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Canada's housing market both vigorous and stable 8 |- e& n- J' G6 Y+ ^3 f) x
6 [6 ]9 d/ H d: j; u
- Country's market poised to show growth throughout 2006 -6 a% m: B- F3 E1 z5 d* B- m
6 A, e. i+ L0 O, O TORONTO, Sept. 28 /CNW/ - For most of Canada, the housing market
1 x8 j. V% a3 |# H& F p( _exhibited moderate price increases and stable unit sales during the third
6 A$ Y+ z; C' r$ w7 Kquarter. Wide regional variances continued to be the dominant characteristic- M) _3 [( E: c/ Y; s
in the market, exemplified by frenzied levels of activity and double digit: W: ?: q8 u9 H; E c+ A, B: X
price gains observed in the energy and commodity rich Western provinces, and" b) T v6 \% k& I% ^
more reasonable sales volumes and moderate price appreciation in Ontario,
; C5 F% }8 f! b5 q2 H2 w: bQuebec and Atlantic Canada, according to a report released today by Royal
8 q1 A. m- O. D1 L' S rLePage Real Estate Services.- H' j# m& l7 O3 g; K$ F1 z
. r+ w+ a( {' m' ~. G Nationally, market trends established through the first three quarters
9 @& L+ W, X, f2 V4 {are forecast to continue for the remainder of the year. Robust economic! [; j: d8 A7 L" z% X$ p
conditions, low unemployment rates, modestly growing salaries and wages, and
) t& v" r9 F- {% Dsound consumer confidence contributed to the overall strength of the6 J/ s2 ?" R' k# V1 k, g
residential real estate sector.' r0 `4 p! P$ c+ Q' \3 F Y3 P) Z
K7 D; {5 s* {$ R2 \: ^& Z, G d
Of the housing types surveyed, the highest average price appreciation& m$ k; V m$ |3 [
occurred in detached bungalows, which rose to $300,365 (+16.3%)
/ E' t% D. }5 A& D5 D0 e8 h7 P: eyear-over-year, followed by standard condominiums, which rose to $211,5621 K& M: Y5 j! F
(+14.2%), and standard two-storey properties, which increased to $365,380* C- C a; b: s% l. t! s
(+13.2%).
/ I- W3 e8 S: v% D e: w! t$ Q. X+ l. |, M. J. g# D' s+ A, u
"Canada's sturdy housing market continued to demonstrate steady growth
/ B# u& S2 E# w$ {during the third quarter. For all but the west, we have moved on from the
; s( O! N, w1 |9 A+ }' `: b D8 mfrenzied expansion that characterized the first half of this decade, and are
( N1 h, q9 Z: v$ q/ mpoised to show continued growth at a more moderate pace," said Phil Soper,
0 p7 B% c" o8 R( I [) `. h- ~; tpresident and chief executive officer, Royal LePage Real Estate Services.
7 |, ]; A& `/ o2 J4 U* I"Gone is the sellers' market that we have lived with for some years. We/ j6 k" w3 @( A( f. ^5 ~
welcome the more reliable conditions that are characteristic of a healthy
5 h7 {: q" ~7 X3 \3 x- Xbalanced market."$ k- I- h6 I& S. }3 B R; t
" d2 Z3 i+ a& P! r8 h- @9 | Despite the double-digit rise in average national house prices,
8 ^5 {: j3 j# s. ]considerable regional variances were exhibited again this quarter. The shift
, y; }# E! _' D# K5 Pto balanced market conditions, which began in late 2005, has continued
' H8 j7 @! c. E# d2 R# _: t, ?throughout most of the Central and Eastern regions of the country. In the core6 s; G8 z% g+ F3 r" L! q$ `+ A$ U% J
energy producing western provinces, the combination of very high in-migration,
- z9 {9 e! ~" J: ?manageable affordability, and a shortage of inventory has driven record" v2 y: S6 [+ M
breaking price appreciations.
( S4 R( Q$ n) A* A6 q" M
" V2 a% V, v( x& H' I4 L Echoing the second quarter and supported by Alberta's rapidly expanding. m$ G" a4 M# l+ r( A& k: L
economy, Calgary and Edmonton led the charge of Canadian cities with the$ p& \- o4 |8 Z) p+ h0 V: Q
largest house price appreciation in all housing types surveyed.
$ O" z [+ z1 [ K6 `6 X0 Y
; ~) r% a3 @, H; ~" f0 o In Ottawa and Toronto, growth remained steady, supported by solid) \* w- u* f N9 ^
economic fundamentals, an increase in available inventory and strong consumer" m1 P9 ]! s3 p
confidence. While the pace of price appreciation in Ontario leveled off
- B& Q- ]/ e3 w8 Cslightly, the province's real estate market remains poised for modest growth.) s: z+ q% Y `" F
In Atlantic Canada, new housing and condominium construction offered buyers
) f# ]6 h; w' _greater selection at more competitive prices, resulting in a slower rate of7 | m- ^7 h+ h1 l) B3 Y: i
price appreciation when compared with 2005." j2 F6 r6 s3 N
2 [' v& t4 I- h9 p
While the pace of growth in Canada has slowed, the domestic housing
2 T5 i5 a! s7 v( v& @$ E( rmarket is expected to outperform the American market. The economic and9 ?& H) i# U3 @9 } L0 I
financial fundamentals driving the residential real estate sector in Canada3 Y) S) B" {+ F4 U1 }9 H- A
are markedly different than those found in the United States.
1 J1 t! [7 d2 G. {4 v, @$ @
/ b3 f V# h. x' L" S% C& e Added Soper: "Canada's housing market is likely to outperform the3 ~- L8 E9 R1 S+ v+ Y$ s$ i" w
American market through 2007. A number of factors are working in Canada's
! [4 \/ A3 Z5 y1 @# |, g; f1 rfavour, including healthy personal and governmental debt levels, the$ `7 p' }1 q8 w- x
relatively modest rise in interest rates in our country, and general
: ~' D; m; K& [% w8 a3 gaffordability in our major cities. In addition, Americans are now seeing the, w* I8 J+ i# ]- }4 v) f
downside of a tax system that encourages maximum homeowner leverage, and
5 s! m% i9 \4 k- u+ laggressive financial products such as zero- and negative-amortization+ R9 X' i: m# Q! C# U! S
mortgages that work only in a high price growth environment."% e; k0 \+ q3 x" b: Q
& W/ E/ K0 U0 Q% G3 L; k
<<1 A7 f0 h$ O; V9 u5 M( e3 a
REGIONAL SUMMARIES# S% ]! `9 l& p4 l4 A4 ^3 p: ]
>>
, C( R4 g2 v! X0 e! U% W' x% v3 I+ V) Z
Balanced conditions continued to characterize the housing market in% b# z F: ]! Z& O0 |% I) c1 K9 _: D
Halifax, as significantly higher inventory levels helped to moderate the rate
3 @. y& z5 _: Wof price appreciation. Buyers were increasingly choosy, taking more time
# r. x% N/ m3 p/ N' K( wlooking for newer, low-maintenance properties that were not in need of
8 Z3 p* J# p& A: O/ Drenovations.
$ U& D {' U; E3 G3 ~% V% Z$ N3 T$ J/ ~3 ?' C7 @
The housing market in Moncton remained healthy and strong as a slight, X0 S- H, p( r, X; h
increase in inventory helped to moderate the rate of price appreciation' R, w, Z7 s0 Q4 x
compared to the same period in 2005. Activity was brisk throughout August and5 W' z' S; c" L
September and is expected to remain this way through the fourth quarter.% T3 m( f% s; e' z5 D, L/ n6 S
4 z* o3 C- Z3 z( R2 n4 A: e) @) N* t The housing market in Saint John underwent its traditional summer: e; @/ z" S/ ]+ y" v2 g6 E
slowdown in the third quarter, with activity picking up towards the end of the
* O0 D7 y8 h7 c0 `6 ~5 i4 lquarter. The local economy continued to thrive, as construction on a new1 S9 _5 G# B- A
600,000 square-foot shopping area has begun, bringing several new box stores
" M0 Q, q' ^& Y/ F5 u) L4 [to the area. Buyers have begun seeking less expensive fixtures for their homes5 S; S7 k7 _" h* n5 ^
and are instead opting for more affordable housing options.$ s4 Q# C: R2 U+ `
$ C/ V, ]6 {0 j! _. K* I) P* B6 m' z
In Charlottetown, the housing market started to move towards balanced
( s' n, ]. k- i( K& B# V. uconditions, as some sellers had to begin to lower the asking prices on their
1 f: M" b, Q8 w" g' B# h8 Phomes to make them more competitive. Activity from out-of-town and US buyers
; \6 t* ^# A8 [5 f H7 ]8 X. lwas down slightly compared to 2005, likely attributable to the strong Canadian" ^% n. k+ K7 t2 N+ S5 E; k
dollar. Inventory levels began to creep up in the third quarter, providing
/ L: \6 a. \6 Y! G, G/ O, p/ _buyers with more options when looking for a home.+ B1 P) Z% Q0 O2 ~# F( H
* F- u* X( V2 F Activity in St. John's slowed slightly in the third quarter, particularly
( m8 i( J) s9 u% u7 I5 C! I8 C7 camong higher-priced properties, where there was a slight over-supply of homes
( P1 e% Z/ C& M/ c0 ^1 d: npriced over $200,000. Listing periods have increased when compared with 2005,
8 g& u, G. h6 @1 l/ h2 mas some of the pent-up demand that had characterized the market over the last0 d8 u6 i' \, k: g1 X b' N8 m( B% p( b
few years has been satisfied, resulting in more normal, balanced conditions.( e' A* `! f U7 S
1 H5 P" C. C( f1 G4 L' P) u3 z Q
Montreal's housing market recorded modest increases in average house
# V& y4 _! e& @0 Mprices, due to a slight seasonal slowdown in the third quarter as inventory
$ V6 S. U! L, K; a4 W: r4 Flevels rose. Part of this can be attributed to the fact that many renting
# j7 h G# D6 ~5 y1 i" p& ~0 e* {: efirst-time buyers were motivated to close on the purchase of a home by July 1,
/ D/ H7 F2 h+ O+ V* Q* N7 n9 {$ ?& gwhen rental leases expire in Quebec. Once this date has passed some of the
1 `! z* b7 O7 Q8 m+ zpressure is taken off the market, allowing buyers to visit more homes before% o5 D% b9 C( B
making a purchase.& c" m L5 k. S& l" {
1 l! Z5 D% Z! A: [ T) E: l5 a5 v
Ottawa held its position as one of the country's most stable housing
8 D/ R, Z7 U* m# Jmarkets in the third quarter, reinforced by a vibrant local economy and strong, z. Z, ~" z0 E9 e0 v" c' o# n
confidence, resulting in modest increases in average house prices. The city, V! V( Z) W7 z' k; s5 F0 d2 P
centre remained a bright spot in Ottawa, with homes in this area attracting
9 s) U( U# Z# ~$ h& M8 Tattention due to their convenient location and proximity to downtown$ Q/ V* p& U0 w5 i" W7 x R5 T/ C
amenities.3 L* ?0 o: Z& ?! j
. v3 c+ B3 \/ ~ The housing market in Toronto sustained healthy activity levels1 ]# h7 A7 F9 g6 H6 w
throughout the third quarter, as a strong economy helped to maintain demand
* \+ b* f5 v1 h+ ~, ^5 Cacross the city, causing average house prices to rise moderately. Toronto has
" {6 F' d8 ^" s8 icontinued to experience modest growth in average house prices, and has been
. l4 s* Z1 Q. S$ B0 V0 kdriven primarily by purchasers who are buying homes as their principle8 u( s* d) g5 E
residence, rather than for investment.5 ?' c. a M. Z' P( f8 }$ O. M
' i8 I; P' j* ]. k" K% D The vibrant Winnipeg housing market continued to show its strength as
3 j) H. Z/ [: Y" Xhouse prices rose during the third quarter. The booming local economy resulted1 Q' Y; H3 u7 V [
in a historically low unemployment rate, helping to bolster consumer5 t) R9 r; W8 ^4 s' D
confidence and Winnipeg's ranking as the city with the lowest capitalization
: Y! D9 K' U+ Jrate among the country's larger cities - helped to encourage buyers to enter
, @! ~8 p' y" s. n! Z2 \the market./ \! U" x5 T, o8 K7 o
) z b% {. i* o6 R( @/ R5 ~ In Regina, the market experienced a slight seasonal slowdown through* ]" \6 J0 n$ X6 Y- f9 _3 t
July, as there were fewer purchasers in the market due to summer vacations. In% u. U' x% N+ F8 u" {
August, activity resumed to the busy pace previously seen in the spring ?; {$ x {) M1 T: V$ r
months, as the influx of purchasers made it more difficult to find a home due
& ]$ P- }$ [" d' ato the shortage of available inventory.) ^, o% t5 O2 y% j
0 q5 ?! C: V# L/ z* \. L( R V
Activity in Saskatoon remained brisk as the market maintained its
; L' A n4 _( P$ Xmomentum from the busy spring sales period. The economy in Saskatoon remains/ }- f' X" A+ j# H; s! G* l
vibrant, as employment opportunities are abundant with many businesses
% }2 U- v Z' i5 t. |struggling to make hires and having to recruit outside the province.: [: d- Y4 E6 @; `
+ v/ D6 j. X0 { p3 L) U" A* m
Calgary's housing market recorded blazing average house price increases
( K4 ~9 }$ a3 i+ I* `in the third quarter, in all surveyed categories. The burgeoning economy, low/ t2 D, s% V9 r. @ s
unemployment rates and low inventory levels remained the leading factors that
2 n$ O- U. r. opressured Calgary's house prices upwards. However, regardless of the soaring( T# h) l" G; G/ r
prices that characterized the market - even during the typically slower summer% C( V! G% n- g
season - it is expected that activity will become slightly more balanced, as
0 \ R* s" a4 K7 i( [7 |buyers are becoming more reluctant to participate in the frenetic activity.
, q! T/ S( m& S
' X7 N- t0 F4 j p! v" m Edmonton's booming local economy continued to thrive in the third quarter8 g; i- E& p3 v0 H6 I( B" v: w1 c
as activity in the oil sands north of the city continued to flourish. Edmonton
: Q/ ~0 k! _8 p x: f* J8 {remained the hub of activity for those coming to work in the oil industry,6 ?* v* x7 u5 y5 N2 Y8 f6 t( }
maintaining tight inventory levels across the city, resulting in prices
6 K. Q6 N7 R, `! Bincreasing at record levels. However, as inventory levels continued to improve2 p2 v% ]4 F2 T4 N* h; e& a
in the third quarter the rate of price appreciation should moderate slightly
& n5 a2 _) H/ L W3 e# |towards the end of 2006.
' O# \1 N0 _$ J& U* } C, w. Q! y4 t6 } R2 k
While Vancouver has seen a slight reprieve from the severe shortage of% M* U0 m( @+ W5 x
inventory that had previously characterized the market, supply is still unable5 s1 q6 T J# D/ [
to meet demand, driving house prices upwards. Vancouver has a very diverse5 p4 r' B" O* B d
group of active buyers - from first-time home buyers to baby-boomers to/ ^* |: u3 h, I) N9 B1 B$ y; J, K
foreign investors - all of whom fuel the demand for houses, placing added* Q5 B `' A& |) e8 Z5 ~1 } f
pressure on tight inventory levels.+ u4 p* S1 }8 q$ ~+ @
. N- P3 j; h% f0 B3 i8 ^ Victoria's market is vibrant and supported by strong economic
" i$ o# G( R. `2 e% J& mfundamentals, fuelled by a booming tech sector and a migration of young people# O7 v: ~7 v2 O6 U
into the city that has continued to support the area's house price increases;
[. x# B5 G) t' |8 H" W5 K' lwhile increased inventory levels have afforded buyers more time when searching
# C3 \, a% h* M" |; m, Wfor a home, helping to normalize the market's pace.* p6 E% R- ^% }; d% ~0 K; ]
, {* z% A0 E3 ^
<<
u7 j4 N3 O8 r( `6 s Survey of Canadian Average House Prices in the Third Quarter 2006$ D% e: G1 j5 m" ~
r" _6 Q9 a" E! c# A2 c! {
------------------------------------------------------------------------- ` L. G0 x$ g# B0 t
Detached Bungalows Standard Two Storey
- J; z* q6 l$ | -------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 G f* K# [2 [( M' E5 S f 2006 Q3 2005 Q3 Bungalow 2006 Q3 2005 Q3: J2 V1 N( f5 x- C3 \8 P
Market Average Average % Change Average Average0 K! o% b' @9 F& O
-------------------------------------------------------------------------) A/ b( z0 ~2 ]* y3 ^
Halifax 186,333 173,333 7.5% 198,667 199,0005 L' c( | D; `6 j+ w3 w9 M
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
/ U' k ^2 u% a; o; I g1 i Charlottetown 145,000 141,000 2.8% 175,000 170,0006 @! O5 k0 l) |) ?) }# u
-------------------------------------------------------------------------/ _7 g K/ k) G) s" _
Moncton 135,000 127,000 6.3% 129,000 123,000) Q9 [4 M, u5 O+ m w$ K; i( D
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
. _$ c3 g: z6 M Saint John 141,200 142,900 -1.2% - -' G4 o% C" y! ]4 L9 t7 R
-------------------------------------------------------------------------% ?$ o9 w% k, k) J3 N
St. John's 143,667 142,667 0.7% 200,667 202,333
* P) V: s+ {) o -------------------------------------------------------------------------
$ A+ e% q* l: H9 v, a0 z! `: c6 { Atlantic 150,240 145,380 3.3% 175,833 173,5838 e8 P' j* o# D+ K$ w4 q
-------------------------------------------------------------------------8 H. Z* y0 `" f7 F; y$ z
Montreal 213,691 203,500 5.0% 321,141 316,185
& G2 I' \9 J; Q! u7 Z! r' R# C, M -------------------------------------------------------------------------
. ^8 K+ }% v! _( Q0 E Ottawa 290,083 278,417 4.2% 285,667 273,250
" R7 p6 w: K% x; d" y- N, T -------------------------------------------------------------------------: L" I, X0 _4 [7 N& ?+ l4 s
Toronto 373,368 355,882 4.9% 481,523 474,766+ R2 S+ K; P0 R3 ^; o
-------------------------------------------------------------------------/ Q' j9 F. h: M" v4 }
Winnipeg 181,579 159,860 13.6% 202,337 180,707
9 G# Y8 d$ ]4 \* v. s8 G, J# F/ K/ k -------------------------------------------------------------------------0 Y2 G" D9 `# c; K8 l+ |9 Y i
Saskatchewan 170,667 156,083 9.3% 182,600 166,500
- t$ J1 \: \' k( x5 v2 }; M: i' L -------------------------------------------------------------------------
- r0 J {: M- \ l- ^$ ? Calgary 395,067 252,411 56.5% 405,778 264,3893 k5 Z( x# s' @2 E/ ~
-------------------------------------------------------------------------5 w/ k4 j2 p& a; i; w
Edmonton 286,857 194,857 47.2% 316,429 206,714" Z3 v: D7 O: H
-------------------------------------------------------------------------# y4 r) v( f+ {3 E
Vancouver 704,250 601,000 17.2% 794,000 697,500
4 J6 }2 I- i5 h. D! m0 u -------------------------------------------------------------------------/ n6 B$ j- c2 ~+ y
Victoria 375,000 348,000 7.8% 403,000 391,000
. }, ^0 K* B( a1 O -------------------------------------------------------------------------; r6 I* p* d& k, `% M% b
National 300,365 258,202 16.3% 365,380 322,860
8 Q: v+ o/ a! _7 e -------------------------------------------------------------------------
5 x' Z- J& W0 G& m0 E5 ~3 O( ?- G* v, R6 w
-------------------------------------------------------------7 P9 _. L3 Z0 J7 n2 v4 e
Standard Condominium
# Z' ^5 ~; ?8 H$ l* U1 ] -------------------------------------------------------------
- z8 Q* k" p5 p8 U, d, F4 a 2-Storey 2006 Q3 2005 Q3 Condo6 N# N' N: Q6 K2 c+ H' P7 u' e' a
Market % Change Average Average % Change
, H/ m3 L7 F, _8 c ? -------------------------------------------------------------
3 E" J6 g. U" S Halifax -0.2% 142,000 103,000 37.9%8 F ]0 o4 Y6 p9 w
-------------------------------------------------------------* _0 o4 z7 h$ _5 z2 X' ~3 J8 O
Charlottetown 2.9% 98,000 98,000 0.0%
- ?( f( r% q9 G& o5 | -------------------------------------------------------------
* ^! Z( {$ s( i2 E/ N; ]' V Moncton 4.9% - - N/A
+ v5 Q( h) v5 ^# Q& [# @# s! S -------------------------------------------------------------! X% U% y- v; g2 [ N0 d
Saint John N/A - - N/A K4 s; u) t N
-------------------------------------------------------------
" J0 v4 o& E3 I" {( y& ^' q( L0 a St. John's -0.8% 146,333 145,667 0.5%3 y# @" `6 W: N
-------------------------------------------------------------4 K4 j; w; w* F( |
Atlantic 1.3% 128,778 115,556 11.4%
: F; ]1 x2 Q4 C* o0 s -------------------------------------------------------------; N Z9 V: y$ e6 M% J. Q# C# N
Montreal 1.6% 193,190 188,016 2.8%
# C6 b; L' N$ b8 W9 p7 n -------------------------------------------------------------
7 w+ ^6 z3 n: b2 x4 |) ?. }; O, Z Ottawa 4.5% 181,083 172,250 5.1%
/ m% N6 _2 S" R' c: W -------------------------------------------------------------1 P# F% v' R5 C, g5 T* h
Toronto 1.4% 252,088 242,918 3.8%
1 N" C6 Y6 l& p3 E -------------------------------------------------------------
4 e; k2 `" N# `- O Winnipeg 12.0% 105,648 96,008 10.0%& s5 O; J1 N6 ^/ I
-------------------------------------------------------------) [/ X2 G) P2 c: ~
Saskatchewan 9.7% 106,250 101,000 5.2%
- o5 C5 Y. e7 _; ? -------------------------------------------------------------# {, X) Y3 w/ W! L3 e* H
Calgary 53.5% 245,844 153,867 59.8%
* v" d/ }- i# w# s, R -------------------------------------------------------------: u; c$ _8 h& i& e# j) s
Edmonton 53.1% 200,433 131,500 52.4%
6 h" \( v+ w% r9 U -------------------------------------------------------------: [3 a/ v/ Z( M8 |8 A/ B N& W
Vancouver 13.8% 366,250 323,250 13.3%1 Y1 F: f* s: f) C! N, }
-------------------------------------------------------------
, M2 P3 q8 S, X5 }# I Victoria 3.1% 229,000 220,000 4.1%" p( o* I! D8 P: g
-------------------------------------------------------------! ` n. I4 K6 N6 E3 O/ d
National 13.2% 211,562 185,296 14.2%2 M4 ~- u* T/ G' a+ ]1 G0 ^
-------------------------------------------------------------* i7 U3 E8 r) O$ ^$ e" ]
>>
" f. D/ c; j/ ?; ~$ P
' v/ V" x" ]/ `6 A5 M7 k Average house prices are based on an average of all sub-markets examined8 }5 c# Y8 ]( q' E: F" f0 d. q
in the area, except for the smaller markets of Charlottetown, Moncton, Saint) N W5 J! \( c! {8 Q
John and Victoria.
& l' z( `/ j3 [* v
+ r" }! y( F5 t/ u* Q6 d0 e The Royal LePage Survey of Canadian House Prices is the largest, most% _* ~9 R3 o" @- ]) {
comprehensive study of its kind in Canada, with information on seven types of" ~2 r/ I0 E# x( F/ m/ D9 A% H! q
housing in over 250 neighbourhoods from coast to coast. This release
3 ]4 |; I+ B4 p% H3 z, ireferences an abbreviated version of the survey, which highlights house price
$ z4 B: E b) _# j) t7 p! _trends for the three most common types of housing in Canada in 80 communities7 T# B+ F1 X& C( s0 a" {/ S- W
across the country. A complete database of past and present surveys is
/ @: N7 \! J. o) I/ ^available on the Royal LePage Web site at www.royallepage.ca, and current
# ]4 M( W+ d. {4 R5 p* `" R$ Nfigures will be updated following the end of the third quarter. A printable
" V: m2 q- H6 j k. Iversion of the third quarter 2006 survey will be available online on
6 l$ o2 k) I3 t* A: pNovember 15, 2006.
# n) }5 z! \/ L* A Housing values in the Royal LePage Survey are Royal LePage opinions of8 S+ t4 Q- F# p5 z. P) `
fair market value in each location, based on local data and market knowledge
" l& H% T* D4 Oprovided by Royal LePage residential real estate experts. Historical data is9 Z+ {$ E; y& g& [* a( S! e
available for some areas back to the early 1970s. |
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