9% - - N/A
$ d+ L6 W* v' P2 n -------------------------------------------------------------
3 t' d, U7 S. W6 H7 ? Saint John N/A - - N/A- z7 | R7 i' E( z$ L) \4 q
-------------------------------------------------------------
7 O# g8 V$ W* R ] St. John's -0.8% 146,333 145,667 0.5%
( @. n2 O1 ~# e! r -------------------------------------------------------------
; D0 g& u+ N! W3 x; w6 p Atlantic 1.3% 128,778 115,556 11.4%. O- `- J3 O! f2 I' f% S- j1 F
-------------------------------------------------------------
5 E% S$ v8 b1 l2 S5 d Montreal 1.6% 193,190 188,016 2.8%
& O& x/ W) v. ~& m: X8 F: U$ ? -------------------------------------------------------------6 n, \' S2 T* {
Ottawa 4.5% 181,083 172,250 5.1% q8 z$ r% [1 |; a
-------------------------------------------------------------
# c% j0 g7 C' x* x z' O Toronto 1.4% 252,088 242,918 3.8%; I* `5 i0 n; t6 {6 Y+ D2 V3 O
-------------------------------------------------------------
{7 K j9 T6 g0 l( @1 k$ f Winnipeg 12.0% 105,648 96,008 10.0%5 y1 x8 l! @ U- \7 D- s/ W
-------------------------------------------------------------4 `6 I$ T; F+ X d
Saskatchewan 9.7% 106,250 101,000 5.2%- N& c$ Q6 H- C) P# B5 ^4 X1 p
-------------------------------------------------------------
q# D0 I1 ~& `6 [( C; S) E$ | Calgary 53.5% 245,844 153,867 59.8%. s* a0 S7 d3 p' }, f. F. A
-------------------------------------------------------------: \% R& r9 m. c% u$ C& w
Edmonton 53.1% 200,433 131,500 52.4%& ^: D" f' n! D
-------------------------------------------------------------! X. J3 U% A8 h1 D7 Q4 d6 t
Vancouver 13.8% 366,250 323,250 13.3%
2 V) W' S! X3 L' o7 e5 V, g -------------------------------------------------------------0 g f' u1 I9 [. \: f+ y+ b
Victoria 3.1% 229,000 220,000 4.1%: [* B# ]9 r2 a8 e! {& ^+ w
-------------------------------------------------------------
' `2 ^. U3 Q, a' u# B$ m. C' E, I- _ National 13.2% 211,562 185,296 14.2%
+ N7 q* s; ?& a% I -------------------------------------------------------------7 h- E. `6 |6 _: A
>>( v+ l; C) R" a7 U% @ J
- B2 U8 F/ x2 Z3 @+ Z) S* F
Average house prices are based on an average of all sub-markets examined
, z6 ~$ L/ l& R& A1 a7 ?: y9 O, i: Cin the area, except for the smaller markets of Charlottetown, Moncton, Saint
7 O# g Y7 C$ L/ I- g6 Z4 S0 m) S1 fJohn and Victoria.4 ^' Z% |, G/ t/ q0 x" B
# f2 {: e9 }7 F& w# B The Royal LePage Survey of Canadian House Prices is the largest, most
# N( Z$ W& j, R4 ^8 d- Wcomprehensive study of its kind in Canada, with information on seven types of7 x* ?. s* s4 X3 r( C5 j
housing in over 250 neighbourhoods from coast to coast. This release
8 K! u, y# Q8 {1 [1 [# z+ k1 oreferences an abbreviated version of the survey, which highlights house price
4 m8 u$ l" G' I# o/ qtrends for the three most common types of housing in Canada in 80 communities( D4 R6 C* h5 v: }/ P3 [+ G
across the country. A complete database of past and present surveys is z* p3 j1 R, X% h
available on the Royal LePage Web site at www.royallepage.ca, and current1 x& F. G7 S/ m3 P( G: Z' v, u
figures will be updated following the end of the third quarter. A printable
1 p/ m7 w) G$ }version of the third quarter 2006 survey will be available online on
' n( _. }# v/ z' V! kNovember 15, 2006.) B9 L/ @7 h. `
Housing values in the Royal LePage Survey are Royal LePage opinions of
% X/ g" m( C: ^fair market value in each location, based on local data and market knowledge I0 N* T3 Z* e+ w- B. W" `
provided by Royal LePage residential real estate experts. Historical data is
( H6 D! w1 W& o% M' U: X2 xavailable for some areas back to the early 1970s. |
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