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THE METHODS OF NONVIOLENT PROTEST AND PERSUASION
" C3 I' z/ |" |3 xFormal Statements7 s, T$ `3 A0 T, X0 I" I6 e* ]8 f
1. Public Speeches0 v7 m4 B0 H- J% a/ I+ X1 d
2. Letters of opposition or support
2 c2 U% \* ?1 _, G2 I8 j; U. ~ 3. Declarations by organizations and institutions
3 l* v* }* q4 u: K1 X! |0 C8 z 4. Signed public statements
7 ?* u* s0 X' ~% {! @ 5. Declarations of indictment and intention
& J7 T& x9 N" G3 G 6. Group or mass petitions
, o! v' E+ r- q# z1 h! t$ k
5 i$ ?* e& o2 ]4 g7 f& [* WCommunications with a Wider Audience8 [8 T# B8 ^4 g. j
7. Slogans, caricatures, and symbols
. Z' f8 W- q& l' K1 r' K( e6 W 8. Banners, posters, and displayed communications
* d1 j& k ?+ ^ 9. Leaflets, pamphlets, and books- T8 |+ m/ Y$ j/ m
10. Newspapers and journals
% K$ J" \$ w# e* o* s 11. Records, radio, and television8 n! i) P9 ~1 N$ V7 b$ A
12. Skywriting and earthwriting
+ g1 A1 d) I/ S0 }5 B
1 F& s) z F: ?Group Representations0 ?) ?7 l- y9 O0 ?
13. Deputations: v' S9 C7 L, R0 A' C }. x Q
14. Mock awards
) ]+ v' H: s' I3 K, ~/ g 15. Group lobbying- _* S6 Q5 a8 K/ y7 X0 S$ T+ y) L
16. Picketing
' x# Q, w, ?- {0 V1 C2 V% E( T 17. Mock elections, z7 C9 y- A3 D1 l( Y# t
6 J* l: I9 m# N, h+ GSymbolic Public Acts
4 ^2 Q N: B0 m @7 t2 c, g 18. Displays of flags and symbolic colors. O" ]. Z- |7 s. k: z/ I, D
19. Wearing of symbols
' L) m+ g; _/ e" W 20. Prayer and worship/ F! g% f% E5 x$ C8 b
21. Delivering symbolic objects Z7 d: ~$ f/ |
22. Protest disrobings
7 @) a+ ~! u. o3 @ 23. Destruction of own property
; q7 |* _! X% j; X 24. Symbolic lights( z6 ?: T# g' P1 O) o9 x& Y
25. Displays of portraits' y' P4 S" h+ ~, b$ P
26. Paint as protest
9 a2 U+ v* @$ @( ^4 t, F* N' g0 k% L 27. New signs and names
6 I8 \6 R- R' @5 ]& | Q 28. Symbolic sounds( q M: m8 g+ K& s% E
29. Symbolic reclamations
) S# H6 v3 }; o3 i& ~) S6 ?1 Y 30. Rude gestures
2 {' f. L: [+ Q1 \- V( |- m, ?7 H* { A" x$ X
Pressures on Individuals
. g% L3 \9 g9 `) L ?5 ?, I 31. “Haunting” officials
6 g: ~" r0 \" ? 32. Taunting officials+ I! k1 D5 X5 |; ?$ m
33. Fraternization- T4 X0 b1 g- h
34. Vigils
/ D! w" k: j! X5 I W5 \0 D5 E! D! s/ _- L; S& Y3 `1 G0 N
Drama and Music
, S! o8 E: r% K1 A 35. Humorous skits and pranks
9 {4 p4 M1 v. \8 p0 c6 ?7 N" ^ 36. Performances of plays and music
s% g( d. D. d1 p 37. Singing
2 E6 S4 I- Y3 a- `& m- m4 h
$ ~$ u' e/ ^( X( WProcessions8 U0 h) x+ Q5 ?9 L: a3 V/ V
38. Marches
n' G( r( c- l8 }5 h# H5 e 39. Parades: U/ }5 a& R% e( h' o# S9 k
40. Religious processions
1 o( [ I; `' Z 41. Pilgrimages, f9 y& z- @# ~$ e! M) i+ F
42. Motorcades' s5 @; K7 s- |
) C( K' ?- Q l5 M+ k/ L: QHonoring the Dead% Z6 K* k; Z% T
43. Political mourning1 \5 N& i! M w6 H- `; g6 v
44. Mock funerals
* @) d6 u6 | Y) i6 K 45. Demonstrative funerals
: A7 W1 E9 o% [0 M 46. Homage at burial places* l* e5 v9 A( o
, n3 p: V- ?, ^ Y. l( e) e) x8 R1 O
Public Assemblies
" @( |# ]* Y& @/ d+ P" V) l" d* }$ F 47. Assemblies of protest or support. S9 G+ p; I+ Y' k4 T/ f3 b; h
48. Protest meetings
& l. P: o ~2 g& Z0 Z 49. Camouflaged meetings of protest7 w0 N6 M/ a0 q7 S# v
50. Teach-ins, x- y5 f+ t9 G4 F$ k: \0 K$ y+ V
- e! J& J! a8 u* ^
Withdrawal and Renunciation
! x# h K1 K6 s: v. b 51. Walk-outs$ {( Y1 [/ n4 x9 @4 V; L* P- d9 ~
52. Silence
) z6 t# f+ A: l! K9 n [. \( T5 Y 53. Renouncing honors
7 K0 p9 i: r' V% E4 N9 U/ s4 ~ 54. Turning one’s back' O$ Z3 r( i9 W* \9 L* Z" v0 C
6 I+ U# L/ p6 Y$ s5 b* Q 9 V7 ^+ t) x/ V' C
7 L+ f9 g2 ?' |
THE METHODS OF SOCIAL NONCOOPERATION
1 |" w6 |7 i1 P- p4 C
6 O% `, V5 ?4 R: T 4 [% w+ L0 G/ R1 b# B2 q5 f
$ M: D5 ?9 D p! V4 G1 [Ostracism of Persons, q( @6 M. a" `( r; G7 _: N
55. Social boycott1 p# C0 o2 G' o+ _
56. Selective social boycott$ F3 v; J9 @6 R- ~
57. Lysistratic nonaction7 [6 n( x& h. Q3 y6 g( x+ n* @1 W/ r
58. Excommunication
$ G4 H* P% Y# K 59. Interdict
+ b0 O& L8 K, G6 c% Y% X- ]
l- c4 ~6 _: d+ CNoncooperation with Social Events, Customs, and Institutions5 J! k0 N6 O+ @8 L" a9 z/ L
60. Suspension of social and sports activities2 b$ E# X3 T l( W. |% A+ J* G
61. Boycott of social affairs$ W5 l5 G, d1 F) f" x/ r
62. Student strike( \3 c$ ~) P6 k; f7 N
63. Social disobedience) Y5 C4 F# ?, _2 {7 O+ y4 B
64. Withdrawal from social institutions( R. Q' H; \% v) [$ ^
. C, V/ `, V9 B2 J: h |Withdrawal from the Social System
6 }; ~+ a ?' b T. P' C- X9 Q- V. l 65. Stay-at-home9 ^# P3 w; p% m$ ?2 O, a
66. Total personal noncooperation
1 M- j. J1 A# H2 x- w& [, J 67. “Flight” of workers$ c2 `: m$ x1 |" \
68. Sanctuary
$ i4 w9 j4 P) J# k6 L% O6 J 69. Collective disappearance
4 J) g$ E$ n# R1 @' R/ r4 C 70. Protest emigration (hijrat)
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8 J7 s. B$ a( g
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% r) g- y, K' l- iTHE METHODS OF ECONOMIC NONCOOPERATION: ECONOMIC BOYCOTTS
0 S. }' l: [' w0 k' k T+ k3 E% H) p5 o' T
& N6 q M- C6 U& B2 _' XActions by Consumers
! h/ }# Q4 [$ g$ }: I/ {, g 71. Consumers’ boycott
; H3 t) j" S* L$ e# W- k 72. Nonconsumption of boycotted goods
( R. S0 q4 L0 ]' k4 D; j' \& B 73. Policy of austerity3 Z3 e# ~; o Z Z
74. Rent withholding1 n* _$ o* f4 n; ^
75. Refusal to rent* e0 n e. T6 q, _, R% I/ G) z
76. National consumers’ boycott
4 R% Q f6 [! I: ^ 77. International consumers’ boycott
. f0 E; c7 b: c( G! u
( u5 X6 C; T' l/ EAction by Workers and Producers
; L% o" e. M+ m( a( c1 U) v* ^ 78. Workmen’s boycott% N9 l$ Q3 r# u8 j8 P7 a
79. Producers’ boycott
1 |! \6 ~8 N- \0 m
6 X7 _7 K$ |8 wAction by Middlemen z, y$ r6 m: G9 {* R" U/ K, l! l
80. Suppliers’ and handlers’ boycott9 i1 H: L1 d2 B6 v9 G8 |
! a9 o# R& t; Z/ `# ^
Action by Owners and Management( Z1 V, s7 m1 U5 C M
81. Traders’ boycott q5 j: {6 J4 N6 W5 |6 s
82. Refusal to let or sell property; {3 A) _/ V, C2 b7 S, x( K
83. Lockout
2 r5 n, u+ Q* i# B& O 84. Refusal of industrial assistance- T# d& Z$ A8 s5 A* y
85. Merchants’ “general strike” z& B$ h+ F8 L. @/ r
. w3 A7 U% @) C) g- B x/ wAction by Holders of Financial Resources
. i+ c/ H4 }+ D 86. Withdrawal of bank deposits
, j* i" {, H7 Y" _' U* W# R5 j" [ 87. Refusal to pay fees, dues, and assessments0 F1 p# {/ X) E& N
88. Refusal to pay debts or interest4 G K/ L4 i: `$ ^0 j! R4 L
89. Severance of funds and credit
! C) y& r' F2 i9 q/ u 90. Revenue refusal
# F4 y1 p4 s# ^' s& r5 @ 91. Refusal of a government’s money8 k, q4 x$ Q1 r/ H8 Q( ?, H' m
$ D' n: U% B N2 G4 ^/ q; kAction by Governments
/ p! M3 N3 l$ R 92. Domestic embargo
, j! r: i6 `4 i5 Y" o5 A 93. Blacklisting of traders# ^8 o# A0 |( g" p
94. International sellers’ embargo
K, `0 V3 W% b) \ g& f 95. International buyers’ embargo9 Z& ~: L/ P8 f3 |! s v
96. International trade embargo& V2 F& l/ ?9 r) M! \/ N6 ` C1 k
' w; U0 r. q- S
9 z% o/ }, ]- z% E- d
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THE METHODS OF ECONOMIC NONCOOPERATION: THE STRIKE
+ I: Z6 n6 x1 p/ D$ Z) @
8 w1 L5 `# f8 i; A4 u
6 }' n/ E2 E0 c) _Symbolic Strikes
+ e& T! R2 k$ m; R/ h 97. Protest strike6 M0 c6 Q& A$ o( L; d
98. Quickie walkout (lightning strike)
) L; g/ A$ H6 y# {6 h, R4 E1 w& R0 u/ J* P- T. A- `+ U0 k6 D( {
Agricultural Strikes
! D- o8 `: r( z8 U6 r4 u8 M V' D 99. Peasant strike
0 |% V5 f- s6 i, l) o; P* x$ r 100. Farm Workers’ strike, j, i% M# y% v* t6 u# @0 R
* j1 j1 `+ f5 [$ ^ T0 Z0 ^6 G
Strikes by Special Groups4 b9 [7 [6 j1 L0 t$ [5 R
101. Refusal of impressed labor" Z" X8 V T( U. O' }
102. Prisoners’ strike5 o5 o3 ] |7 J9 i6 j# _4 n
103. Craft strike. F# i, z( u) P0 F- r! x3 u
104. Professional strike: ?( h4 i, h, D# J( T3 ^
p" h+ Z! E$ v5 M, U P; sOrdinary Industrial Strikes X9 \( q/ q# C0 T2 s" Z
105. Establishment strike# }. i2 C! M: f% l6 y. ?
106. Industry strike& }& `% _& Z; x) Z7 s
107. Sympathetic strike
" W/ J; A7 b6 K. L) r+ R" I; k/ \% t6 E( l
Restricted Strikes
" V* T4 O8 S) y/ D$ ^ 108. Detailed strike
5 I' _2 `. D' c% G; e1 _# z 109. Bumper strike
! ^2 {0 ]: ~" t2 [' ` 110. Slowdown strike, `0 q7 p: ^) s! U
111. Working-to-rule strike$ M: M, L u7 ^) c( G6 j) L
112. Reporting “sick” (sick-in)
3 z0 O3 N6 b& ~' r' | 113. Strike by resignation
$ l$ I# B) |- w: o) g 114. Limited strike
3 t7 Y; @* X0 z# |* z+ J% L H0 V, C 115. Selective strike* X, e2 m; Q! f8 Q: ?4 g
9 Q" \9 G; i0 F2 L$ C+ _) l& ~
Multi-Industry Strikes9 u: m6 W; L6 U8 q
( T9 M/ f! ` w" L, e6 w: [3 |
116. Generalized strike
$ }( z, d, j) o; u/ Z* a9 L5 ?
( |1 a3 b5 O) |4 ~" j) t1 r, R 117. General strike* r( z4 h3 Y. I
! l' z- W* b* ^5 d$ LCombination of Strikes and Economic Closures
C! i3 T8 ?1 b3 H+ p
4 u* k6 f" S3 v8 ]/ K7 \ 118. Hartal7 Z3 F" `1 R5 p6 D8 |( z* O9 u
/ W- m; C0 [3 @ 119. Economic shutdown
3 ]6 C: I& m6 h( {# \! K) w
$ f- ]# ?/ e. F; a/ X* w) I" W . s( z% I/ W9 `$ H; z: h
0 o2 `: W8 S1 D& y" x
THE METHODS OF POLITICAL NONCOOPERATION
, U% ?+ I& `( e9 S* [1 q6 z1 P4 C9 a6 M
3 l& v, g% {, P$ \) @8 zRejection of Authority
7 y, T$ E' p q" h3 I0 y5 j 120. Withholding or withdrawal of allegiance
9 M4 B e& T3 c 121. Refusal of public support
- l. u2 u& D8 }- X 122. Literature and speeches advocating resistance7 X7 v! ?2 [- d* v
- w! z5 X0 |. Q: r" v4 s. z
Citizens’ Noncooperation with Government
) T' I# g4 B0 n5 Y5 T 123. Boycott of legislative bodies
$ M7 I# H! `1 X5 V: z 124. Boycott of elections
9 l4 L! x: O1 R6 ^! s$ M 125. Boycott of government employment and positions, y" x7 ] S0 G3 A- Q, h/ J. g$ W# Y
126. Boycott of government depts., agencies, and other bodies
' {4 @; ~ w: r7 R; t. N- A6 B 127. Withdrawal from government educational institutions
7 ?( q4 M' X4 A ] 128. Boycott of government-supported organizations6 f6 O3 p+ w$ P" @
129. Refusal of assistance to enforcement agents' d0 I: g$ f7 R- K2 D( ^
130. Removal of own signs and placemarks
7 C4 {% q8 P1 U' z. f3 F 131. Refusal to accept appointed officials5 ?6 u5 C5 j( W1 v: D. ~
132. Refusal to dissolve existing institutions
' b' [- q7 I; h
3 q& M8 K+ \* a3 rCitizens’ Alternatives to Obedience
$ r" ~" G0 b* F3 v' S$ | 133. Reluctant and slow compliance
7 U& j) M' a. r2 O0 D9 {9 g S 134. Nonobedience in absence of direct supervision
1 M( v2 F8 b, x 135. Popular nonobedience7 [, T6 Z( W' P. N$ Z- a1 g
136. Disguised disobedience
8 e1 P) H |1 k: c 137. Refusal of an assemblage or meeting to disperse, d" ~5 F& x b' p% X0 \ w# F, u
138. Sitdown
5 v# y9 H1 T/ W" Z8 k8 D2 Y' {, T 139. Noncooperation with conscription and deportation
% ~- Q' W% ^1 c% W1 ? 140. Hiding, escape, and false identities
' E' I S* h3 W. [" a7 O 141. Civil disobedience of “illegitimate” laws$ J& B/ S" z* I. {
2 f( p# Q. W) n; f+ Y$ \: T
Action by Government Personnel
: [2 Q/ _1 \+ ] L1 c 142. Selective refusal of assistance by government aides, ^2 l6 z3 B4 F0 A
143. Blocking of lines of command and information
1 L, O8 w7 T$ j. k: k G; l9 p0 @ 144. Stalling and obstruction; e/ F5 ?& H) K1 f. h# g
145. General administrative noncooperation E; n; _+ G1 I& k6 I4 F7 L
8 P$ C* @: X s1 Z 146. Judicial noncooperation! G. F1 |( r. [9 R1 A2 b, B6 A m
147. Deliberate inefficiency and selective noncooperation by enforcement agents" d" C* g- n2 q" U \2 W7 M& Y
148. Mutiny
) _% {6 ~4 C' E$ b( Q$ eDomestic Governmental Action, d. C6 J& p) \
149. Quasi-legal evasions and delays
' p+ m0 ^( T: U9 f" P 150. Noncooperation by constituent governmental units
5 [& y0 e5 k, C r' n1 K1 l9 E# W& a. g
International Governmental Action
. I" M5 x0 v7 l+ T 151. Changes in diplomatic and other representations4 z* F0 b. |* {: {' F. Y- j) C
152. Delay and cancellation of diplomatic events3 l0 U2 m, s* _) E+ U
153. Withholding of diplomatic recognition
3 _: g3 B' d& Y8 {6 ~9 T" b& S 154. Severance of diplomatic relations
7 J( X( O$ n' I) q 155. Withdrawal from international organizations
+ q x( @- A, s1 D. F5 m 156. Refusal of membership in international bodies
8 z& i0 l% Z: _+ u& [/ o 157. Expulsion from international organizations
# W) _4 ?7 @( H, z$ z
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* u( S1 i3 f1 s! N s# V6 E+ f0 h9 b+ T @7 W4 j
THE METHODS OF NONVIOLENT INTERVENTION" b; V! w" Y1 v+ n: u% D0 x A" _1 s
# y5 F6 x5 H+ ~* x# o% D
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Psychological Intervention
( n2 a4 x/ y& w N. P8 C( O2 x 158. Self-exposure to the elements4 [) t$ w5 Z; Z2 e- ~; W# r& b
159. The fast [5 z8 e; n$ n- N$ P0 B7 e. o1 z& n
a) Fast of moral pressure* i- y& K% C& o' j% e, ]; |3 g! l0 \
b) Hunger strike
" c) P, h( r' X, b/ m c) Satyagrahic fast
9 K1 x m0 `: C 160. Reverse trial* Z$ d( K( S) S6 b* X! G) h6 C
161. Nonviolent harassment
* L4 V9 r! ~! {5 V9 v9 B7 T, _; B8 L2 j" V5 i& r# x1 b
Physical Intervention
8 F) s% K$ l% h) E, C9 v: C 162. Sit-in
) s7 w. X5 C4 [9 W k1 x 163. Stand-in% @6 S$ u/ c) k- R0 U0 }" h" L
164. Ride-in
- f$ d) n: ]3 z& X, e; G' ] 165. Wade-in5 O$ t5 Y, Y" ~: \: L% P" C% Q
166. Mill-in
+ W# i/ |$ T& o8 U 167. Pray-in
, _* l: |* B }& `8 g4 R1 d 168. Nonviolent raids
7 G% |2 X3 G/ E/ b" v, G+ `6 X% H 169. Nonviolent air raids
/ J) Y# O2 M1 V% B 170. Nonviolent invasion
; W1 T1 I, O. M) V0 Z3 w8 A/ { 171. Nonviolent interjection& O+ Q7 a [& |6 k
172. Nonviolent obstruction
5 b9 o0 [& R2 R4 [4 E n( ^ 173. Nonviolent occupation
8 p( E0 S* s) f2 \2 X0 Q, l& v( w( b( g3 z5 w2 q
Social Intervention% w( F: s; A ~: d
174. Establishing new social patterns
8 F% c! E: s* a6 q1 w/ e: | 175. Overloading of facilities+ J' O( c% `6 j7 B& z( b: `
176. Stall-in6 ^& M8 y4 Z$ A. J" ?* [0 u9 n$ O
177. Speak-in) P) M" w" y$ d, r; |
178. Guerrilla theater2 [: |/ c: N0 }4 u0 K" w- _" x* H# C
179. Alternative social institutions$ l& l0 E; V8 ^$ b8 J7 O
180. Alternative communication system
: }* S& A- I+ K3 N+ l" s# i2 k+ q/ G! a* a4 X1 r3 q+ Z2 q+ z$ W
Economic Intervention
j7 M: c2 i. h6 `3 c! e. N8 Q 181. Reverse strike
2 |9 N6 L8 L }- N, b2 z 182. Stay-in strike
6 w3 I9 G. a1 e$ z7 _, _ 183. Nonviolent land seizure
# j5 D. D+ |; C! b 184. Defiance of blockades2 f3 W( @. X( H
185. Politically motivated counterfeiting
5 R' w0 {1 [) o/ k5 ^ 186. Preclusive purchasing4 i! R' V( R. Z
187. Seizure of assets
% b* a4 n! q' V- m- ?5 c' { 188. Dumping
+ N7 V( W) O8 h 189. Selective patronage C6 _% n" }9 s# V2 k
190. Alternative markets
2 t( L& I% E' v) y) e 191. Alternative transportation systems
' n2 N5 T C/ s G9 a 192. Alternative economic institutions a' Z( I) e# I% z+ i. ]- V
+ \5 N, g$ R Y) r5 |
Political Intervention6 u! j5 `2 s5 C. x; u
193. Overloading of administrative systems
- P% [' W) r, C$ e 194. Disclosing identities of secret agents
2 }, x5 C. p) M 195. Seeking imprisonment" p8 F$ \2 j1 S3 c
196. Civil disobedience of “neutral” laws
) I+ ?3 p+ n4 a/ H3 i8 k1 t0 J 197. Work-on without collaboration* \. ^4 h% u2 A7 A+ ?8 @* d9 }8 M
198. Dual sovereignty and parallel government
7 s+ E' `$ ?/ D4 a; Z( f* W2 t' {: S/ q- M2 v4 Q( k
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