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THE METHODS OF NONVIOLENT PROTEST AND PERSUASION. {4 |! p5 Q) B- {/ A: C
Formal Statements! \" B$ D( y$ B( ^
1. Public Speeches, o8 J, w2 ]) s5 [; L( d
2. Letters of opposition or support
' K N: u, }4 v" X B5 g D 3. Declarations by organizations and institutions, a. S" i9 i; A6 E3 `7 G, G1 H# g
4. Signed public statements4 N: K0 M( K$ Q6 m
5. Declarations of indictment and intention
7 J) z! H+ J0 N9 `2 c 6. Group or mass petitions
( f" J8 M% _; y! K q
! Q7 f1 K& Q# n9 S0 }4 f0 eCommunications with a Wider Audience
u! h; F+ K: D1 v7 V# Z 7. Slogans, caricatures, and symbols! L, L5 V0 T! I
8. Banners, posters, and displayed communications
& a) t6 O3 g8 Q3 C 9. Leaflets, pamphlets, and books ?- N! o& I- s, u+ p
10. Newspapers and journals0 t8 g) v) ]' r$ m) W- W
11. Records, radio, and television! A3 w! S4 X- E2 e; }; B& Q
12. Skywriting and earthwriting
- y; Z5 l, N$ q- G W
& T7 n \3 i1 N* T. v9 FGroup Representations
: v& C, o+ I8 k; w 13. Deputations
: }, `$ i; J: N8 }/ B3 N: i/ J6 c 14. Mock awards
: \$ V1 z. D, G0 k" |5 Z# h, l. _ 15. Group lobbying$ e' M8 R6 s' l8 y2 H* ], H
16. Picketing
* `# H5 O! `; R3 P9 |* i- F; { u! } 17. Mock elections; {. B6 h4 i! ?0 S% W# ], u" U3 j
/ M4 l/ N1 |2 x# aSymbolic Public Acts
) Y7 r# o+ ~8 q 18. Displays of flags and symbolic colors
: |! V, j, T- L- |7 D 19. Wearing of symbols
1 c6 Q5 i) k& F- f3 |$ Y 20. Prayer and worship
9 d9 E5 |& I- D; `/ V4 i1 W; P 21. Delivering symbolic objects
5 \1 Z+ Z. O5 p. {1 ] 22. Protest disrobings F9 P1 o. |7 @4 ~$ A+ i% z8 ]
23. Destruction of own property
7 r) w+ B/ h, ?$ Q 24. Symbolic lights
7 H' S) G; [9 g 25. Displays of portraits# e" Q! |- S; o4 n/ J* ]. b$ c* L
26. Paint as protest% a. V6 g! R) ~6 K& x! i/ v
27. New signs and names, D9 d$ j. M+ Z5 w5 v) D
28. Symbolic sounds
5 ~$ |. N1 ?- [+ k 29. Symbolic reclamations
0 x2 s2 H8 t: x) [$ Z1 P7 G 30. Rude gestures
- o+ I1 V0 l1 s( [0 [# c0 @6 Y
+ l& `, ^+ o7 {) E2 [Pressures on Individuals
- w. r6 k2 |2 @( ~# J 31. “Haunting” officials
9 D! g8 o! t9 c6 t2 |' l 32. Taunting officials
! C; o* v3 Z( y4 s' J' w 33. Fraternization/ Z9 h; a5 u- h3 C; g+ F& G
34. Vigils
2 T; Z' y @ G. K& g/ \7 V5 n+ v4 ?, e G
Drama and Music5 Z2 J- c/ C. K
35. Humorous skits and pranks( ?1 i3 I. D+ [: v
36. Performances of plays and music
6 u; {6 ^2 Z- F% l+ H4 W% B* f 37. Singing' ^" w3 P4 F& a. P) Y
% O* v- W) M1 j, d7 r1 X' r) I
Processions
/ o% J: l% `' G 38. Marches
( l3 N6 K& m0 e. \+ ^$ N, F 39. Parades
6 _) K% O# L1 B: @( S: \* x 40. Religious processions
1 i6 m' `7 Q. i& m) |% | K" m4 C 41. Pilgrimages1 n& a/ u! ?/ Q% b+ w# A# r8 p0 c7 c$ C
42. Motorcades
+ k4 x, e5 u' v9 @3 q6 O; q- r* I' H R( q+ l+ U* I" c
Honoring the Dead
1 T7 U3 P, z- @# s( T 43. Political mourning! d* c% n. q! @- W* t" d
44. Mock funerals/ t) R) k( {$ }. C
45. Demonstrative funerals% E# r- p5 H, I8 d$ Z/ |
46. Homage at burial places7 Q! g" D/ v- r
! a, J( \3 R& m! l1 M T$ {
Public Assemblies
0 N7 w, _- S! _; Z [: L7 | |) |1 e 47. Assemblies of protest or support
! q4 u- e, }9 C, L* S 48. Protest meetings
- `5 ?6 I$ K1 `; F1 A) ] 49. Camouflaged meetings of protest4 Y0 g: Z' t, ~1 V( ]
50. Teach-ins
1 X; o2 e( \3 W# w- X6 I* c) L& ^
2 K4 u' x. L! wWithdrawal and Renunciation
( Q3 x' q& R$ @/ F 51. Walk-outs
% S2 x' m2 ]9 p1 F 52. Silence
5 J4 H- C- G% c2 ~* ^0 e- R 53. Renouncing honors
6 j, S' `% l! c/ L$ p" W0 h: V4 p, c 54. Turning one’s back
6 o* Q$ {# B2 f: f3 b5 V1 Z. ~; K4 E I9 k, H! x
4 L1 T8 v7 M. R, l9 c. l/ _- P4 o; r" `) D! ~6 o7 Q4 a( E
THE METHODS OF SOCIAL NONCOOPERATION
/ a3 {" D4 t" k/ Z2 M) y/ e L& I+ f
" ?0 o& r& s' c+ A/ K% f. S ) a" ?' h$ b' H
) q. X% W8 Y O `" U$ P6 Y+ Y% i
Ostracism of Persons7 L1 Y" G5 L- N- `5 I( L
55. Social boycott, ^. k" y4 C1 e' i
56. Selective social boycott9 v9 e) k& [: l/ `$ w( B
57. Lysistratic nonaction
5 j0 r$ I' F% J7 q; x 58. Excommunication. K; m. P e. {1 k; g3 n h$ {
59. Interdict i* t! D. h* K# ^- ]1 O7 Y2 _
8 k! k$ n6 y, K; p; [# P0 J) y
Noncooperation with Social Events, Customs, and Institutions
% [! F. g& v8 z; | 60. Suspension of social and sports activities
9 a$ ~5 s9 r0 a) D- k' `4 V 61. Boycott of social affairs
7 T' S( P z% A4 I7 O. K% a7 Z- h( A 62. Student strike
$ ^0 a: b' d( \ 63. Social disobedience8 u, u2 v8 m+ t. d4 L
64. Withdrawal from social institutions: z, @+ M% F! D7 |9 X
- X* v" n* D/ N8 Y) @$ zWithdrawal from the Social System- r9 B4 R2 i9 {, s* d) g' U+ \! q
65. Stay-at-home
. ?; D, {' |+ T H. B8 d9 m) g 66. Total personal noncooperation; b( @1 _" U( U: O: _& p$ I8 P
67. “Flight” of workers
9 E1 C" R2 N; d- G; n' o; @: o& I 68. Sanctuary8 A# h& t& k, p* \" t$ c
69. Collective disappearance
; R r3 j$ u( [/ [5 T 70. Protest emigration (hijrat)
) w. _9 a( j( R5 l4 W/ a5 `+ u5 z
) m: v! F; ^. A( i3 v
' p x4 b+ G: m. I( aTHE METHODS OF ECONOMIC NONCOOPERATION: ECONOMIC BOYCOTTS5 {! V3 E% [" X& _0 I
5 j( P4 Q @( F9 g8 x
4 ]$ ]7 c1 `2 B; E7 uActions by Consumers, @4 X4 _; `2 A: t1 o# b. S
71. Consumers’ boycott
7 U# F% w7 J& I1 l 72. Nonconsumption of boycotted goods
. p. S: V5 i5 l. a5 P u; n* K" _ 73. Policy of austerity
$ `2 s+ j4 K) k 74. Rent withholding
: n5 |2 e9 H% Y9 f/ x7 n3 V! Z3 u 75. Refusal to rent, @9 U% Q$ q+ I4 G5 ?& i
76. National consumers’ boycott) ?, ]8 L I2 Y" K$ R7 e. x
77. International consumers’ boycott0 [% _6 G! N9 e
; s- p& J. Q# {2 GAction by Workers and Producers
3 P$ V' {1 a+ p9 e0 U; t. v# w 78. Workmen’s boycott9 S4 F4 l. P# a) C5 X, N0 H5 T
79. Producers’ boycott
4 U8 T$ L" W5 r0 `2 h2 P& w' {4 x& B! c |6 A: A4 U5 n- }# V' D
Action by Middlemen p( T0 X" F5 e# P6 O
80. Suppliers’ and handlers’ boycott' E, _( J8 Q3 e% C2 j- o
: G. | s! j5 \* s
Action by Owners and Management1 {! U3 M6 p6 n2 v2 k" G
81. Traders’ boycott
+ q0 o8 F! Y7 c5 b1 ` 82. Refusal to let or sell property
$ D! S2 w4 R4 L; i' A9 ? 83. Lockout
- O7 }/ {; G/ H- x! j! @5 } 84. Refusal of industrial assistance1 ]+ p5 x3 I' K& h+ V2 A: j
85. Merchants’ “general strike”2 F" J8 W6 t( v$ e) d% q, ]( r x: j. n
; e/ [1 d* a1 G- i9 D* x6 w
Action by Holders of Financial Resources9 s0 Y& U+ n0 w; Q& G
86. Withdrawal of bank deposits
" p, h) m3 f# W! w' q 87. Refusal to pay fees, dues, and assessments
# Q! P X0 K% u5 @# n4 c 88. Refusal to pay debts or interest
- E9 q9 E6 W# o 89. Severance of funds and credit# G$ y9 k X7 [5 U- F* _
90. Revenue refusal
' I }. V* x. u- h' ]" N 91. Refusal of a government’s money
9 \% k/ L2 Q( b& I0 `
+ u9 L7 h3 s6 {( dAction by Governments3 K! {" E: a8 P! @8 Y( m
92. Domestic embargo& \2 A1 E5 a% y& s0 f8 L
93. Blacklisting of traders
. X0 }4 T0 c" t% [4 z4 B6 l 94. International sellers’ embargo& C; M* z* }7 U; ^0 y# e! E
95. International buyers’ embargo7 k6 I. H7 c; k% H2 ~) ]+ n
96. International trade embargo
+ l7 p3 c/ X/ I2 x$ `; M! K) q
1 L! A. @. h1 U+ G ! P5 M( |4 y* E& ?
8 d% z: B' u+ |* T
THE METHODS OF ECONOMIC NONCOOPERATION: THE STRIKE
4 g. `; ~' E! y6 N" |% a! P! r9 t' }# V# u* f
1 X2 f& T7 D" VSymbolic Strikes- {) O" N% L5 \
97. Protest strike% \ Q5 b! l5 m6 b* k
98. Quickie walkout (lightning strike)
% X( [. n9 ~7 h- b; t5 g6 j% O w! _* N. |
Agricultural Strikes
" u5 O/ C2 Q. k4 B( \4 c. R 99. Peasant strike
0 U3 [1 J% a5 O' k* x3 z 100. Farm Workers’ strike1 G/ ?: x$ e; ]" Z! E
2 u1 {4 M" M% b6 r' n+ B
Strikes by Special Groups1 G1 ?8 ]! V. [
101. Refusal of impressed labor$ F, W8 y: U; [& w7 I
102. Prisoners’ strike. y0 @5 R$ R4 |0 m. }/ v) X# B
103. Craft strike& Z9 |! x0 q( Z
104. Professional strike4 P1 s& {3 s. I9 ^
1 n! S3 c% }# O2 aOrdinary Industrial Strikes
j' I8 G. W! ?/ ?, j4 }! b 105. Establishment strike
* X+ }7 @. P6 S4 e7 G% z 106. Industry strike# |+ n3 D0 ~. L4 x4 M8 [; V8 l
107. Sympathetic strike1 N; B+ m9 c& s, E9 ]
' O/ m: f" Q2 g- rRestricted Strikes
/ e7 h9 S5 C( ? 108. Detailed strike
+ q7 Y( |# W" @3 S0 R 109. Bumper strike6 j6 \: d5 j% Y# b f# h
110. Slowdown strike
5 i! p2 k4 g. Q, U 111. Working-to-rule strike) ~6 l$ m: k- K
112. Reporting “sick” (sick-in)! s$ |& d# q( C3 u
113. Strike by resignation
, T8 R3 C2 e2 @& Q, J 114. Limited strike
( m+ ?: V" ^ a: C# ^; O 115. Selective strike
# ~. M# r+ x! R8 S+ j& T G) z( M8 S! B3 c A7 J
Multi-Industry Strikes
C1 J, r2 I9 ^. u" _! K u) ~
: Q2 w$ ]$ }; M3 b8 b! J. g 116. Generalized strike
) s/ B- l; ^- ^4 z- k3 z" I
% j/ j! G5 ]/ g' \, }! N 117. General strike+ C% p$ {8 F3 v/ i5 h7 F
. q2 R/ ^* v9 i
Combination of Strikes and Economic Closures* z0 p$ s! y1 C; ]4 u0 e+ p$ ^
. M- \8 _" T8 O3 L7 l
118. Hartal9 _7 L) U9 \0 ?0 \. T/ F8 T
, U& H( ~* R& |8 O; o5 w 119. Economic shutdown
' a9 e7 }! R' k; p9 ~6 ?2 r' U) C+ N1 v; W! c: J
6 \) q- J: l. r2 S9 t
% x5 q6 ?, ]: @8 ^4 B6 o- {# z6 ITHE METHODS OF POLITICAL NONCOOPERATION
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# Z3 K( [) u# C/ A0 D2 e ! E: P. d% v; `
Rejection of Authority
! Y% x& l" _, d0 J9 _6 b$ ^' [ 120. Withholding or withdrawal of allegiance# f% E/ J+ |% r2 G/ m. Y% L0 r8 c" j
121. Refusal of public support
+ {* ?" @/ _9 j! A9 W( e; f 122. Literature and speeches advocating resistance
- N4 T% c- E$ L; j+ {- v9 d
( U6 `7 M- |$ I: `' V3 a bCitizens’ Noncooperation with Government8 [5 N. Q' J' O: n
123. Boycott of legislative bodies
5 l9 [' p; ~. M: B 124. Boycott of elections
( ^; U8 i" z. l9 {. f9 p 125. Boycott of government employment and positions
# B# ?5 ]- G7 \! P* R4 L9 g 126. Boycott of government depts., agencies, and other bodies& G4 q. J% E, g \ }
127. Withdrawal from government educational institutions B b* @$ I# x+ U. Q
128. Boycott of government-supported organizations2 u- p0 O% L; ~
129. Refusal of assistance to enforcement agents0 b' u1 j% z1 x$ K3 b: K e' h& r
130. Removal of own signs and placemarks
Y) w& j2 m' l; G 131. Refusal to accept appointed officials
- o; w8 h8 j' {1 q 132. Refusal to dissolve existing institutions+ M0 s2 Y- e0 c! c. [$ S
2 [+ o5 s8 t* s! ]& h" QCitizens’ Alternatives to Obedience+ E- e% S l/ P% a1 C# y
133. Reluctant and slow compliance+ C6 l* \6 {. z8 _! X9 }/ @
134. Nonobedience in absence of direct supervision/ L2 \2 W9 y) ?9 r) J, g; e
135. Popular nonobedience
' W5 o1 c3 D K, z( g @) a 136. Disguised disobedience
# Y2 ?% i. P# m 137. Refusal of an assemblage or meeting to disperse
1 `7 Y, w% g, O+ j 138. Sitdown6 w3 Y$ I2 D* H( N
139. Noncooperation with conscription and deportation) W" [$ B" ?# l6 q$ r
140. Hiding, escape, and false identities
5 v3 Z# u( y0 z" M9 C; W" X 141. Civil disobedience of “illegitimate” laws$ m4 D6 U/ O% W- Z' X
0 E* J/ |) W/ y1 o' _7 g3 l' iAction by Government Personnel9 s( T3 m0 r" k& _8 z! l
142. Selective refusal of assistance by government aides
- }7 U" q# z _( w 143. Blocking of lines of command and information' ~+ b' T+ P' M& C2 C1 w3 p
144. Stalling and obstruction
0 `' j# e7 `" P9 M6 \, `. x 145. General administrative noncooperation
7 x7 m" J* v" M D, n- [
; e/ K/ l/ h2 I 146. Judicial noncooperation5 l" B7 }1 F$ h+ J. p$ Y
147. Deliberate inefficiency and selective noncooperation by enforcement agents
: W+ V; _' T- D; J# ~0 \2 z1 Q) X 148. Mutiny
, D/ V8 j/ b+ W! N4 e$ KDomestic Governmental Action" d$ K- I) d- b) @
149. Quasi-legal evasions and delays1 ^: |: n2 H! C0 C$ g" e
150. Noncooperation by constituent governmental units
: j" }, w: E* S
" o. T+ \) f5 b) @; yInternational Governmental Action
* ^, Z7 @3 T p! T; G: I8 T0 n 151. Changes in diplomatic and other representations
) E+ r# o* m' n' }# ^, ] 152. Delay and cancellation of diplomatic events- c6 q2 P3 n8 y, w& D! m- @0 E
153. Withholding of diplomatic recognition
! u4 ?% h0 s0 O" m+ k 154. Severance of diplomatic relations
5 c& j, E. E6 E 155. Withdrawal from international organizations
% i1 q/ `# k4 w4 K: z1 h 156. Refusal of membership in international bodies
+ \* t) O# V+ b" t4 G8 {4 v 157. Expulsion from international organizations
3 M" _# C0 r- ]- c+ R0 w5 u8 k2 h2 W6 _6 M" T1 o: C u+ v3 @: i4 {- n; a
% I+ G& b. n5 D
0 G1 @* @3 m n# cTHE METHODS OF NONVIOLENT INTERVENTION- j/ n, `* Z5 K8 }/ e
" a& N( L9 h$ V; p& Y4 ]6 _" {3 J7 g
" t/ j0 K; p$ {3 o$ ~( c) P* |Psychological Intervention; B7 l$ `" e5 Z5 w5 O6 H' l
158. Self-exposure to the elements7 W9 l( ^" h& i( |( K7 G! \) p
159. The fast \" r7 U9 C6 u0 Z, k8 ?. x! N
a) Fast of moral pressure4 ~8 K# R# [; L9 M' @5 i
b) Hunger strike; e: J& }1 t7 @6 l9 H6 U) I
c) Satyagrahic fast
) r9 V& H3 O5 o) A, R! z 160. Reverse trial
3 z2 s3 }8 n* @4 s _ 161. Nonviolent harassment
$ J, m4 K1 d5 L2 t1 H
8 ]% A0 k7 p" e! L! L1 HPhysical Intervention: |0 S* f7 @3 `3 l% e
162. Sit-in$ w& y% T/ ], I8 _/ {8 r _
163. Stand-in
r2 z$ U, A$ i 164. Ride-in3 D# e- _) s# H3 X. Z
165. Wade-in
' a! m8 ~' n- Y, o8 f7 r 166. Mill-in
1 B; o- [ e% h3 I9 B! T 167. Pray-in. s- c2 Q: r; B" c
168. Nonviolent raids
' g/ V- u) { A/ W! C 169. Nonviolent air raids4 L, G6 L' J9 c, A! o" Z! Q5 }
170. Nonviolent invasion
0 P* h; Y |. e) }7 K4 G; g4 ? B 171. Nonviolent interjection
$ c0 } j7 e7 S 172. Nonviolent obstruction! z; Z: J g4 E" n a
173. Nonviolent occupation
% `) O7 a+ l$ X0 e9 F- A! @+ L2 ?! ^1 i# h* y5 z$ v# q0 Z# E J8 P
Social Intervention0 w5 N( ?% j7 v' v! R7 G" P8 R
174. Establishing new social patterns7 Y1 f: t; |( t" q; u# c/ [! b( F
175. Overloading of facilities$ |7 S( r% a [0 n+ e) |
176. Stall-in9 J- h9 |5 m/ ~% e# b
177. Speak-in* h. F. U1 O$ Q! ~
178. Guerrilla theater0 f8 ^) q0 \; f8 i- j
179. Alternative social institutions
0 C* `0 F4 ?) v% H1 k% | 180. Alternative communication system
% k! Q- C+ b0 [9 a8 @) J- y" l0 B4 e$ g2 q
Economic Intervention) a% c/ z* E6 T3 j9 w
181. Reverse strike
7 F; [7 m* z$ v5 q) \ 182. Stay-in strike* U( G' ~, ~1 i$ q. [% z% O
183. Nonviolent land seizure) r! x, l4 m6 y8 I Z) g" Q& m
184. Defiance of blockades
' M, [, Q8 Q `& A- V. Y 185. Politically motivated counterfeiting/ E& a3 e0 R$ b7 b
186. Preclusive purchasing$ c+ n- D% g8 F/ B
187. Seizure of assets
5 }$ m" x2 r! j9 f$ { 188. Dumping
e( |) C$ T* e5 ?6 ^: ] 189. Selective patronage
8 Z- @- @0 E W, B" c0 T* c 190. Alternative markets
1 d# h" g3 c( d/ X 191. Alternative transportation systems
; X/ z* F; [5 U6 @" p 192. Alternative economic institutions
7 i5 W7 B, C0 `# b; e4 O# ^
& I4 a- V% [4 [; y! }9 HPolitical Intervention4 y/ Z7 O5 N3 I. X
193. Overloading of administrative systems
3 O) I& m2 j4 T 194. Disclosing identities of secret agents
s/ L3 r9 R3 l$ e( n" N8 D. \ R; h6 Y8 H 195. Seeking imprisonment% L+ b- n+ C. k" [8 u# L4 M
196. Civil disobedience of “neutral” laws
6 s' u) A0 V) }2 @! R% j9 G 197. Work-on without collaboration
$ U: W3 }1 A ?9 p! H$ c 198. Dual sovereignty and parallel government- i5 Z9 {. o7 `7 p+ _7 Z3 }9 ^
. J5 d0 ^0 A6 {" U4 `8 W$ T2 b
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