 鲜花( 240)  鸡蛋( 18)
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发表于 2016-7-3 17:52
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THE METHODS OF NONVIOLENT PROTEST AND PERSUASION: W4 K: l% b8 j7 m; n0 X) \2 ?1 d
Formal Statements2 p' Z8 I! p4 s: y) F. n4 e, H
1. Public Speeches
$ B4 Y5 F# j+ P- e4 _/ ~ 2. Letters of opposition or support0 X* p" S6 R9 U- a- b& N K
3. Declarations by organizations and institutions
$ l/ u/ i! T" q$ E! k; ? 4. Signed public statements
& E; S$ t8 y z; C% }# |) h 5. Declarations of indictment and intention: t+ V$ w% \6 p) w2 z
6. Group or mass petitions
, N/ N6 z+ Y& e4 r H- Y7 t1 x. z6 W1 ?4 u7 }" T6 D
Communications with a Wider Audience3 {; I* K9 Z7 D4 H2 \
7. Slogans, caricatures, and symbols* K8 U: `6 K, k& i6 s( E% }4 C1 T
8. Banners, posters, and displayed communications! v2 Y' {/ l, }
9. Leaflets, pamphlets, and books# p% ^0 V( Y: i2 a
10. Newspapers and journals
w4 _1 u( y7 q( e. u6 W# E* M/ v) d 11. Records, radio, and television
% u4 K3 N4 K: l, g) @" m 12. Skywriting and earthwriting
; ^$ G7 v, h' |' |7 y. B1 F: e+ J1 F
Group Representations- j0 }% I8 S$ C/ P; F' v0 M
13. Deputations
1 H0 P' }' t" i1 z% @ 14. Mock awards' F2 y2 R1 U1 i
15. Group lobbying
+ w) Z* y; Z; c4 r$ w5 X 16. Picketing: V7 M. H4 X: Q0 {8 |9 }3 g
17. Mock elections2 a- w9 F: J1 T! |& m: M
3 q: \4 n" O+ `& t, D+ N4 h2 T5 H
Symbolic Public Acts
$ |2 M+ \; d1 F- M; A. f 18. Displays of flags and symbolic colors3 ^- [/ ]* r/ S' d
19. Wearing of symbols- Z) L/ R+ h! t6 K9 `
20. Prayer and worship
1 [! k. n3 l% T) ^. x 21. Delivering symbolic objects, p) ~( L \- c! E' f) x9 ^
22. Protest disrobings2 M: z+ {; k; F" F4 F
23. Destruction of own property
% n7 s# m( t' J* G 24. Symbolic lights
2 N3 I( |7 [% H2 n/ B- ] 25. Displays of portraits8 e7 L, U. y. n% q6 K, f, ]; W
26. Paint as protest: N u. b+ N. q$ @; q" |8 _: G
27. New signs and names8 P" D4 S# ~6 \/ d! Y' w
28. Symbolic sounds( Y; Z5 p) R. Z% C. T
29. Symbolic reclamations
: y) _. `( g6 n6 L' O5 V7 ] 30. Rude gestures, k) e$ r% o5 A8 n$ i9 d& w
" }) e( l0 ^/ w6 X
Pressures on Individuals' V8 Z& ?! o; l6 A* v0 R2 t# B v
31. “Haunting” officials! }6 M, G7 Q: x
32. Taunting officials
! x& U- ?6 l& m 33. Fraternization) I s; K% {( f( B& Z( }9 a$ ]. o
34. Vigils
8 ?- Y+ F4 P* Y4 B0 O7 `
5 t7 {! l. ?* ?+ ^5 g$ VDrama and Music. O& @$ M( g8 `5 K6 n
35. Humorous skits and pranks
' i7 W4 j. ?& [. W2 S( w: c+ H- p 36. Performances of plays and music* M2 \' y0 R6 M2 L8 s6 }9 b C
37. Singing* q1 w* i4 B, R$ g( g5 Y: ]
. X- ^. O" ]6 f1 F, bProcessions7 z2 X) ~; S( o' r
38. Marches/ Z& R$ l5 w0 O9 y5 e
39. Parades
. Y1 }% P; u+ K% _+ ? 40. Religious processions
( p9 X4 H7 K) `9 m1 ? 41. Pilgrimages) O* D* C z3 F6 y
42. Motorcades4 y1 s; F+ |6 p# |2 k' X( t
* B+ p) _1 ?. P j/ s! J zHonoring the Dead
/ R& `9 [6 |+ h 43. Political mourning
7 Y1 r1 O- P- ] 44. Mock funerals% B7 l7 k/ J6 q$ {/ ]' u: u
45. Demonstrative funerals9 k) s1 n6 k7 L8 p, l
46. Homage at burial places
9 s% a3 Y2 A" S/ X% p2 E
) S7 W' [3 o5 wPublic Assemblies
0 Z5 u7 h' a! n3 m$ ^5 t 47. Assemblies of protest or support4 e& u# Q3 S; X- \" O/ U O( l3 i
48. Protest meetings3 d/ f* b3 C- G: ~3 Z! e7 E7 `. k @
49. Camouflaged meetings of protest1 [# V9 @5 Z: R: o
50. Teach-ins1 x4 f4 H" K m+ H1 V
/ ~' H9 }0 H' AWithdrawal and Renunciation, `8 r" z. b7 k+ {; `7 X
51. Walk-outs; @7 G3 C2 R- U
52. Silence. T/ D5 U( @5 S
53. Renouncing honors" g8 ^/ e4 u# r- t3 U" [% w
54. Turning one’s back. Z4 K3 p; k9 H* c: W. B. ?0 m
5 A" t1 T& R4 }6 {6 ]# v
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THE METHODS OF SOCIAL NONCOOPERATION+ D7 G7 C8 D" c$ z5 s5 p/ p
5 i8 V T3 ^. D4 L- ~ ' E1 u9 r3 j$ k! E7 m. ~+ k! m
% q: Z- q+ P! ?/ }% N! B4 qOstracism of Persons* X- n/ P# W' u( {- ^ W
55. Social boycott- O$ {3 _$ I/ x6 s
56. Selective social boycott
4 |- j I/ R/ q4 K z7 V( P# C 57. Lysistratic nonaction* g( v. C, v& m! G
58. Excommunication
" f+ A( k, s, i& `1 | 59. Interdict h9 c' @0 k0 M4 f1 V0 a( z6 `& a
$ l3 D% a2 O* k ~4 A$ aNoncooperation with Social Events, Customs, and Institutions% S. k" r. J, f, a9 X' F+ D! y0 |
60. Suspension of social and sports activities" H) _3 O/ A" B4 l A6 u3 x
61. Boycott of social affairs
e* W6 q% s$ S) x4 y 62. Student strike
% l. o" u l- P) c w 63. Social disobedience
. q1 l0 Q% s" K+ \, ]2 d1 f, | 64. Withdrawal from social institutions
. h6 A! y, I4 H# |$ f
* n! y1 l# o4 ^% U# dWithdrawal from the Social System
1 \! `2 I# @6 ^# | 65. Stay-at-home
: Z% `2 D0 T) W, d, y 66. Total personal noncooperation/ d- M% q& M! E. |
67. “Flight” of workers* N. I- F1 u w7 ^) ?8 I- I: d( c
68. Sanctuary
/ Z$ ~$ g' Q. h 69. Collective disappearance* t2 |. M% @7 f) \
70. Protest emigration (hijrat)* G/ |) d5 F( i5 i8 H7 ?
l) l$ P% T7 p' U( B( m
3 ^ h+ d/ R$ c2 S
* _5 u/ r/ N& k2 Z9 ]THE METHODS OF ECONOMIC NONCOOPERATION: ECONOMIC BOYCOTTS3 B$ L6 J: M3 O. r U7 j X% f
' T0 O! y i- s, f1 V I( H8 V3 o X
# G( @5 f, R* }+ E+ HActions by Consumers: [5 t$ K( H8 q& }% c
71. Consumers’ boycott0 b( K, j3 m+ }# W4 R
72. Nonconsumption of boycotted goods
- c! f1 C1 w. P( | 73. Policy of austerity; ~0 u& [# l! c1 ^2 D3 }
74. Rent withholding3 C& h. T8 |. `% S; Y( F" K+ M5 `0 a
75. Refusal to rent
3 G1 b3 b" E2 O- G- G% I9 J 76. National consumers’ boycott
- U5 B. h6 P6 a$ Y2 k0 V' m! R; y6 g 77. International consumers’ boycott6 z7 f9 `6 |" i8 A' ]2 j) a; v
: G1 I7 Y1 y3 W: a; }Action by Workers and Producers
; [9 c: j1 @! H7 [' J 78. Workmen’s boycott% {2 R* ^8 P2 b+ |
79. Producers’ boycott+ a8 D- A8 ^2 ~
! S7 K$ d+ ~+ W! R: |Action by Middlemen
: S' C+ }- \5 N# m8 O 80. Suppliers’ and handlers’ boycott _$ E4 A. p* z
: Y, ]+ w6 Y7 _( w/ N8 e1 kAction by Owners and Management/ K _' t* Y+ i/ }; v9 [
81. Traders’ boycott0 S" E, e7 j4 w
82. Refusal to let or sell property
* [: Q5 V$ `; `, B [1 N9 L 83. Lockout
, L, T) B/ v1 l& x- C7 T$ w5 T* U 84. Refusal of industrial assistance- O" T& } [: W" l7 p
85. Merchants’ “general strike”1 \) I' G- M' f: G! v& y0 f
$ {$ D& d. G/ F2 A6 i5 Z0 N
Action by Holders of Financial Resources
" ^* A0 {2 x3 F: @$ [8 q 86. Withdrawal of bank deposits
' B* `+ Z8 y' l1 @ 87. Refusal to pay fees, dues, and assessments
( @: z6 _- F) i" E7 e2 P- @ 88. Refusal to pay debts or interest
& ]4 C' ?# m8 ?+ v* O; w7 n 89. Severance of funds and credit: Z {/ k; t v1 ?" r
90. Revenue refusal" z/ i' m) J% r7 q/ ~
91. Refusal of a government’s money8 X1 i a" W2 R; ^, H
. I8 v8 w( g0 b& {8 S% h4 }, o
Action by Governments2 Z" m# P# M; ?. W
92. Domestic embargo c0 |# [" _- Q
93. Blacklisting of traders
t: M: z. X' ^# q! X 94. International sellers’ embargo# \: A! M1 k+ s4 |; a; j
95. International buyers’ embargo
% Z1 c1 f" F# L E 96. International trade embargo$ O- Z g+ \& f0 d+ W" k; b. [- h
$ r8 r n1 s ~. u% j# `3 y; h
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4 Y& t0 j# @, M5 x6 FTHE METHODS OF ECONOMIC NONCOOPERATION: THE STRIKE: L% v4 o) N- \! a s! x4 _, n, _
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9 y6 U6 b" C4 Y; _" `2 l* y/ f1 LSymbolic Strikes
z- Q& Z6 G: [; ^. \0 ?: ? 97. Protest strike
3 e7 U# j, L# M2 Q0 g! [ 98. Quickie walkout (lightning strike)
# v1 X# `4 m w( ^$ }+ ^$ `! K% O/ e
Agricultural Strikes6 ?, D: B* x3 c0 g' |, S, c+ T
99. Peasant strike
/ L' @! L4 c) R& n 100. Farm Workers’ strike
% X9 H1 Q% Q5 |1 T% k
6 X1 G |" j4 g# D- C: GStrikes by Special Groups
6 k# L4 B B0 B! S* ?9 x+ j- |! i 101. Refusal of impressed labor0 h, f8 b8 ]5 j7 t
102. Prisoners’ strike
* Z; H# V9 g$ l( x- _ 103. Craft strike" H: V' P- t9 t9 x+ Z1 B# T6 f
104. Professional strike
/ W6 O" Z3 ?# b- }, O" o3 `: A5 @8 x# U: M
Ordinary Industrial Strikes1 `' L0 R e0 F( K; _
105. Establishment strike+ w1 I9 p* b5 v& K7 {
106. Industry strike8 x: K# K2 Q$ x. S
107. Sympathetic strike
/ x9 v8 d \% |, {% g7 Z# s9 B3 K9 Y0 h4 f, w: j
Restricted Strikes. e3 q0 o( r* T, u9 \
108. Detailed strike# B" U# ]8 o* A7 d9 X% }! E
109. Bumper strike
+ d9 `, L9 _) a5 E 110. Slowdown strike
# X; ]7 }% A+ o9 {3 k 111. Working-to-rule strike
! e1 Y% G, E: g 112. Reporting “sick” (sick-in). S% J8 |' }" b( a9 O
113. Strike by resignation
% J: G* F% n* Y! b' \3 P 114. Limited strike& B: G4 q! ^/ H; W+ j9 r W
115. Selective strike% h) q7 z* E3 I; w/ @, p* T. \8 C
8 g! K% H, y& T: V" }
Multi-Industry Strikes
- o( x- b- z, x0 K9 O$ p, N3 @/ l7 j% H% W9 t) A) _ S- ^
116. Generalized strike" o; o: d1 Q/ F! a
1 z+ h- r% u( ^2 S 117. General strike
4 j/ b7 t, V6 T- K1 q, n3 C" W. H( b7 v+ k3 K: u8 h. K
Combination of Strikes and Economic Closures) ~+ s$ ]( K6 `6 J8 X
* u2 C: W. r3 S
118. Hartal
* {' o4 e+ A$ ]) {: M' |
( G1 m; z9 Z# ]. \ 119. Economic shutdown6 E! o: @" P9 x+ ~1 S% ]
8 \! ?9 m1 F- I. `1 p5 `
8 B Y6 G+ U% B4 ?; k
2 G! ?1 `4 O- w3 oTHE METHODS OF POLITICAL NONCOOPERATION9 {6 S. c1 ]) B4 M. O1 _
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( [& ]" ^+ P M/ R
Rejection of Authority# Z2 n0 ?, |! u
120. Withholding or withdrawal of allegiance, |2 A# | [0 C4 O9 g
121. Refusal of public support8 A+ U( M3 H; t- s% ]+ d2 \' U
122. Literature and speeches advocating resistance8 |, j" `% Q0 u, X/ ^
" V- C( v: T3 D0 Z& ^$ lCitizens’ Noncooperation with Government- D# R( a1 ^9 k6 g+ q. A
123. Boycott of legislative bodies$ j4 [+ c5 l: }2 [9 B$ z* k
124. Boycott of elections$ p/ Y @+ ^ ^/ D2 g4 V2 q3 Y) T. c
125. Boycott of government employment and positions1 J6 Q) u z+ t* e
126. Boycott of government depts., agencies, and other bodies
% _$ w* y: M4 D* a 127. Withdrawal from government educational institutions
9 u+ D0 \& J% s, q$ } 128. Boycott of government-supported organizations
5 I5 ]4 |; Y3 B0 p, @3 B* K 129. Refusal of assistance to enforcement agents% O V( F$ l% _. W! K9 P
130. Removal of own signs and placemarks: g( P$ R% Y# D4 C& D
131. Refusal to accept appointed officials! l# }+ B' H! B7 p7 {# s* \. q
132. Refusal to dissolve existing institutions _* `: k6 k7 I |# n, u
1 y' v8 Z, Q* K, fCitizens’ Alternatives to Obedience
4 H: E8 e5 X, S, I# ]' M' K2 ?+ {% P 133. Reluctant and slow compliance3 ~7 | u6 P( T; O) s$ F" R3 z* V
134. Nonobedience in absence of direct supervision
) D) t4 n1 d6 z4 a7 l 135. Popular nonobedience
" z4 Y. s* ^! _' P. c7 { 136. Disguised disobedience+ q1 A- i* T: }$ J/ ~: |
137. Refusal of an assemblage or meeting to disperse* T" a# Q! f' C8 T
138. Sitdown! m7 ]; z' v: f! H3 \
139. Noncooperation with conscription and deportation
7 h7 U" H: P6 _* H 140. Hiding, escape, and false identities: i6 C5 H; p; k; P4 Y
141. Civil disobedience of “illegitimate” laws
+ k+ P5 v8 w0 h7 [4 O
& r# P B; ?7 N6 _# x2 q& T9 ^$ ]' {Action by Government Personnel2 u# b: T& m9 ^( S% W" Q! v
142. Selective refusal of assistance by government aides
" {' R8 R9 P a; ^( I& E 143. Blocking of lines of command and information' t' ]3 h6 V, b2 }
144. Stalling and obstruction
: `2 d& w$ ^ L2 I* K 145. General administrative noncooperation. O; G I7 B# G2 W; L0 S& G8 l
0 g" y* w9 n/ d9 a 146. Judicial noncooperation( x9 y( b/ Z/ H: N
147. Deliberate inefficiency and selective noncooperation by enforcement agents" [5 T4 \3 Y/ l3 a% B) _
148. Mutiny
3 E; N! D3 s+ W7 \5 w* ]2 v, XDomestic Governmental Action4 O+ d4 v" k' @- J
149. Quasi-legal evasions and delays
4 o' \" r1 E& I# [0 |. k9 b( h2 E 150. Noncooperation by constituent governmental units
3 [5 @# u# b$ G( \1 z
3 ]3 [' j+ q2 I: H8 e) ?5 JInternational Governmental Action+ I O6 D4 w; z: f2 J g z
151. Changes in diplomatic and other representations
; t z; ]: C U; `4 M; a 152. Delay and cancellation of diplomatic events
8 @. }" M* E& ?# z1 _+ m 153. Withholding of diplomatic recognition
* Y) L, P0 e5 O* ~" `# g 154. Severance of diplomatic relations
0 _4 a. p4 O' a: z 155. Withdrawal from international organizations" A2 F2 t% V! f1 R' l d
156. Refusal of membership in international bodies! I H0 c1 `( O1 T
157. Expulsion from international organizations
4 i8 I W5 `+ e" k: \ x5 K: H' A# ~% C+ ~: T8 b
2 t/ {0 m. y& G
4 t5 o, L* D3 z$ p+ rTHE METHODS OF NONVIOLENT INTERVENTION
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Psychological Intervention, z* Y9 j( k$ L+ C, o5 R+ ^- \1 C
158. Self-exposure to the elements0 K- \& ], p' z7 T( l" Q! Q% y9 J
159. The fast+ p9 L4 p' m' @. X
a) Fast of moral pressure
4 M- Q$ q1 K. _& t9 O3 V; V/ G+ x. Q b) Hunger strike" Q) V+ n' M6 \% U
c) Satyagrahic fast
8 Z$ F9 C6 M4 ~0 Y" ^1 h 160. Reverse trial4 A0 f9 C% C1 s" J5 V
161. Nonviolent harassment7 A8 Y9 \0 c! A8 H+ r" L+ G
) p$ e) E# P% Q7 J' A5 nPhysical Intervention
1 x2 {% W9 g" `4 ?/ @) F. [ 162. Sit-in
% t/ `& k; Q' ?2 E5 z 163. Stand-in
. k+ a: X6 c5 f0 h 164. Ride-in5 R5 G1 {% [4 U) M& }+ @& f% ~
165. Wade-in+ p6 L4 Z# o3 A0 B" A6 P2 p
166. Mill-in
( D5 q3 }( _6 g1 ?" ~5 |0 _ 167. Pray-in
$ b) M* o0 f( P) N& A 168. Nonviolent raids% v' _6 k' D2 L3 n
169. Nonviolent air raids9 @) V# a9 V% I: u
170. Nonviolent invasion: D, A1 V# E v& @7 O- k" T: f! a
171. Nonviolent interjection8 ?) K; p. f6 u
172. Nonviolent obstruction# M# D/ j3 c; a9 W% Q, I
173. Nonviolent occupation, A+ D8 [6 W; v, ?5 q2 o
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Social Intervention
/ M9 ]% r4 g1 A2 A4 U2 Q" G7 y 174. Establishing new social patterns
( i* x" X7 d2 T0 L 175. Overloading of facilities
, |2 \% ?0 n6 P* w 176. Stall-in
+ n# b/ K- \$ U0 x 177. Speak-in
5 Y& _5 L+ t$ h5 R% m 178. Guerrilla theater
7 t4 z5 o9 ~$ I' S8 d( J' m 179. Alternative social institutions) C& F+ X4 W" v
180. Alternative communication system
) M6 P$ [2 Z7 Y" r a; |
: V+ F/ E7 g+ rEconomic Intervention9 P9 {% ?+ A Y
181. Reverse strike
. T' {( b6 K' G/ R9 c 182. Stay-in strike$ j0 I" u. n5 ]
183. Nonviolent land seizure
. y) ]* G1 Y& u& D! y1 q 184. Defiance of blockades; \! U0 _( U _% Q9 Q8 m- G" c
185. Politically motivated counterfeiting
9 c" D% C& W2 g/ P; ^4 F2 [ 186. Preclusive purchasing0 S0 w4 w- f! Z/ e
187. Seizure of assets# m1 i! e( m9 m! ]/ R) s" r/ S
188. Dumping/ k4 A# p( i% A$ S, v' E" E( A1 @9 e
189. Selective patronage! ~; A. S' S3 F; ~: O- b
190. Alternative markets
7 Z. q$ p: [; v" n5 p% O 191. Alternative transportation systems1 K5 O0 d1 K- @! }- g" `- ^
192. Alternative economic institutions
5 g1 u1 r) Q% y2 j0 V% ^ F. D) b& F5 b9 i" T( Z
Political Intervention
8 h3 d) }+ S; Z5 |$ F 193. Overloading of administrative systems H7 m& b5 D, ?
194. Disclosing identities of secret agents
* n, o* G. _2 k T( v 195. Seeking imprisonment
# Z A! v9 k* S2 B7 z7 [- i4 F 196. Civil disobedience of “neutral” laws
6 O$ v& V; j( M1 S \& O 197. Work-on without collaboration! z# T) s7 ?/ L0 ~3 o" n9 u! _
198. Dual sovereignty and parallel government- \# P4 d2 ^& T7 X/ q3 x
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楼主: reneeqq
狗仔卡
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发表于 2016-7-2 18:23
发表于 2016-7-2 22:02
