 鲜花( 240)  鸡蛋( 18)
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发表于 2016-7-3 17:52
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THE METHODS OF NONVIOLENT PROTEST AND PERSUASION% O' F8 f( _ I9 A# l3 _* a; k3 U2 G
Formal Statements
- R3 F& j$ \/ p7 M8 C 1. Public Speeches: _# P8 n0 \4 Q1 E& ?- U; }; I: b
2. Letters of opposition or support
+ I8 }' u, n. T; V% M6 H 3. Declarations by organizations and institutions$ o- @ I' D/ X4 L- p ?2 m9 F+ q
4. Signed public statements
+ H9 V! @+ \# @* W! Z! f, ^0 T( a7 _& L 5. Declarations of indictment and intention
! a& V) V# k4 |4 L5 m3 `/ \% [ 6. Group or mass petitions
. U; x" m( v4 `1 q
: [8 c8 O& j. k% R8 TCommunications with a Wider Audience7 K8 h% P! e& I! i" d: \
7. Slogans, caricatures, and symbols
1 M+ Y( ?( |# ~' w& n 8. Banners, posters, and displayed communications
4 R% Y$ q5 h! S. D% r: { 9. Leaflets, pamphlets, and books
2 \; }# G0 _5 y3 G) }; v 10. Newspapers and journals
6 [6 p6 A& ]- Y; C8 s 11. Records, radio, and television
8 o* M) A1 I8 M3 `* }7 L% T" x 12. Skywriting and earthwriting
R1 w& E9 \6 Y( O& ]* _
& |& h! \: J# j* H0 W0 v. XGroup Representations
5 \1 H# t. L. L 13. Deputations" |+ M. ~- ?2 Z7 Q4 `/ }
14. Mock awards
$ a" s, y4 A3 [9 X: U/ F3 M @/ L 15. Group lobbying3 ^* L; S4 C- ^/ v% {
16. Picketing
q* x/ n+ z/ Y. P$ z 17. Mock elections# R7 N' [: C$ t Q& p' a, x$ X
9 n' |/ y) z4 ^/ g$ uSymbolic Public Acts
1 h6 o! c, h: }; G N5 I5 } 18. Displays of flags and symbolic colors
/ P2 g, z- R M% M+ Q 19. Wearing of symbols
4 S9 d$ y( ?3 ?0 s1 W 20. Prayer and worship% L: @# w3 e7 P7 c, u
21. Delivering symbolic objects+ {0 c9 z# o) N3 a, _2 J
22. Protest disrobings
- k8 I0 ?8 B: P% l& }0 Y& S 23. Destruction of own property/ m- f& \9 y9 \
24. Symbolic lights, b& J4 V% N' P
25. Displays of portraits
5 b& [4 n5 a$ z 26. Paint as protest
9 s( {( T: Z; ^& [/ _ 27. New signs and names g. P, |! B4 Y
28. Symbolic sounds5 \* N y7 V9 O- }$ t
29. Symbolic reclamations7 v( X& e' G5 w& g
30. Rude gestures
& d) t# R; p7 h7 R' ~/ K8 z: {
, ]! B. v# U$ X0 E1 h$ o: b% NPressures on Individuals
2 J0 C! y: I6 Z% m0 @, a 31. “Haunting” officials
2 e6 |" Y# d5 W" V 32. Taunting officials
6 y$ h1 z' l/ T# [+ M) o; S 33. Fraternization
) I ~2 }' f6 ?9 Z9 E& c4 t# W 34. Vigils1 t& ^8 x$ g: _6 Z4 w2 \- B8 W
5 c. {% p& r( d/ I/ ?6 ?" B
Drama and Music% Z8 v* J3 f1 X$ Y
35. Humorous skits and pranks+ \' y+ x8 m1 k) u% L
36. Performances of plays and music
# V0 @; N$ U) x! J; _ M 37. Singing& ^/ }4 j, t% w6 r# V7 v
* L+ r: O5 _ u6 f+ a' |" Q; n# @
Processions
/ d" t: k" g& _5 s1 {$ t 38. Marches( x0 d1 q/ K; H F T( I4 E
39. Parades$ |! h7 W. h+ k8 L
40. Religious processions: v4 h5 v5 Y3 g( E7 ?+ [ v
41. Pilgrimages8 o2 r0 G- o3 U0 Z) F' H
42. Motorcades
: P8 q0 W N$ [" j/ ~; S, o6 k& D6 W8 l2 ?. J0 H ~
Honoring the Dead3 q$ r/ _1 M1 q) |" H
43. Political mourning
! O c6 O9 W5 ~ 44. Mock funerals
, s( p/ F8 W; c$ M& t9 m7 j 45. Demonstrative funerals1 [5 q- U( r! a* I
46. Homage at burial places4 S' A% J% @5 g2 y1 \$ C* E8 N
9 R" t, o; v1 u/ s1 X$ J4 _Public Assemblies+ R3 J# S8 O) x. Q
47. Assemblies of protest or support
* x3 L. s: _+ Y; p% _* m# m5 ~, G 48. Protest meetings) a2 n" L6 g9 r7 J* S" u$ u- y/ H
49. Camouflaged meetings of protest
3 |5 G! [% c( O# k$ d! } 50. Teach-ins
2 i* A7 h, T5 T
" ^1 P6 J$ M- c$ M( w1 MWithdrawal and Renunciation4 `/ I1 h) U# R
51. Walk-outs
& ?! y+ |: A: {& M( R& _! s 52. Silence
+ u5 @3 i" }2 ~) S 53. Renouncing honors' b* w! q+ D" q) {* M2 l5 a% ?
54. Turning one’s back; o: ]+ y4 s# |! p/ k5 f
1 t: j. W9 j) ^0 i4 r- X( K1 n& P
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! s+ Z u, j0 Z/ W0 H6 }THE METHODS OF SOCIAL NONCOOPERATION' L5 ^. r1 o4 i @2 l& j( l5 q
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Ostracism of Persons) w+ {! K4 w; Y4 {/ ^: m4 x4 c: {
55. Social boycott- ~# `5 B. I u
56. Selective social boycott, e- L1 F9 X9 c2 c, b
57. Lysistratic nonaction' H& }+ q; w8 p0 _8 a( G s( _. u; H
58. Excommunication
1 \4 {! \4 L5 X1 G 59. Interdict
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+ z _# h5 }/ ^6 {2 x$ t! }5 \Noncooperation with Social Events, Customs, and Institutions
& |$ J3 O) | _+ L: i 60. Suspension of social and sports activities7 s+ _ e% D( S8 x6 C$ d
61. Boycott of social affairs+ x8 A. S$ S$ A/ Q* ~% t
62. Student strike: h' L- A& z8 N. `2 n
63. Social disobedience
: e1 j/ Q7 S# ^# f1 X6 V. E# _ 64. Withdrawal from social institutions
+ B- X: S7 j% l9 w
. F: ]8 ~3 z0 K( e. @Withdrawal from the Social System6 ?8 A" p( e1 I4 |7 K% j
65. Stay-at-home% t7 b8 s3 D* U/ L. m- W' {5 E
66. Total personal noncooperation+ q. D1 g& l( d+ W
67. “Flight” of workers4 F( b, Q. x" j
68. Sanctuary
9 ]6 r) J" i1 b! @9 o 69. Collective disappearance- x4 ^# u$ z5 Q8 ~8 ]; F
70. Protest emigration (hijrat) Y# b8 ]% [2 k7 b& N& s% }1 C
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THE METHODS OF ECONOMIC NONCOOPERATION: ECONOMIC BOYCOTTS1 l4 X8 W: M: U8 g$ J7 ~
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3 [/ h% R0 m) ^( KActions by Consumers9 {) _( w9 L/ O2 Z# i% @- a
71. Consumers’ boycott$ \. X+ s s* t4 Y2 D
72. Nonconsumption of boycotted goods
. Y/ E3 \" }# e3 M& {5 X! K! s3 b 73. Policy of austerity
% D$ p9 O- n3 y+ i 74. Rent withholding
" H( D' M0 z5 G 75. Refusal to rent
3 @( e6 I+ L0 d+ j/ O$ H2 f" z 76. National consumers’ boycott
& F7 I9 V( j4 f8 y o4 U4 @ 77. International consumers’ boycott
6 [; a0 K5 M! _0 Z- O: @' x# W- H+ V( ~0 l
Action by Workers and Producers5 _7 I. `& E c d; g
78. Workmen’s boycott. d* G5 T8 w1 i
79. Producers’ boycott& f+ `( A' O$ H7 z" x
5 Z/ w4 c5 h% |# e8 {1 xAction by Middlemen
* G/ I' U+ w4 G% s0 Y0 N, V 80. Suppliers’ and handlers’ boycott6 f/ M* _% y2 B
- o: g3 r: ^( E: M8 ?& O6 i( Y! EAction by Owners and Management
& o6 ]0 C6 K5 W1 i9 x/ w: L 81. Traders’ boycott
$ g! b& Y; L: z/ R0 \ 82. Refusal to let or sell property
- X# x( S7 ]0 q& n 83. Lockout
( ~6 a' o' W) G7 ?# `9 F$ w 84. Refusal of industrial assistance2 C2 l. M/ M% V' @* r
85. Merchants’ “general strike”
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9 a& z4 e' E9 gAction by Holders of Financial Resources
, @8 h6 j* u2 ^& s$ f9 @ 86. Withdrawal of bank deposits' E3 s; l1 ^" D* ^7 @# H. }. a
87. Refusal to pay fees, dues, and assessments- F0 m" O- D( P4 ]
88. Refusal to pay debts or interest; O1 C5 ]0 `7 T% p4 l
89. Severance of funds and credit6 M4 K! {+ z, U' I2 Q4 T) v
90. Revenue refusal8 @2 b, M+ e- I- _. N& ^
91. Refusal of a government’s money8 z3 J0 y3 P. }: Q. ?4 Z* Q
- k: w8 a( E5 J2 m0 |Action by Governments
9 S. d) P- C5 v5 e# O 92. Domestic embargo7 F9 c/ [, | t. z# z8 S, F# b
93. Blacklisting of traders
n2 J* N1 Q3 J0 ~: ~ 94. International sellers’ embargo: w. |8 I' M. o' ~2 V `
95. International buyers’ embargo1 O* y2 M2 O: S. ^! `: l
96. International trade embargo
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1 Z7 V3 W9 \2 e. kTHE METHODS OF ECONOMIC NONCOOPERATION: THE STRIKE/ |4 D: L; h3 c' H2 X
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' ?2 O3 N- U4 d3 s+ I9 n/ ]. BSymbolic Strikes f' X k& p: y: I( j! V4 H2 C3 D' G& h
97. Protest strike* N" H7 D' q$ m" s
98. Quickie walkout (lightning strike)1 M/ z# Z: R9 j4 k: ^5 `+ A
% s3 I# e5 `. A! k& \7 S
Agricultural Strikes4 D7 V* q; h7 N2 r
99. Peasant strike; o { r7 m3 x% E1 i
100. Farm Workers’ strike7 V( F3 w l% X% G9 \5 Q) H
6 z) L. h6 j; [/ e) I+ pStrikes by Special Groups
) f. ] ~7 S& k2 t0 Q 101. Refusal of impressed labor
4 m- v4 U$ G, ^4 E7 q+ x 102. Prisoners’ strike2 P9 k. S# Q8 ~( l7 K7 Z# |
103. Craft strike
2 U! q: P& m0 j' {3 V" h! J 104. Professional strike8 E( Y. h$ N0 H r' C* Q7 N8 M+ |
: ]7 w) {9 K' ~* b3 H, f
Ordinary Industrial Strikes
+ W' C1 P+ Q0 G) |. G 105. Establishment strike& V ^; j9 K" k8 w0 Q# _
106. Industry strike; k* D3 _6 n" b
107. Sympathetic strike0 v3 Y0 X% F$ S+ |) T b! D$ \
6 t9 s9 K. q* H, }& r
Restricted Strikes. F8 W9 S3 H6 {
108. Detailed strike% a4 w2 f: R; g3 c! H) o
109. Bumper strike
4 p0 A6 E; z, ~6 F* q! R 110. Slowdown strike% K$ e! \- x* [2 ?7 p% |$ U
111. Working-to-rule strike
' ]& q ~& ?1 n3 U& p 112. Reporting “sick” (sick-in)
1 \$ H% d6 x' P% ^6 J D 113. Strike by resignation
9 V: k/ U& o+ c( W1 Z! d, r 114. Limited strike
. p; ~8 M I/ p p1 p5 r6 k 115. Selective strike
2 R1 ^( p, P4 D7 ]# D) w2 |. N8 L7 ~8 l/ ^4 N3 h. D" A$ ?
Multi-Industry Strikes
( V% ?+ t8 @7 g/ B" u1 L& |9 H4 d2 P3 o5 O& J7 W4 M9 Z
116. Generalized strike- ^$ V* b; K) Y; [7 p
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117. General strike
9 x7 c0 |+ H* M7 o0 W* E. A
" w# i8 R' ~/ a3 HCombination of Strikes and Economic Closures
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118. Hartal
0 o5 B/ i; ?5 x
3 o' F p2 u2 ^6 m) R' _ 119. Economic shutdown
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x2 N! x" U, J8 u! z: f( s7 PTHE METHODS OF POLITICAL NONCOOPERATION% `5 K0 d: A/ c' S
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: B* x; ^# M0 a: @Rejection of Authority
; ^6 E9 A% x; ]( V$ j7 y 120. Withholding or withdrawal of allegiance2 Q8 h! y. H- j$ \3 h
121. Refusal of public support, M+ x. l: B1 P% k( |+ ]
122. Literature and speeches advocating resistance: Y) S- s3 @' B" G
0 e6 c& s' v5 L( ~* N; l# ~$ Q. gCitizens’ Noncooperation with Government1 K$ n6 Y! t. k2 a1 A
123. Boycott of legislative bodies
/ l: Q/ u0 b# Q) h+ N0 U# f 124. Boycott of elections
1 h- p2 P+ G- _( Y: A/ g 125. Boycott of government employment and positions% r. m M* a* ~; W9 P
126. Boycott of government depts., agencies, and other bodies2 O" [ z3 T% i) M0 A
127. Withdrawal from government educational institutions* e5 W, ]2 P( ^% L
128. Boycott of government-supported organizations
% o4 M4 m B( g2 | 129. Refusal of assistance to enforcement agents
0 p5 L4 o9 x# p! | 130. Removal of own signs and placemarks' _) M1 l! _2 G& \
131. Refusal to accept appointed officials
" \; c" w }6 B7 j& u9 l 132. Refusal to dissolve existing institutions' s7 G9 q( q" r5 F( x+ a+ H
/ m3 p- M3 f( w( N- M. i A8 SCitizens’ Alternatives to Obedience* T$ i' h1 h& }& A, ~, N
133. Reluctant and slow compliance. ^ S0 k+ ^1 L5 }) N! x
134. Nonobedience in absence of direct supervision) x. E# Z: r2 F& l
135. Popular nonobedience
# E9 \3 Z. l7 Z' |8 ` 136. Disguised disobedience! b1 U% x) \9 ~9 x. J$ p( V
137. Refusal of an assemblage or meeting to disperse1 y7 s! h Q9 j# v$ C9 _! o
138. Sitdown
" X! [6 a& m5 J, L P5 h* p 139. Noncooperation with conscription and deportation
8 L. q+ |( o% F g 140. Hiding, escape, and false identities, W# {' |* y3 y1 G c1 _9 \4 d5 e
141. Civil disobedience of “illegitimate” laws* v; [% k9 h/ N
" Z/ `1 b* k3 Q5 v: d6 BAction by Government Personnel
# k5 N/ K W( @* W; w, s 142. Selective refusal of assistance by government aides
" p0 T8 E0 \" Q4 Y) a 143. Blocking of lines of command and information
- [% j; i7 ?$ b3 E9 [. I 144. Stalling and obstruction
9 u' A) ^7 J8 H( h9 @, T 145. General administrative noncooperation
$ W! e. n, x, S+ n6 K; i/ H8 G/ M- y3 X/ [% D( [* C
146. Judicial noncooperation
, A3 V& X( w* o5 U9 ~ 147. Deliberate inefficiency and selective noncooperation by enforcement agents& j0 _2 X! k1 N
148. Mutiny' S" C: V2 z+ a. L
Domestic Governmental Action, _! ]1 B. p8 c2 ^7 H( }
149. Quasi-legal evasions and delays6 k1 M3 `* R0 @7 o- h
150. Noncooperation by constituent governmental units9 _6 t5 ^# h3 W7 A8 r9 S, g( X' R
. z: |' |8 t/ Q9 bInternational Governmental Action
$ e( @8 k" T# t 151. Changes in diplomatic and other representations& U( Y5 p9 ?! H& `! Q. f
152. Delay and cancellation of diplomatic events U" I. {% s3 z$ @/ I
153. Withholding of diplomatic recognition- B4 @4 x- x/ E4 e" [+ ^
154. Severance of diplomatic relations! _/ E& b1 Y7 r
155. Withdrawal from international organizations
, u& S, i: r. U+ L' m 156. Refusal of membership in international bodies
; y! J2 W; a$ ~" C' l' j+ C3 Q$ p5 O 157. Expulsion from international organizations- o) O& v4 F9 h/ ? A4 x2 u+ v
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M# P0 w8 q* k/ D
THE METHODS OF NONVIOLENT INTERVENTION
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/ K+ d. E; f6 L& VPsychological Intervention! k7 E; f2 c9 M- Q2 q
158. Self-exposure to the elements+ b3 j4 P( f {
159. The fast
- E7 F# j3 [# Y0 T; ` a) Fast of moral pressure1 L2 O4 V. ?) h. ~! E
b) Hunger strike; U2 P& R! l% ]: T. R
c) Satyagrahic fast
9 M) e2 `; k. ]. k9 h4 e1 o 160. Reverse trial5 u ~ ~+ {- ~
161. Nonviolent harassment) y5 I# W# p) C* Y
, `0 F" L9 [% U0 }0 F7 T8 s0 wPhysical Intervention ?2 T6 K+ Y; A- @5 t5 P
162. Sit-in
+ F, n& Z( r% F0 P7 E1 Z, y 163. Stand-in. Y% r& G$ N% @/ B
164. Ride-in
9 Z4 A8 `. ~2 V5 Y @ 165. Wade-in# m* g; G' J' J* [* d* a. S
166. Mill-in, b/ M3 G. t7 p9 h0 X
167. Pray-in9 {. K7 S- E- u( B% O. [: ]* X
168. Nonviolent raids6 D% E% ~( V3 |6 ]9 D/ B
169. Nonviolent air raids4 ]! T1 {2 K, Z, k* u+ R
170. Nonviolent invasion
$ ]2 c5 K* }) _ [ 171. Nonviolent interjection
# Y5 o1 P$ b8 i- j0 R 172. Nonviolent obstruction
8 e: h1 y+ e, [& C. P8 i3 h2 S% e1 s5 l 173. Nonviolent occupation
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2 F b* ~1 c. c: b% r( zSocial Intervention5 m9 J6 \& L; h
174. Establishing new social patterns) M' }9 j& u$ H4 ]& O
175. Overloading of facilities
9 t1 [: v7 M! F% a. W1 G. R 176. Stall-in
: G7 O N' p% A 177. Speak-in
4 z0 ~& P8 i+ _& c9 e1 ]9 q0 j 178. Guerrilla theater- w2 ~1 g7 a2 t+ G4 n
179. Alternative social institutions
. y1 D8 E" @& U9 Y9 @ 180. Alternative communication system
& j0 J+ r! q. K* d4 p9 G5 a* i4 |7 |4 e' I+ G9 W5 \ n5 B: T
Economic Intervention$ l" \: A& N/ t% D8 T
181. Reverse strike
9 o; }( a3 v6 T, T4 N3 [/ H; y; S2 I- ^ 182. Stay-in strike
: I8 v% X/ b1 }; g- U0 o 183. Nonviolent land seizure0 } J! m7 \# `5 f
184. Defiance of blockades7 b( F3 h" |/ l( e T
185. Politically motivated counterfeiting
0 h! } X, {0 p& a+ c( i 186. Preclusive purchasing7 R8 [6 u* u+ F6 T1 \2 S; `
187. Seizure of assets& ], e6 a) _: l' X1 I" y
188. Dumping- Q3 o5 ~7 o- a
189. Selective patronage% B8 X( `$ ?/ K w, ~& A
190. Alternative markets! E: v0 R# A Z
191. Alternative transportation systems
. G8 u! x6 D$ v, j 192. Alternative economic institutions
S3 K4 S: x% f+ ]9 y8 u
; O6 ~# q: ?0 kPolitical Intervention
. s1 P: O0 w5 y. V( z 193. Overloading of administrative systems
; y+ Y1 Y5 \* T( X7 N 194. Disclosing identities of secret agents5 I. F0 @; P) G. P' ^
195. Seeking imprisonment
* W- D. G0 {+ u 196. Civil disobedience of “neutral” laws
1 ?% O- b/ @3 }6 t" y9 J 197. Work-on without collaboration
: i& m) t& m9 j' B" G+ e1 H 198. Dual sovereignty and parallel government
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楼主: reneeqq
狗仔卡
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发表于 2016-7-2 18:23
发表于 2016-7-2 22:02
