 鲜花( 240)  鸡蛋( 18)
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发表于 2016-7-3 17:52
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THE METHODS OF NONVIOLENT PROTEST AND PERSUASION. t) r, p2 M: [5 C: s
Formal Statements4 W0 H! W" C8 d) f
1. Public Speeches
; G+ T" H) l& S8 q 2. Letters of opposition or support
, |6 c1 K; }9 a2 a$ } 3. Declarations by organizations and institutions
2 P* |7 }6 W O' n7 b 4. Signed public statements
+ E8 S- C$ V: A7 l# w 5. Declarations of indictment and intention
# b ?7 m7 K' o# H- P1 j" @ 6. Group or mass petitions$ s6 i' ~9 X0 c \7 ?
( d4 Y8 \- F7 F; \5 z
Communications with a Wider Audience( j+ W7 @) T+ o# A# P
7. Slogans, caricatures, and symbols6 A& F( G& l: i5 ~
8. Banners, posters, and displayed communications
5 L2 E' ~ G$ T, ^+ o. u 9. Leaflets, pamphlets, and books
o$ f: G" G' {" x ^ 10. Newspapers and journals
8 Z( q3 N7 D' e- k 11. Records, radio, and television$ k& Q0 K- |8 a( v q4 K4 P
12. Skywriting and earthwriting) Z3 u: V+ [6 O7 m/ W3 X
7 y8 P$ R6 y" N: r; w
Group Representations2 ` `2 i; ]/ X0 \: O* P
13. Deputations/ i/ ]8 U ^7 @. R
14. Mock awards! V. z& a0 ^% I4 v* _" Y
15. Group lobbying
! E# S4 T" j( n0 P* ?* k- a 16. Picketing
0 y% H1 i; w' l9 W 17. Mock elections
* o e. h4 L! T; L, l* v9 M4 {1 K! k6 M0 F
Symbolic Public Acts+ r; P0 y8 Y8 l* i/ C9 ^) m
18. Displays of flags and symbolic colors
- r: z U4 C) t. b6 m+ S 19. Wearing of symbols
: d% Y' v' }6 v0 b* e* @: f6 ~: h 20. Prayer and worship
' U/ w6 h3 v" }7 w 21. Delivering symbolic objects; r) i" C, Q, C* i
22. Protest disrobings- r6 ?* N' @0 M
23. Destruction of own property
- {- ?. T' z0 Q% ^7 H 24. Symbolic lights j: I) Z$ @4 r
25. Displays of portraits
5 b) ~8 ?7 K' E( s# u 26. Paint as protest
2 ?1 k+ ~0 D$ |$ u 27. New signs and names
j5 H8 e% S+ N1 [ 28. Symbolic sounds
2 T: _+ F: t6 X4 [, r$ ? 29. Symbolic reclamations
) Q; l* E" V0 S/ L- |4 t$ @( T 30. Rude gestures, r0 ~! J, H$ I& s% x; b
" s0 p' k' ]; R& e9 iPressures on Individuals
3 q5 ~$ s0 Q" o" x3 G2 ^: y 31. “Haunting” officials
& G% x! K! l: Z/ ^! } 32. Taunting officials: ~4 U$ H3 g: j1 h3 l
33. Fraternization
: e* Z' B0 W$ B/ b }6 q 34. Vigils
% ] E: b- w4 l# [) Q% _0 T) Q
: j( R& R: p4 p/ I; _Drama and Music
S# X/ x) p# j5 A 35. Humorous skits and pranks
" f$ B7 h/ C- U9 W 36. Performances of plays and music9 V8 N, n% \" W4 T4 T
37. Singing
% m+ B- G# ]: e7 F" H! O; L& G9 G2 f* E% O* e; C4 a: ]2 g9 [8 \
Processions- k2 ]6 a% Q( O( s$ K( g# Q
38. Marches
5 [1 v2 C) T) p" [ P, o 39. Parades
( Q3 d: C. V& S3 r1 _/ G 40. Religious processions
' M( k0 W3 u! O; o( l3 ^- {; X 41. Pilgrimages
0 l+ h7 R9 }6 e/ u# K9 y1 T 42. Motorcades
! V$ M( K( {* U+ O: O
" m. w; ~5 V+ \& `7 SHonoring the Dead# L5 Z, Q+ B7 c
43. Political mourning
; w( }7 n, r e1 K* L9 W i6 ^ 44. Mock funerals
+ Z; f, F6 L) D j6 m W9 p' J4 A9 _/ F 45. Demonstrative funerals" |$ \% o! }! m& ^. R
46. Homage at burial places1 N! c8 p, l4 g
2 `% e$ x: U* S& X% C
Public Assemblies
$ v. Y/ \7 X0 R" W% ^ 47. Assemblies of protest or support2 y W6 V3 z& x$ v( A o/ l
48. Protest meetings
; e) T4 m0 v- Z 49. Camouflaged meetings of protest
3 J. ?. q$ u/ b+ r/ t v) k. U% j+ ^) u 50. Teach-ins6 v# H9 z+ f# w, a, `1 }
, X2 s1 f1 L1 v: F8 y$ x
Withdrawal and Renunciation
) B# `' k, {4 ? 51. Walk-outs
% ^/ J }6 F5 f* n3 } 52. Silence+ I/ v8 G9 l5 ?4 _. ~& N( \
53. Renouncing honors
; x) y6 h1 A I4 I) l 54. Turning one’s back
/ Q6 [+ m7 m f# D1 l+ i! M% B; ?: I0 A
' H: d/ B u% E/ o: L; i2 G! e9 M6 ^4 l
THE METHODS OF SOCIAL NONCOOPERATION
7 j# \7 b" V# [ e4 T, K/ ]& O2 F: g) p5 s! O
/ X5 B8 l8 x4 _9 p1 I+ {! C9 W
& [" Y' t* r4 e- k. [
Ostracism of Persons
0 `; K1 {) g( w5 Z, p1 x 55. Social boycott
- H6 W1 e% N, [% D 56. Selective social boycott
! R5 B" I: o1 w: a! e, U 57. Lysistratic nonaction5 j$ a; k. x4 b! W" d v
58. Excommunication
' }, s% ]3 V4 c3 Z$ w 59. Interdict
$ k- [( i4 h- Z% x, M1 F6 U
( d9 \: w( o2 Y2 HNoncooperation with Social Events, Customs, and Institutions- }4 ?' M/ b8 G, b
60. Suspension of social and sports activities2 ~0 _- K7 ^( r% Y" [
61. Boycott of social affairs0 s4 A4 b7 a) w
62. Student strike% H+ H. F. G) S! `
63. Social disobedience
4 K2 m+ d; G9 b1 o' \: f; E% V 64. Withdrawal from social institutions
' V/ j$ c7 I! F$ P* [# v
, S& s9 b k/ P8 fWithdrawal from the Social System
2 u$ ]$ }8 g4 @" ? h 65. Stay-at-home/ e2 b, @8 t# v/ d x% Y7 z
66. Total personal noncooperation
( {( [; m) K/ k g 67. “Flight” of workers$ z* v8 D. n8 O4 S! t/ e+ z
68. Sanctuary8 N7 |+ t! u$ W' J& |3 |$ l" a
69. Collective disappearance, P" d: g/ F+ G/ p; f( d; q- A
70. Protest emigration (hijrat), _8 P6 D! p6 k. B
4 [% p* K& X% j8 x& @
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$ a6 [+ M' L1 e* @4 X3 Q, W6 e5 a" A3 o
THE METHODS OF ECONOMIC NONCOOPERATION: ECONOMIC BOYCOTTS
' @( {$ w7 w3 K n! H2 H
" W, O6 \- a2 U! J8 S& T
" U) u; _8 n' \+ o- F% i2 J! OActions by Consumers
) @0 ?0 f! K0 J' v0 W 71. Consumers’ boycott, {" T/ D6 l" l
72. Nonconsumption of boycotted goods* \1 w3 x, z2 P% k
73. Policy of austerity
) a2 v7 g5 z+ L" W+ S0 @" R. C 74. Rent withholding
/ M7 J8 J7 T9 M4 N& h' e( N 75. Refusal to rent3 x N: h- M7 a1 ^ W, J F
76. National consumers’ boycott! J' z7 \9 O1 i" ^, f
77. International consumers’ boycott2 `' ?6 h; y& m1 x+ j
, [9 k" r8 M* T; C3 S7 Q% Q% g$ I
Action by Workers and Producers
8 b5 R6 H. V1 C. { 78. Workmen’s boycott3 J! c( j5 E' E+ j0 ?
79. Producers’ boycott7 M. W9 w+ E6 r! ?, u( Y/ X. m
7 d& U0 k e; F1 r: oAction by Middlemen2 |+ k: ^% S W {; Y: F2 S6 `
80. Suppliers’ and handlers’ boycott
( W; p9 Q: i+ \2 g/ D
) h( ?2 i! H) |: eAction by Owners and Management( S1 i% |, L' u9 M
81. Traders’ boycott( K1 D" ~' H) b0 o8 h! N
82. Refusal to let or sell property
6 K; D: a( O/ p7 p9 D 83. Lockout% i& l+ q- `* |1 `; R% ~
84. Refusal of industrial assistance
+ Q( a, y% X: K/ H 85. Merchants’ “general strike”8 q9 w, S! f* t( p7 _
% u3 E3 o0 S+ S6 {
Action by Holders of Financial Resources7 S7 O$ _* r" D0 H/ O3 r6 \, ~" K
86. Withdrawal of bank deposits
- ~ `6 P. L+ @0 W% J8 h 87. Refusal to pay fees, dues, and assessments/ d; |# }# w9 Z! x
88. Refusal to pay debts or interest- Q, w6 h ^; q: j. O/ e
89. Severance of funds and credit
$ o7 o. D$ `+ y+ b2 n 90. Revenue refusal
" ?( s4 Y- _5 L8 q/ G( Q: r5 ^ 91. Refusal of a government’s money! \" H" i6 M3 H& j9 D" h8 u0 S
/ A5 F' s5 Y2 v" y" [Action by Governments4 d+ \2 g1 u1 r
92. Domestic embargo8 D0 b1 o" } r9 m u2 ?* T+ M
93. Blacklisting of traders) g) J$ d/ }8 L& f! {! J: i8 O. _
94. International sellers’ embargo
0 {6 `0 ]* h) X$ `, k 95. International buyers’ embargo( r+ W0 o+ H' s1 y; t- m( ?
96. International trade embargo' m: G8 ?$ H5 R* M
7 s2 g q, v7 l) k4 i- t
! n. P& _& h$ w0 C# W
. }7 |/ Q+ |, A& sTHE METHODS OF ECONOMIC NONCOOPERATION: THE STRIKE
3 E* |* ?7 a" @) R" y, b; ^3 y
3 m/ ~& ?2 j; y, g' |1 a5 s. ?
* o) `. K \: Y2 u, |Symbolic Strikes
3 Y: [7 f6 r5 a, }. G4 M 97. Protest strike
# j- G/ R4 {- F( R 98. Quickie walkout (lightning strike)' V- V- i$ _' R/ j0 v- X
$ Q6 O- E, V' D2 I! U+ \
Agricultural Strikes
+ W" F( K8 X S6 B: ~, q7 T8 i/ | 99. Peasant strike
. t# u' L i C2 m q 100. Farm Workers’ strike
7 i, E# k+ D, Y m* z7 L& |4 v9 s7 R1 I- l- H2 P
Strikes by Special Groups
* m8 U! R" k* i. w8 H 101. Refusal of impressed labor! S1 Z( z: h$ y9 J
102. Prisoners’ strike% B8 n2 J9 b+ x
103. Craft strike
6 J5 x6 v' B' M0 C( Y3 [ 104. Professional strike: ?6 X* ?" p( h" T* U
' Y7 v# }" {4 |0 c1 r! j' `3 QOrdinary Industrial Strikes! Z# i7 e/ i' E8 z! P! d
105. Establishment strike$ M5 [$ W% q4 w1 R5 ?
106. Industry strike
$ @4 C M5 H% A8 y9 _ 107. Sympathetic strike
w) h) m! r6 a6 [; _! G+ Y
/ v1 S d* T# L/ J/ u$ }* jRestricted Strikes
/ A& S9 d7 D v& m/ k 108. Detailed strike3 r, D( S- s F
109. Bumper strike" N% |3 l( U9 a3 h( Y* v3 h( R
110. Slowdown strike* }+ Y3 ~, r, x& E; G$ i
111. Working-to-rule strike
3 `: v+ H( ], J2 L0 ` M! o8 |& E 112. Reporting “sick” (sick-in)- b- v8 z; E" z8 ]8 J
113. Strike by resignation7 y! ^) C8 P! m% I3 m" B( a% M
114. Limited strike9 I9 V+ B2 ]* r
115. Selective strike
; ]8 G P$ X( `$ K3 V' l4 B8 | u( _3 z7 E: K
Multi-Industry Strikes& q6 l/ j8 O' [4 F/ `( @, u' B% \
8 e8 {2 k' Z8 f$ E! r2 \8 p* E/ \
116. Generalized strike
. ~) C$ z+ Q' f" s0 |* k
G0 j) |0 o6 N" A2 G 117. General strike- M% L; L+ ^6 Y5 G% W
2 A/ C4 A; n! c
Combination of Strikes and Economic Closures! H5 }/ ?3 r/ r! I
) c, h4 m6 Z$ a* O
118. Hartal) C8 G( ^7 d2 r6 y2 J) M6 Q! c
C3 q6 a! a6 u. o( {' f
119. Economic shutdown3 E" I- h: m6 t/ I
) y) n( W" p/ { ; t8 c" R" g! ]
' y$ c C0 M2 ^" N l3 rTHE METHODS OF POLITICAL NONCOOPERATION0 E" w$ v4 ~; l# J6 B- L$ [! E
4 S7 c q8 n6 b6 k) `+ Y/ O $ O' X$ d3 T$ |3 }1 j
Rejection of Authority
2 f* ^: ~1 S! H5 R7 X 120. Withholding or withdrawal of allegiance9 M' @5 P. `9 ^$ p1 u& |# W' |9 \' V
121. Refusal of public support& m, ^ }. C0 r P' v
122. Literature and speeches advocating resistance
8 s4 {% |0 f) S9 M' `, j& u7 Q
# d$ Z5 i' n. I8 O( s" a0 m; Y& b" DCitizens’ Noncooperation with Government9 u; K$ ~/ `$ `6 {
123. Boycott of legislative bodies
( e' z; f% \5 n* I% r) F: h 124. Boycott of elections% C; V% ?. _2 |7 q, h+ D9 B
125. Boycott of government employment and positions3 R: P3 L3 P' W6 O) j6 Y4 q9 X6 M
126. Boycott of government depts., agencies, and other bodies
$ p6 a1 T, N/ Q% y& E 127. Withdrawal from government educational institutions2 k. D; K. ?( [ a
128. Boycott of government-supported organizations
) U; e( M l: W% I, Z( d7 w 129. Refusal of assistance to enforcement agents R9 o: o' R1 V, V
130. Removal of own signs and placemarks
: L0 `& v& N S# P7 e* B 131. Refusal to accept appointed officials
/ j" z! _: u o$ [' x4 ` 132. Refusal to dissolve existing institutions
% q) \4 f; {0 d% L3 y' ]0 F- u0 y% l8 z+ U% F1 B/ E ^
Citizens’ Alternatives to Obedience
6 ]5 U% [' E; ^/ {% ^+ I a# I( w" y 133. Reluctant and slow compliance5 [; b1 o+ T/ X4 z' N
134. Nonobedience in absence of direct supervision
2 r. W- h6 T& g. Q# f 135. Popular nonobedience8 O3 D# [/ B3 Q% B% b
136. Disguised disobedience
9 M1 d4 C' y! l/ |3 H3 Z9 u+ S. E( P1 C 137. Refusal of an assemblage or meeting to disperse
% q- S# W, D: I% x3 y7 O( i7 b. K 138. Sitdown4 J- A9 Z3 y. {+ t8 U5 e# c( Q
139. Noncooperation with conscription and deportation; F# @0 R c! r
140. Hiding, escape, and false identities9 L/ N: x8 {7 U0 |
141. Civil disobedience of “illegitimate” laws
8 a/ c/ {# t3 q$ O a3 f' V" E2 S1 J; ]. L7 _. K
Action by Government Personnel
$ y3 X5 t @) B 142. Selective refusal of assistance by government aides/ f; T- I2 I, l9 m
143. Blocking of lines of command and information; p0 s: |' X+ B3 q& ^
144. Stalling and obstruction, O% f3 A" t, M% L/ ^ D+ M5 y
145. General administrative noncooperation+ O2 o; \+ {" b& M
Y! R. w- \& |6 B r 146. Judicial noncooperation
s1 d0 w$ a7 H 147. Deliberate inefficiency and selective noncooperation by enforcement agents* `, z; D. @: m8 B0 G% Z
148. Mutiny
; ^: i3 N1 ]3 t! _6 D$ _8 u! _8 RDomestic Governmental Action9 J$ d b/ M) [/ F2 M
149. Quasi-legal evasions and delays# n6 g' M; V7 ~& N! |8 z& o: r# A: Z
150. Noncooperation by constituent governmental units
3 e% k- |: r+ |1 D" d
8 A; u+ O( t, X" @4 vInternational Governmental Action0 E, E% I! g; q! x- K9 G* B
151. Changes in diplomatic and other representations& o7 }) x% ~4 F$ R% v5 b s
152. Delay and cancellation of diplomatic events
( _$ p- k* O. i# Y- u. G 153. Withholding of diplomatic recognition
& i$ o4 o! M. d& k 154. Severance of diplomatic relations
) p/ o% m' o4 A 155. Withdrawal from international organizations
7 B' a! b- M e- V9 P 156. Refusal of membership in international bodies/ H w0 S# K% u6 D. c4 H
157. Expulsion from international organizations8 I- {; k, J6 v! ~; N
; I1 z; k$ V. s6 T3 V
/ {+ x! s' X9 D; a+ ~& G8 x0 p; ~! V! f/ e3 r; J; \ N
THE METHODS OF NONVIOLENT INTERVENTION: Q5 E; F5 [: ]4 g4 V4 ?
4 Z, s; T& T9 s- o8 q2 x$ [
7 A5 S6 ]3 e4 j# J$ p: YPsychological Intervention9 q: W8 q6 Q4 Q; m- R: [- f
158. Self-exposure to the elements& q, _$ b+ z$ X1 x8 t8 o! U
159. The fast" J! W! [, c% s! U* Z: |# Y
a) Fast of moral pressure
) K9 \; ~" ~; Q2 w( L9 V% B b) Hunger strike
3 {1 @* q M- J1 F c) Satyagrahic fast6 [- |. T( c- `& E
160. Reverse trial: ?) f' g6 H4 C6 e
161. Nonviolent harassment4 D& U3 }$ F; H" `& q7 s) Z) U- o
5 l( c2 ?* K% J v+ Z) O
Physical Intervention7 x, U/ v! Q t3 G2 }: P$ ^- Q
162. Sit-in" ]+ R# H5 i; a! u
163. Stand-in
5 ?. e: o8 E( F4 W/ V$ z" O 164. Ride-in/ Y. W, B% s8 [# k, v: \
165. Wade-in) a4 R; {" K7 L9 _
166. Mill-in! D) s$ m" \5 N" F& e. m
167. Pray-in
7 n0 h4 \6 V2 _& N0 Z& ]9 N 168. Nonviolent raids# D8 x5 j# C0 H* b4 R- S! {
169. Nonviolent air raids4 V1 E y2 b. ~$ j) Q! }2 f
170. Nonviolent invasion
* k' x( G4 b0 \( V 171. Nonviolent interjection
- n: z+ v7 h' `2 e! {9 V5 o4 M0 z 172. Nonviolent obstruction( D( G( v1 I- f5 o3 m/ k8 e# P- b. \
173. Nonviolent occupation
# u, G% a! j/ o2 m6 s: r
8 J9 K- S& H9 [0 o) X1 L* sSocial Intervention7 b2 d5 ?: v' S U9 K+ B% n& N( b* \
174. Establishing new social patterns
" a* Y+ [5 z- G% M1 h' q9 F0 H( v 175. Overloading of facilities8 A0 v6 F$ r4 l
176. Stall-in
" F# Z0 n7 {9 D* M: o F- H/ r" J 177. Speak-in
& }; p$ E; K1 V8 s9 D# b$ U7 R/ t/ } 178. Guerrilla theater
( t e3 h8 P& w1 o 179. Alternative social institutions
4 u, b G. _ O6 K( d" @ 180. Alternative communication system
9 L8 N5 l, {; Q5 [
( |# f- \/ ]8 l4 eEconomic Intervention
" l! j$ u$ {% D; c0 A6 u 181. Reverse strike3 Z7 C6 z- F( ]. s* w
182. Stay-in strike
4 @4 O2 P6 _' |9 \9 h* w- l 183. Nonviolent land seizure
2 y& z' p9 I) [' D( [6 r5 I0 G2 M' j 184. Defiance of blockades# l. e2 Y! F( }8 l9 K& ?
185. Politically motivated counterfeiting
$ h$ O( }7 k8 Q 186. Preclusive purchasing5 A7 |+ j- w" K* a
187. Seizure of assets
# U6 z/ c7 ?1 o; e& N9 ` 188. Dumping# @7 Q+ b- E; v! q8 z% m
189. Selective patronage9 e5 s; r# x/ B% k/ V8 W0 x
190. Alternative markets
6 j; K% L$ z& x1 w: | 191. Alternative transportation systems$ V3 K6 C% q+ p. B
192. Alternative economic institutions
4 H: B+ s* R# a; c8 g
: x! k3 j6 b. r3 _% f# e8 [/ R1 uPolitical Intervention
3 `8 h4 q% p/ Z3 g; p 193. Overloading of administrative systems: Y- s0 N3 s* q# D2 A2 F) S1 ?
194. Disclosing identities of secret agents
3 x$ m: T+ ^4 A9 f5 o 195. Seeking imprisonment
4 c& e5 T: T; n7 } 196. Civil disobedience of “neutral” laws
9 {- }6 z. G. }" Q8 X 197. Work-on without collaboration/ a, @+ s% d( ~$ ], f' P
198. Dual sovereignty and parallel government2 C8 B& L! b: X" H% j* P
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楼主: reneeqq
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发表于 2016-7-2 18:23
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