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发表于 2016-7-3 17:52
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THE METHODS OF NONVIOLENT PROTEST AND PERSUASION
3 @7 _) u) f2 M V) J" E3 TFormal Statements
: C/ X% {2 j( T+ W* T. t 1. Public Speeches" B2 d0 z& M0 A( A( |. {
2. Letters of opposition or support u# m L% b& p3 Q
3. Declarations by organizations and institutions& a, {7 y% w; x% P$ B, G2 o f
4. Signed public statements
# w( ~2 Q/ B F 5. Declarations of indictment and intention
) B( v X/ k* |5 p/ w9 R6 [$ t 6. Group or mass petitions
7 f/ s+ W+ ^. ^, ~! u8 N9 f
( F# W: C# h# O- rCommunications with a Wider Audience
8 w/ I; J9 s$ s* Q4 N 7. Slogans, caricatures, and symbols6 x( M j8 d l( C! R9 I) o
8. Banners, posters, and displayed communications1 s2 \7 n" m1 e! F/ T) e
9. Leaflets, pamphlets, and books
7 W1 g# \% ^8 e; Z6 P5 G 10. Newspapers and journals
0 E& q5 P, ~% A% j9 ? 11. Records, radio, and television2 @7 c! G* w! O" B% q0 Z
12. Skywriting and earthwriting, _. M5 ]9 Q+ N) ^; D
6 _3 W7 ]+ \ u
Group Representations, G" M5 m' _1 A* L
13. Deputations- a$ P; k# D2 E0 t# v& b
14. Mock awards2 I) s) ? Y" @! c _; u5 f2 c
15. Group lobbying* O( T5 i9 Y+ \" f7 D# n
16. Picketing
8 D& e) L' I- E3 n 17. Mock elections
3 M0 B; |0 f1 j
! _( p$ M1 r6 t2 fSymbolic Public Acts
9 k/ p9 C8 ?$ _0 P, S) g; H 18. Displays of flags and symbolic colors4 q) q3 S$ ]9 b m, P
19. Wearing of symbols
4 I) a) M G8 d! b. ~ 20. Prayer and worship6 W/ n! K' V0 q7 J
21. Delivering symbolic objects; l; S9 B" Y" {0 l* x- E) w& x8 \
22. Protest disrobings. B' F, C: z3 l {- o# {, `
23. Destruction of own property
! g' H' E+ \" h 24. Symbolic lights
, Y& K* D) v' {5 M! N5 F" P% }3 u& Z! ? 25. Displays of portraits" u- K; R6 h8 s" h& D
26. Paint as protest
( o m1 w5 W$ k 27. New signs and names X# e' l4 ^+ `& W
28. Symbolic sounds
. {$ I' W- o% ^ 29. Symbolic reclamations% u; ~: x/ @' B- x Q4 Y7 V
30. Rude gestures$ M( d0 ^, v) j# W
* r& R! Q* L# m" S. t, t! l6 Q" {Pressures on Individuals
5 c) C9 F- ^" C. Q9 G5 H2 ` 31. “Haunting” officials
/ D+ ^6 f7 n# m& N b/ V) z! S: n 32. Taunting officials
$ S1 O/ u c& U% e" A( @ 33. Fraternization
! {/ @2 y1 U! J. a& x# @4 e 34. Vigils
9 B! J$ }* w2 Z' h
- Q7 k, D/ t' @+ n3 c. PDrama and Music4 g" ]& w3 N1 j& |- }% V
35. Humorous skits and pranks
* e4 ~( W- V6 T6 b3 R 36. Performances of plays and music* l: e* i. O* ]/ N
37. Singing' {/ h5 S$ A: x% J
) ]# b n6 w$ s( bProcessions: K- [' s4 E; l8 Z: r K6 @" o9 A0 j( N
38. Marches8 c7 ]. t4 b; _
39. Parades
2 d% Y* A" q8 L+ T5 t 40. Religious processions7 j, D- Y7 O1 F: p* o6 R/ |
41. Pilgrimages) R9 S: \& u- g! L1 g0 a$ q5 {
42. Motorcades6 R/ ~+ p4 a% O6 j
J4 m0 B' M a7 l4 n
Honoring the Dead
, n5 C5 K8 \7 l$ Y6 N 43. Political mourning
" J. q' h/ }4 d* n 44. Mock funerals
% q0 h" U# a5 N9 @) W+ t6 [! U 45. Demonstrative funerals+ T% ]$ P1 x& ^% \2 a/ u! c
46. Homage at burial places
) j; l9 C% n! j
6 \' L/ V! u4 d% k5 H# F; ^+ ~Public Assemblies) X1 W C# a1 \4 j
47. Assemblies of protest or support
/ D3 o) e, |# \3 h2 X/ o7 R* _ 48. Protest meetings. \7 B# X1 O$ _) S `" I! n/ p
49. Camouflaged meetings of protest% H1 K# X/ ~: v! w6 L) }' k! a! G" o
50. Teach-ins
& |6 A! s- l! w, L
/ w5 u) v- [6 p' QWithdrawal and Renunciation& w7 W% Y& `2 X U
51. Walk-outs; E' }3 d0 N* `( E7 }
52. Silence2 b/ R9 Z( x1 U2 z3 {3 s3 b
53. Renouncing honors
6 x$ Z0 H5 _( m7 ]/ L* y 54. Turning one’s back1 J( }1 y2 _0 Q! v8 R1 z
: k( J! A( P4 s1 P k" @! ?! t4 h8 S* v" ^2 e4 h# o
4 I/ u7 u! B# ^" y5 F* yTHE METHODS OF SOCIAL NONCOOPERATION
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3 }8 p/ v; ^+ K V- Q
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/ b3 V1 k0 w, m3 J( w) hOstracism of Persons
2 D: [ s- E6 W I# ~ 55. Social boycott/ l7 D2 N: z/ [- C7 B
56. Selective social boycott: \8 j& e3 A$ r: y3 |! ]. C6 _
57. Lysistratic nonaction
; h& D# G- }: I5 d+ s 58. Excommunication
9 h, G! M) m0 \1 C 59. Interdict
2 E. k0 k5 J- J) R; [) ^7 b' _" q4 \+ ~2 k& G& M
Noncooperation with Social Events, Customs, and Institutions. e+ W4 _7 ?0 ^3 B: H. x
60. Suspension of social and sports activities
$ S* J! j' I x4 ^/ ?* z 61. Boycott of social affairs( N/ G* [0 N+ i, t
62. Student strike7 b. o. O4 l6 L% @7 D
63. Social disobedience
5 b0 L) S( e6 S a 64. Withdrawal from social institutions
8 x& N( L1 n% a; M3 H
& H) N# B- I" Z' TWithdrawal from the Social System3 h- _5 S- y% U# g, {1 e
65. Stay-at-home2 [% h; {# D2 n9 d' ^3 _* P% a8 p
66. Total personal noncooperation X, G3 C; n# \8 v! k* [
67. “Flight” of workers
' b8 y$ t4 k% U$ e" x8 w3 w1 j 68. Sanctuary/ b3 G0 b9 H7 T
69. Collective disappearance
( g) D o/ G9 t1 ?/ { G' p 70. Protest emigration (hijrat). }5 t* ~6 J5 z; D( I
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THE METHODS OF ECONOMIC NONCOOPERATION: ECONOMIC BOYCOTTS( z" @* f9 n# z7 E1 l7 t
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V% l+ f5 |0 P% WActions by Consumers$ [' u; S5 t/ A" I1 O
71. Consumers’ boycott
; j2 A& b7 f- F y* n0 u5 L+ H3 h 72. Nonconsumption of boycotted goods
8 V4 {& A9 _8 V: F$ } 73. Policy of austerity
! s% g+ b4 Q; N; C$ r5 ` 74. Rent withholding
1 z, t" a/ v: U/ }8 ]' [ 75. Refusal to rent5 I# M# c$ c) P b, T
76. National consumers’ boycott
" ^& I# r' n. _% b# f/ \ r 77. International consumers’ boycott
) e5 J2 D+ d' l3 x; Q4 |( X: G1 Q! g6 H: Y8 f$ H7 B6 f* o
Action by Workers and Producers j2 V2 P: t% R+ R
78. Workmen’s boycott
1 Z" }; `- {( _8 j 79. Producers’ boycott
" F! z; D( \6 J6 x8 D9 W4 K% [
& ?' F' H. P5 Y# {Action by Middlemen
2 x! t& \2 @' x9 Q% O3 k 80. Suppliers’ and handlers’ boycott+ l7 M! x* I# I" R+ @
T) b; l/ V4 P0 r# I9 {" N" E
Action by Owners and Management
4 G. e( r5 x; f2 @: R. h2 w 81. Traders’ boycott' H/ s3 A9 o& P/ E* p
82. Refusal to let or sell property
4 j2 I* H8 x! h! k! f; E: @6 @- s 83. Lockout
' N7 ^) a: [& {2 G2 Y 84. Refusal of industrial assistance
$ D' C$ A* L3 q2 t. S O$ |- Z 85. Merchants’ “general strike”
. t% Q6 N. [: H; U
5 {7 Q7 B& {& b8 X) n, ^; LAction by Holders of Financial Resources
% H" h" n4 h, i! m0 r7 }4 m# v9 p 86. Withdrawal of bank deposits* Y/ P; ^& \4 ?0 j# v8 b% S
87. Refusal to pay fees, dues, and assessments3 D. i2 y9 T* B" ?
88. Refusal to pay debts or interest7 {: {; F7 D, e- W0 l
89. Severance of funds and credit
m! N X* r7 ?8 d3 z- G6 P 90. Revenue refusal
$ g3 v; g; A1 A1 \/ Z { 91. Refusal of a government’s money
. V b+ M) r* v, ]# m; P1 U3 y" |" F* c) X
Action by Governments
# U+ S. c. F& |: v7 R 92. Domestic embargo
$ L, E* M" b/ t6 w 93. Blacklisting of traders& m9 X/ z- T- k4 N$ f: @, l& [
94. International sellers’ embargo
; q/ }, p4 D5 l& d6 z- u 95. International buyers’ embargo, u4 x! X& l) j% i
96. International trade embargo
5 F2 I' I! m! Q' N+ X' O# R, `" l M+ {% u+ s% p$ I( M
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: X' y$ O* N# v/ u" Q" TTHE METHODS OF ECONOMIC NONCOOPERATION: THE STRIKE( N* _9 W2 P. i# W0 e
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* G$ t" \7 M( Q6 {5 f% V2 h
Symbolic Strikes
1 u* E0 v! e Y' |9 ? 97. Protest strike4 {9 A* s: ]/ z
98. Quickie walkout (lightning strike)
/ ]6 [ P9 Q" G7 o9 J8 M" g8 V4 c0 ?5 I6 ?
Agricultural Strikes
$ }0 _ e- e# z7 C# M1 w# h 99. Peasant strike
; y; @+ k, i& l1 z; L! H 100. Farm Workers’ strike
, j* b% D. q+ g- Y( D- s& X5 {. g# D, J" x( l' H5 o: K
Strikes by Special Groups
1 U2 R" F" \) }/ L2 d% ? 101. Refusal of impressed labor3 P' Y* E, T; m6 ~ P% a
102. Prisoners’ strike
* e9 O) B+ F- r* m( A9 X" Z" F n* X6 E 103. Craft strike! V, o' i% H: a9 S+ M! h' z
104. Professional strike
* f: P# ^0 p+ ?4 c* t. f( a. X3 L+ a: e6 N; h, ]$ T
Ordinary Industrial Strikes/ M! B( L8 Q/ H3 n e
105. Establishment strike
' p% K1 d- V7 I) a9 V4 O 106. Industry strike) N# J! N6 w4 E n/ R: `
107. Sympathetic strike7 J7 i9 ~1 q$ V4 {) R
: U3 ]8 ^0 m5 iRestricted Strikes
. t# Y$ e& n$ C9 } 108. Detailed strike
% Y9 n; j' Z7 U 109. Bumper strike
, e+ A# m. r% _' S 110. Slowdown strike
7 F' [, l$ B {; i7 m 111. Working-to-rule strike% f# A/ V: S' R: p
112. Reporting “sick” (sick-in)1 l7 @. x7 O+ ?0 A6 v1 F* G
113. Strike by resignation
3 S# ~* V( ]+ l* q6 j6 W 114. Limited strike
" _( j4 S2 l5 k7 X 115. Selective strike
' D# t& S9 r% |& y7 _; f! X4 N7 {$ \; V; b
Multi-Industry Strikes
& `. U6 ^0 D1 {' ?* f+ z# B% [' V8 E
b9 N+ t2 [) x ~, m 116. Generalized strike+ W. c5 c$ G0 M/ c( b( m
8 H9 Z9 a0 e& _) v9 f k
117. General strike' U' x, [5 {6 q7 [
# u3 C2 J. Q5 I& f" A3 @7 b
Combination of Strikes and Economic Closures1 Y3 S! s3 k( v- a
' T) }. e6 S; J) l$ {
118. Hartal
' d5 H: X7 P9 i! L
" \2 @2 m( {7 r9 s. w! q$ d2 Z, T 119. Economic shutdown' D C( p8 ]1 B& {1 V5 _
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3 m- ^/ i: X9 U5 ]
THE METHODS OF POLITICAL NONCOOPERATION
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$ ^$ |- s: Z: z h7 m$ KRejection of Authority; d q, H' n! P; x1 V
120. Withholding or withdrawal of allegiance3 ]+ N0 c0 m# d @6 }# b
121. Refusal of public support
/ m+ y# n. ^. D& { 122. Literature and speeches advocating resistance
1 z- q9 t+ r" J1 o2 Q/ g' g
& R h9 `( F! @: S2 _+ I7 n/ hCitizens’ Noncooperation with Government8 Y! ]& p& |& P1 t9 _3 k( W1 F
123. Boycott of legislative bodies8 q% T5 p. f8 F2 H; n( n+ V
124. Boycott of elections$ R4 a2 r* P/ f- W
125. Boycott of government employment and positions8 j' W: E7 D4 g- [& H5 P
126. Boycott of government depts., agencies, and other bodies
! l2 q2 H+ G% O 127. Withdrawal from government educational institutions
, w1 Q- S9 H: W; V# y/ @2 o 128. Boycott of government-supported organizations
4 Q& S4 W; w% J 129. Refusal of assistance to enforcement agents8 ?# s0 C% Q& C6 O
130. Removal of own signs and placemarks G) T1 Y4 w6 @8 K' u4 r
131. Refusal to accept appointed officials* V: y! n3 h ?( U8 b" p9 m' i
132. Refusal to dissolve existing institutions
/ [+ N; b& G# l" [ N
$ y9 f# @0 }6 U* F6 ^2 PCitizens’ Alternatives to Obedience
% I" p% ]& z( d$ A- K 133. Reluctant and slow compliance* f; z% Q3 r6 I
134. Nonobedience in absence of direct supervision
# e- b. J) e) L: l" T 135. Popular nonobedience- m& ~4 t$ z, W$ g. h; @9 ]- v
136. Disguised disobedience: z$ G' D, ?) a3 C( p2 E" Y, V
137. Refusal of an assemblage or meeting to disperse% |" T/ g1 T, Z7 w. c9 L- l
138. Sitdown
9 x( t5 ~9 W# q7 Z2 R" J v2 L5 p 139. Noncooperation with conscription and deportation9 l3 e# @$ f1 G: @' E
140. Hiding, escape, and false identities1 v( q, y9 O$ P
141. Civil disobedience of “illegitimate” laws
( k; E- C! i( F1 d3 g# }$ h5 }' T: L% }# ^) X2 F; W
Action by Government Personnel0 t& ~; |& ?% _8 |6 _
142. Selective refusal of assistance by government aides2 n3 J9 K# J" D8 S3 J
143. Blocking of lines of command and information" z+ L9 o5 h l/ I: E" N) s8 Q0 v
144. Stalling and obstruction! t/ U" u) E( b" @4 \" E0 J. D
145. General administrative noncooperation- R. S: r) `" H4 C0 N3 B$ f* u
d$ i8 r9 Q: g5 ]/ A& B3 O% P
146. Judicial noncooperation
3 t" ?4 q( B* N; h 147. Deliberate inefficiency and selective noncooperation by enforcement agents
% Z' D3 S2 f( c- q4 ^' B: R 148. Mutiny! S4 w3 i' k( d, D6 w
Domestic Governmental Action
9 I, e0 i* m ` 149. Quasi-legal evasions and delays3 \6 ~) }) u1 a, ^! t( Q
150. Noncooperation by constituent governmental units
2 E" [$ U# r" v, d( P
' f8 [4 K' {5 _International Governmental Action
! ?- [/ l) w* v( _ 151. Changes in diplomatic and other representations
* G$ E! W }3 i% k& d: _ 152. Delay and cancellation of diplomatic events
* |! f4 g+ f4 V 153. Withholding of diplomatic recognition
1 t4 g R6 W$ S1 d: y, m5 x 154. Severance of diplomatic relations+ y0 W( h' k4 n% y' v
155. Withdrawal from international organizations# {* N, E& ?- b6 R
156. Refusal of membership in international bodies
; ^9 Z, c* n6 N5 ]9 e' p e) ? 157. Expulsion from international organizations. S4 V- D4 t3 s, l
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0 H0 K, S7 v0 b+ @5 c: l$ [* X8 \) x- E' ^: s* Y1 @
THE METHODS OF NONVIOLENT INTERVENTION
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' r6 `! F* o! e+ m* tPsychological Intervention
K: _% T* M( k8 @- k6 a 158. Self-exposure to the elements
# I# `; v e8 C$ c# B 159. The fast: [$ t8 q' U# G# ]5 y; |
a) Fast of moral pressure9 w% L7 Q9 U' J
b) Hunger strike; a0 ^7 q# y* M
c) Satyagrahic fast4 g( ]7 s. o; f
160. Reverse trial
3 L: U8 l. h! S8 [2 l 161. Nonviolent harassment k/ e, {2 U. g @5 W# L# E6 i% J
: c$ D9 `: Q& H! |4 H
Physical Intervention& r" {/ w( N, y; P& Q3 h2 @
162. Sit-in" z3 G8 b2 q3 V7 q
163. Stand-in
# p" }: Q4 W; V- s1 w% m 164. Ride-in) C7 T# o6 C& L, g$ q
165. Wade-in8 c2 N3 X' G+ h/ O- H
166. Mill-in
4 U2 a1 \7 D6 Y. z( D& G0 P; D 167. Pray-in+ [6 d+ y u3 N
168. Nonviolent raids C0 B7 Z1 U- x7 b+ r7 w& V
169. Nonviolent air raids$ E* p! F. Q6 Q; V9 n7 B* A# U
170. Nonviolent invasion6 }- U q! G( X# |# D
171. Nonviolent interjection6 |+ v. `; S! P9 h
172. Nonviolent obstruction
, ]5 m; R+ e6 B- { 173. Nonviolent occupation- c9 a& |+ s6 r0 L p5 ^
4 Q# Q6 }! Z4 r2 t7 o! I
Social Intervention
; z0 i! O, i' S- Z6 n- j 174. Establishing new social patterns& o9 U c0 W9 Y, V* {. p
175. Overloading of facilities0 f1 b0 N. E; W
176. Stall-in) k" u# x4 }% N3 x
177. Speak-in" l7 X- @, |* O
178. Guerrilla theater
2 }9 f4 I& o4 U o' s/ Q# ?: u% p 179. Alternative social institutions
7 A7 B5 G: j" h% X/ X 180. Alternative communication system
3 G+ C+ E% Q+ b" U" T# d' {
( C k* E) g3 l2 [0 x8 s& ZEconomic Intervention
7 h7 o v( M/ h6 W 181. Reverse strike. b( U+ ]+ ? ~- J- v
182. Stay-in strike
; g" B* T' x* x0 @+ ~ W: k 183. Nonviolent land seizure
& T/ b9 H& Q& ?5 [) ~2 O6 ^ 184. Defiance of blockades. h/ ]8 O, `; u
185. Politically motivated counterfeiting" x9 l/ u$ r, t# N
186. Preclusive purchasing
, v) O. f3 _9 x) F 187. Seizure of assets
4 _7 u6 N& s, t4 X* l4 m 188. Dumping* @. q; {! ]$ p- W* m. u
189. Selective patronage$ o/ ?, D6 R% D) V
190. Alternative markets
) G4 F% d4 y; b- D 191. Alternative transportation systems# P* W; o3 m! F/ {
192. Alternative economic institutions
# U! K/ E8 Q* E0 d
. {+ t3 ^4 j' L3 Y$ C wPolitical Intervention
& A0 X. @( l/ U9 N 193. Overloading of administrative systems' W# E5 F+ a) w6 e$ y
194. Disclosing identities of secret agents
# T" U1 R& r4 c! z- C 195. Seeking imprisonment2 F$ I. Y7 V' s! y$ w
196. Civil disobedience of “neutral” laws
7 Z# U4 ]! {. d, C1 U 197. Work-on without collaboration3 x+ l- w" N" t& I# d' h7 G
198. Dual sovereignty and parallel government! w( w6 w4 g8 }% S- b
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楼主: reneeqq
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发表于 2016-7-2 18:23
发表于 2016-7-2 22:02
