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THE METHODS OF NONVIOLENT PROTEST AND PERSUASION3 y/ V; d6 O/ e' Q' @" p
Formal Statements
. P% w4 F8 P8 [! X) x4 J P. U 1. Public Speeches
) P, l3 o2 ~& Z 2. Letters of opposition or support* B3 a6 X" r8 |0 ~
3. Declarations by organizations and institutions
, C& O4 F d3 {' V2 n9 q4 Z 4. Signed public statements
- c" G8 X9 w2 h+ L* R$ {" z 5. Declarations of indictment and intention
; j. J }+ S2 n% Q. ? 6. Group or mass petitions7 r: _% C) h& k( N! _* n
+ ?/ y- ?' `" l2 Z$ r
Communications with a Wider Audience
2 \4 [1 g; q2 s, x8 @' ^5 k& S 7. Slogans, caricatures, and symbols
* K, W0 _2 K* { 8. Banners, posters, and displayed communications
5 N4 B7 A4 ]: W 9. Leaflets, pamphlets, and books* F2 N$ Z( k. K( T
10. Newspapers and journals1 m) K( ~' s- K
11. Records, radio, and television# I. \% B- Y8 O- [4 I6 M
12. Skywriting and earthwriting
- ^; m( u+ C h, ^9 E; }+ S9 U5 y2 E. k/ `+ A
Group Representations* x; D3 J4 T/ q# x
13. Deputations
3 t! P, q: u) q! a9 j: D7 p( T% F( ^" R 14. Mock awards
# S& A8 K. J. M2 Z1 F @" Y: G 15. Group lobbying; P* b/ o( }. P9 l
16. Picketing8 f6 w; V+ ~& V
17. Mock elections
1 X5 c+ \1 a3 Y" ?8 z$ f$ z1 o5 E$ d
Symbolic Public Acts" { F: P* }. F: `
18. Displays of flags and symbolic colors1 z# c9 s6 w% X8 W- q/ ]- {
19. Wearing of symbols
# J( Z4 r4 k8 b2 O# S 20. Prayer and worship
6 Z" i; G6 V0 z, c1 Z 21. Delivering symbolic objects
; i, E7 ^, ?% e% f! h$ W 22. Protest disrobings
6 N1 h8 m5 f n 23. Destruction of own property+ T1 ?1 ]+ p$ ~$ D, f ?- s
24. Symbolic lights
* G4 H7 i! G# L: Q7 Y' _! Y3 q 25. Displays of portraits
4 | t$ \+ r6 u, s5 T V8 k 26. Paint as protest, w. a1 O$ \6 C" {1 c
27. New signs and names
+ v5 }+ L. y$ ?$ f% e" u: b 28. Symbolic sounds
* w$ }# f/ @3 L1 g. f" m9 A/ v& t: M 29. Symbolic reclamations
. j/ H8 t9 q% P+ c) W 30. Rude gestures5 d9 S G! h. @6 R; }% P4 W
; ~4 U' D" P0 ~% x" o) w2 [, t- RPressures on Individuals* |1 x, K7 I: o! v, ? e" ^
31. “Haunting” officials* Z. H' r3 O+ V% g) G
32. Taunting officials
9 \; y- L o( x) p6 Y X2 Y 33. Fraternization
9 K5 b4 ^6 D, n" y) z 34. Vigils
% K% u4 B6 J6 _: L' e+ `% `) f. q* [7 I$ q
Drama and Music) o- i& D# L& ~5 |
35. Humorous skits and pranks
1 E( g0 X% z% B0 e5 N# {, \ 36. Performances of plays and music
: J0 o5 s) ]; o8 ^, d 37. Singing
5 U( I# x( B( j4 \1 x1 `+ s8 K) j9 L- g: i5 I& g* _- a6 q% l
Processions
) @1 f! g3 t$ \ 38. Marches
) S4 E' w+ H% v3 Z% w5 I 39. Parades
; i) s- T) h+ M) [) S 40. Religious processions
( P" N" S8 F F g; H& \$ u 41. Pilgrimages
9 t5 u. h" q% N% }5 S* p% v 42. Motorcades
7 l7 |) B9 s5 k; j
3 E8 N5 `' B, ^Honoring the Dead% `$ B( l2 G, }6 D
43. Political mourning
+ k+ f: ^) w {6 S$ H 44. Mock funerals
5 l' p* }8 G. i& x4 P( i 45. Demonstrative funerals3 L- u6 E0 Y W' |8 H( G
46. Homage at burial places6 K; Z5 G) o8 y/ Y- T# g
$ j# [$ g/ j- R" T. W' I
Public Assemblies4 b0 e. i& m2 r1 h1 ~3 k l+ K9 Z
47. Assemblies of protest or support9 ?+ y/ T7 h* h( ]6 ?/ h
48. Protest meetings$ p9 x9 O" _- |( a5 n$ I2 g( `
49. Camouflaged meetings of protest8 D1 i* v2 \2 e; a9 j T
50. Teach-ins
1 d1 w- P" X8 z& ?) K
6 A' ?$ k5 B. R6 x; E, [& B' IWithdrawal and Renunciation
! y7 d! {- g' J 51. Walk-outs* O- B6 {; B9 [1 n
52. Silence' [# @8 y+ J$ g, H0 o; v$ w
53. Renouncing honors
8 O& l8 i2 O. B2 b7 M 54. Turning one’s back
# ^5 w/ F- T/ e' a( q, f! r. z4 g8 U$ s4 o3 J1 a, u5 M
- x }9 |6 U' e2 K) Y$ [( ^3 e+ A, i! u, Z- J3 }
THE METHODS OF SOCIAL NONCOOPERATION! P( d9 ^- P- s) X N9 O
2 Y0 i4 b$ j& ~* @ V) R 4 _2 ?0 @/ y; U/ y& V$ s3 K
. o0 `. \$ D( e8 a) ^Ostracism of Persons3 w: o( T4 `; O; U& B8 E E
55. Social boycott* l' z3 e' k a. N: I
56. Selective social boycott& @5 u, G, ]6 h3 [; F/ T# X
57. Lysistratic nonaction z$ R: B! k9 j1 o
58. Excommunication3 B9 e: c! d( o# P
59. Interdict
9 Q+ _" m: q% F( }4 p, b1 S. \/ z/ n) Z# b0 S: N- m1 [/ S
Noncooperation with Social Events, Customs, and Institutions
, N! ^: K# j# H3 G 60. Suspension of social and sports activities
" g, N5 D0 w5 K8 o 61. Boycott of social affairs
2 w0 H) O- J, q$ x. P: r 62. Student strike: Y( U2 W& W; w3 T; R* r
63. Social disobedience+ w0 q$ ?* ?& l8 Q
64. Withdrawal from social institutions. \2 |4 L! j# N/ G2 W7 y5 |
2 W# z, k, |( P2 T, {! P& g$ F* L' q
Withdrawal from the Social System' q0 l+ ~/ a. I0 ?$ Q
65. Stay-at-home
[ ?' o0 w6 }' e 66. Total personal noncooperation
& C$ \7 R3 U/ u8 O8 \) F 67. “Flight” of workers
3 u; z* }. {& N# T) j/ G/ f9 G+ s 68. Sanctuary+ v( _5 S% I! h4 W- D: d
69. Collective disappearance+ i) M( M9 K7 c4 I$ v
70. Protest emigration (hijrat)
1 I+ e* p" h; {8 A8 W- ?( S" v* O7 ?1 d8 U" l& A
. t( z, h) T6 G0 B
# W5 E7 H6 C I7 o; DTHE METHODS OF ECONOMIC NONCOOPERATION: ECONOMIC BOYCOTTS
1 Q6 S# E4 D+ V0 S. j0 i$ o1 m. p( n# Z% i4 _6 H
1 K$ a- c- z4 E# s6 ?2 r
Actions by Consumers9 D( u* N" [% [# L
71. Consumers’ boycott6 _+ g* N1 l& {* p8 a5 T, C" N
72. Nonconsumption of boycotted goods
3 o3 |& T1 c: ^# R; S7 Z3 d 73. Policy of austerity8 c5 W1 s% y! w( c4 T" Y S: E
74. Rent withholding
. l7 e& a% V% i# R* Q: A$ f+ _3 ~1 y 75. Refusal to rent& _" c7 |+ K6 v! ]3 V9 M5 w
76. National consumers’ boycott; U% Z& y3 @" U$ S8 t0 `' B5 R
77. International consumers’ boycott" P- t _" g" e3 `4 r
0 v. b2 v' _/ ~* t; ?( `5 oAction by Workers and Producers
/ y* k% G$ p: Q1 T4 a 78. Workmen’s boycott
, _# l$ F: o/ H1 \ 79. Producers’ boycott+ p G! a2 u5 j5 r$ T
! y4 N7 v4 F- y8 j" k" \1 F- f" d
Action by Middlemen! J: W9 T# e: @
80. Suppliers’ and handlers’ boycott. O4 l4 f. n [( ^5 t0 @' h9 C
, Q. S* E- b8 P" ]Action by Owners and Management
% E; `$ a" G0 ^ ~+ D% E( c# @ 81. Traders’ boycott l5 y# u7 p( G
82. Refusal to let or sell property
$ S& w! @/ P2 d) K4 r 83. Lockout
# o+ k) h: N) h 84. Refusal of industrial assistance% C {7 h# b4 D [# g& d
85. Merchants’ “general strike”
: ?* _' r4 o# a, `/ h
* h, R `' r7 h I7 A! qAction by Holders of Financial Resources
4 ~* M* W8 y% G 86. Withdrawal of bank deposits: ^8 L3 e& _ A# z' o) h2 W
87. Refusal to pay fees, dues, and assessments, B; X; r3 A T) p6 ~: |; ?; c
88. Refusal to pay debts or interest
9 Q! ~. Q5 p- X 89. Severance of funds and credit& }. M* O% b0 i' x
90. Revenue refusal
8 U. ]$ k( y( H O; D9 ?* O 91. Refusal of a government’s money
" r9 A s. Q: g* X) m$ j
# K7 d3 L2 n% y: y8 f% r7 Z' ^Action by Governments7 p" M$ W/ L& w2 I/ E" z7 c
92. Domestic embargo
4 Y8 h) u2 k! z: R. w 93. Blacklisting of traders6 f2 F% C! {* L9 N
94. International sellers’ embargo
0 @+ w/ N* j! R R) R1 E 95. International buyers’ embargo4 @9 z$ S3 N& R0 Z. W* W
96. International trade embargo
1 @* B8 ?) U. l3 J" s
0 Q) f& F3 u# M7 H8 z+ E5 f# [
/ y) c" G$ G0 \1 N- G- `; _. G8 V h1 H7 M
THE METHODS OF ECONOMIC NONCOOPERATION: THE STRIKE( G9 {2 Q, L( E7 I
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Symbolic Strikes9 Y! W* e; y; c: W& x6 o. Z9 P
97. Protest strike$ A l' F* b* z
98. Quickie walkout (lightning strike)2 r0 O* ]- G( c' B/ @# m) Z) {$ E
- P9 S' m$ m; p
Agricultural Strikes8 e$ q6 e( H# b; E. a
99. Peasant strike
; { o6 r" f5 s/ _% l! _/ [ n9 O 100. Farm Workers’ strike& k" D Y! k8 H$ x% X
8 h y. E, u: l# F' {6 Z
Strikes by Special Groups6 B* V: `& p) H1 t. k# ]
101. Refusal of impressed labor
- {% N/ B1 W+ b3 M1 k4 `& x( ~# b 102. Prisoners’ strike; _$ ~$ q& g& C) J
103. Craft strike5 B" x d8 P' y5 C( Q
104. Professional strike
$ T* @( K$ B: |6 B2 _
5 S Q1 T/ G f0 `3 e, a4 uOrdinary Industrial Strikes: r/ F7 q: ^! }1 T2 N0 g; O
105. Establishment strike* ]( I1 r( R0 P7 Y& R
106. Industry strike' S Q# h3 N, W% P. m3 g8 @
107. Sympathetic strike
- Y, |, u& T0 | S
& K1 ^# o% A! i$ M: G3 VRestricted Strikes
1 J |' |. U8 S) N+ v2 F 108. Detailed strike3 |( H S+ t! o; q5 r) D" ^
109. Bumper strike p4 n. z5 `0 L Z3 n. s3 M0 r
110. Slowdown strike9 \/ Q% w- M' Q8 Z2 a# f
111. Working-to-rule strike
( V6 E. q! F! @/ a* n$ k* g$ k 112. Reporting “sick” (sick-in)7 e# y D" C7 \( k) M
113. Strike by resignation0 n( X8 J1 T; i8 E& a
114. Limited strike ? h V2 `- ]" ^$ T2 f
115. Selective strike
0 K8 d& z' p3 D. b3 V7 a1 M9 F% ^
Multi-Industry Strikes# a2 ^) y9 g0 C# q( }* `- b$ V
n0 e9 B% k: m, j( @6 k
116. Generalized strike, K; y0 d% u" Z+ z$ ~, _! n! W' q
2 I1 D# _$ i, O5 M* a! k
117. General strike& O/ X( R% u5 j9 J. u
8 z" I7 v% u6 I0 JCombination of Strikes and Economic Closures3 L, X* R. D c: g' b9 o; ]
* M. L2 ?/ w( @5 S" u1 B 118. Hartal9 T' h r3 \$ ~- m
( f3 T6 L+ S: f7 {5 ^# v 119. Economic shutdown
- Z( l! {! I/ h
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: ^4 J3 D/ m7 c- ]9 ], Z8 m0 G' y1 @$ E& e$ k1 W7 r" f* }9 [
THE METHODS OF POLITICAL NONCOOPERATION; S5 L, S$ c$ A* z
5 o4 T! ^1 w9 @
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Rejection of Authority* D( P# h# m+ E# C1 j t
120. Withholding or withdrawal of allegiance; e3 @; o* L1 E$ V5 ^; {
121. Refusal of public support
, @4 E" p+ G! g% N5 Z: p8 V 122. Literature and speeches advocating resistance1 Y( ?% J5 O& ~3 P- `2 T6 T& h! P t
7 w4 G4 C; E7 p5 e {
Citizens’ Noncooperation with Government6 K5 o p' ^9 n; S; e3 L
123. Boycott of legislative bodies6 i8 i' { }% B( R2 I
124. Boycott of elections
: {* K( t' o% y+ W9 M8 D' t 125. Boycott of government employment and positions
4 e; p7 Q$ l& o+ e, G) E5 C& u0 ] 126. Boycott of government depts., agencies, and other bodies
7 |1 ^; F* ?) g/ L; T 127. Withdrawal from government educational institutions
7 P( Y- _, P' g( [ H$ \% D, j 128. Boycott of government-supported organizations
3 Z' o* R+ d* r) }' b$ l% N; l 129. Refusal of assistance to enforcement agents! F: P- U$ V# @
130. Removal of own signs and placemarks
. \3 c) O+ r. z* H* U. D. ^ 131. Refusal to accept appointed officials
l D4 w% t3 q0 |" X' Y2 Y 132. Refusal to dissolve existing institutions6 P1 L4 }/ F! k6 _* g
' S" d" j$ z5 }
Citizens’ Alternatives to Obedience
0 Z+ a* g& q2 R: I5 T/ C1 J# } 133. Reluctant and slow compliance+ S$ m! Q* Q0 H6 Y. t" T3 L. O+ f" f
134. Nonobedience in absence of direct supervision ~: C+ [& ^% L
135. Popular nonobedience
( F3 V7 l" @ h. e 136. Disguised disobedience& |7 r9 B% w* ]" I: I3 z7 M8 {7 N
137. Refusal of an assemblage or meeting to disperse
5 D- J p1 x2 J Q 138. Sitdown) B( O y$ A R* F
139. Noncooperation with conscription and deportation% @% v9 @, f6 V: L7 C: R5 H
140. Hiding, escape, and false identities' e7 K# z0 |3 y. J$ { f m& ?
141. Civil disobedience of “illegitimate” laws$ [8 X# P' q" i b
! T2 `7 P( O& W3 G0 B* R
Action by Government Personnel
' `" Y. }& v7 w: E# m* `! k 142. Selective refusal of assistance by government aides
/ F, @# w! T4 q) |' a7 E8 X# G- P 143. Blocking of lines of command and information) M' W3 Z$ N6 N
144. Stalling and obstruction7 m6 x7 p# O' T6 ^
145. General administrative noncooperation
$ |) }1 S/ X2 E& j2 _- h
( J$ |$ K4 t! m& _) A 146. Judicial noncooperation
% O, {- ]' n* w8 b 147. Deliberate inefficiency and selective noncooperation by enforcement agents
; Q0 M5 y" g+ C5 A5 U+ ~! T 148. Mutiny
8 n( E8 K4 z% KDomestic Governmental Action4 N( n b* b9 f( t6 {
149. Quasi-legal evasions and delays
( R. S& m/ ~2 l 150. Noncooperation by constituent governmental units
' t( s" A8 D2 |0 y& p, }' p! R4 h6 V' y: r; a- G: K O- C
International Governmental Action' I8 D5 A: k7 A8 G; w, f$ Z. C7 e
151. Changes in diplomatic and other representations
) g: h: V- S4 |+ h1 \8 B) X# b 152. Delay and cancellation of diplomatic events0 H1 Z. Y4 O: D1 ~, ~/ c
153. Withholding of diplomatic recognition' B( G4 w) o6 m; p# w9 u/ `* D
154. Severance of diplomatic relations
" [+ r" A) } k& i4 q) ^0 A' ^1 B 155. Withdrawal from international organizations
0 i4 O. U4 N* z0 a. J 156. Refusal of membership in international bodies
. c6 M. K& Y& \& A0 U9 j1 K6 u7 l 157. Expulsion from international organizations
; k# D5 y( [. \3 a& w& |( ~+ I$ r$ h W6 `3 |
' d" T; Q) ]' {( C; L1 I6 x; b6 J" E" G3 l5 Q! ?
THE METHODS OF NONVIOLENT INTERVENTION
3 J. ~8 M; X1 m$ E7 A9 P- {) P6 h1 [! m7 W" o; ]% ^ \0 j( {1 c* X
) m- i" W6 L/ Y' S
Psychological Intervention
2 x6 Z4 D M1 V) @$ Q {( W/ i2 |) x 158. Self-exposure to the elements2 E, C5 G Q! m+ I g
159. The fast
0 b1 n$ h( m. O: R8 ?8 L a) Fast of moral pressure' e5 M; G6 _* E8 _4 N+ E& Z! P
b) Hunger strike0 F2 @, P3 X, ]
c) Satyagrahic fast
5 k; I% H# F8 ~! ^# T) F1 n 160. Reverse trial/ N3 {" o- O5 h
161. Nonviolent harassment% s# n; E; n" ]' @
% Q, e4 {) |& z# M" H
Physical Intervention
* @1 E- E1 `% \7 ]' d6 \# t2 X( @( ? 162. Sit-in) e7 g; y9 j0 P0 J7 A
163. Stand-in
; b. n, ]* m9 F4 @9 ? 164. Ride-in
# b! Y7 M! c* O( c5 V 165. Wade-in4 M7 T/ O: `/ I; X5 K2 @4 F, J$ X
166. Mill-in9 d/ o7 v+ L; E% \
167. Pray-in
1 P! m# e! E4 r 168. Nonviolent raids
; L9 k7 T: `3 f+ ?: p 169. Nonviolent air raids7 n. n, ?1 z* N* p _
170. Nonviolent invasion, |1 X. h# ]( j
171. Nonviolent interjection/ J( m. r6 v! V
172. Nonviolent obstruction
! E" J! v$ @4 b 173. Nonviolent occupation
* [# _4 {+ H( \2 x. z* s* D* d3 U2 G: b/ x
Social Intervention' a( F6 |8 C% k- c8 Y* R0 g
174. Establishing new social patterns
6 z9 `7 c* R3 t: L' B; D/ S 175. Overloading of facilities
1 L3 [4 v6 q- d* Z 176. Stall-in
9 _& R- a& i- I 177. Speak-in& {5 y' }6 \' q6 V6 p/ n$ [
178. Guerrilla theater# X! F' ?' @* {! ]* X+ C
179. Alternative social institutions
8 K! W, r" d' ^4 |. \ Z+ x- ?7 X 180. Alternative communication system1 `6 u) o- i, V2 ]- `
9 b( T B3 T9 _0 R. B' `Economic Intervention
7 c: X- Z" R5 T( m0 t0 |% Q9 d 181. Reverse strike6 k& `, g- z5 Q
182. Stay-in strike& m, X! R# [$ R/ N- Q% {. v
183. Nonviolent land seizure
, j& h! x G* A; S1 N. i 184. Defiance of blockades) \2 a& z! R; |2 D3 t5 B% z" D7 U
185. Politically motivated counterfeiting" _% j" d9 M2 O
186. Preclusive purchasing
! O+ z: u& T8 b- P* f" C% J 187. Seizure of assets2 o N0 p# l' E% N7 U+ b+ g2 t, Q
188. Dumping
4 E* X' G/ q: A' y0 V! n. W 189. Selective patronage
' Y3 l7 O' w5 \: a! O 190. Alternative markets6 _7 O' d& V2 \( L4 V0 w" h( L2 s
191. Alternative transportation systems
6 m3 s" l' ]/ h6 Y 192. Alternative economic institutions
: i2 e" A* |1 u' }( ]6 [
; g7 o. l+ T/ G$ HPolitical Intervention. j o3 ?: o: p4 C* o4 `7 I2 T; g
193. Overloading of administrative systems
1 [* N3 v+ u; c6 j- z5 E& f% r' U 194. Disclosing identities of secret agents
2 _7 d6 }, L, h4 v 195. Seeking imprisonment1 W: c1 U5 d% }! M: M
196. Civil disobedience of “neutral” laws
. T3 A6 ]$ m6 J# r 197. Work-on without collaboration
8 z U3 L \, p3 r8 Q/ @% A 198. Dual sovereignty and parallel government) U# U( ]& b( O7 C/ o, ^! }
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