 鲜花( 240)  鸡蛋( 18)
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发表于 2016-7-3 17:52
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THE METHODS OF NONVIOLENT PROTEST AND PERSUASION' a! y' [0 e& E7 C) f4 y& `
Formal Statements
; o: }" w# ^. U; |. n4 @) p 1. Public Speeches& J( @; E1 h g7 y4 y
2. Letters of opposition or support. i n$ ^ M7 O1 i' b: |
3. Declarations by organizations and institutions
" _) i8 b: C; f0 U1 I2 ~3 F 4. Signed public statements
* r( y3 n# ]$ A& K* B4 W1 y 5. Declarations of indictment and intention
$ ^0 O8 j) J4 K. j$ V, \. @* G 6. Group or mass petitions
+ Z9 O! l+ S. C0 q5 x* ~
# l0 m4 e+ Y) Q! M0 P+ ~) e+ gCommunications with a Wider Audience
. m% E) z4 }, A; N- i& E 7. Slogans, caricatures, and symbols
}7 A8 r3 _) W8 d( j6 `% z 8. Banners, posters, and displayed communications
1 B& [ `- [7 t2 Q6 @! F' F 9. Leaflets, pamphlets, and books* S) g7 X4 p1 t' k: k# F: n
10. Newspapers and journals
$ R+ [7 ^+ |, X# t. }/ x) c 11. Records, radio, and television
2 c( z- _, @0 G( m$ k, u 12. Skywriting and earthwriting: Z: l, W5 Y6 Z3 C
' w! B. f% n5 r0 T
Group Representations
, F& m! n( ]5 P" w 13. Deputations
0 r/ k: M% ?8 D% K6 L, ^ 14. Mock awards; g3 b; X, h! B0 k: r6 \; m
15. Group lobbying
; h( X( A9 P. e9 }9 n- s0 q 16. Picketing
k# L1 R' m+ Z# D 17. Mock elections
: z% b; T; B" V4 j. j9 w9 V9 z1 X9 ~
Symbolic Public Acts8 M( h& _; V0 @# a
18. Displays of flags and symbolic colors3 {5 M% n" Y% N. E: Z/ U" I
19. Wearing of symbols
5 V* x2 u$ H0 {! |9 T: Z 20. Prayer and worship1 I# I. @8 t# G; o$ o, B; t2 H
21. Delivering symbolic objects
8 u- R2 V7 C4 D 22. Protest disrobings
3 a" A0 P, Q( t$ y 23. Destruction of own property
5 X7 M( R7 v" a0 C3 { 24. Symbolic lights
& x# Y' G, y# a. Z 25. Displays of portraits
% N I& k; C! p2 N/ l0 r/ U 26. Paint as protest& D& \( Q; b; Q v+ Y L4 t {
27. New signs and names! V6 q" d' W u4 @9 b
28. Symbolic sounds
7 B W/ m: t# J8 B9 V7 H( H 29. Symbolic reclamations
" P7 i" f6 e* c 30. Rude gestures
8 a' u& f# n. t5 s Z0 W6 e, W9 f! k
Pressures on Individuals
& ]" F O0 H! J/ h; _$ W1 q 31. “Haunting” officials
( `. i# |1 Q4 e0 r! v: p 32. Taunting officials
: D1 R# F ?. R 33. Fraternization
6 z% B# V: d' k! c4 {- d% S+ g 34. Vigils. j* X K3 Z. |
" o$ A. e7 o- X C; F c# z1 L
Drama and Music' b5 ?+ e# ^5 `/ |1 q7 v& ]
35. Humorous skits and pranks
1 j2 T7 I$ }" x' G- ? 36. Performances of plays and music( L% z4 Z+ o. b0 O2 N: Y
37. Singing
; I8 u6 q- |, r8 c& ^5 M6 g N6 ?+ m4 j: H" _' b/ N. H/ H" n. R; F
Processions
* m! F6 \- q) \+ E5 g 38. Marches
& p) a; m- j; A5 @6 s- M) E8 ] 39. Parades
8 R$ Z, _6 Y+ A 40. Religious processions
, N% S# x. W# U! }3 U0 a 41. Pilgrimages0 P0 H/ u- b6 w8 z7 Q5 }$ ~
42. Motorcades
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* X+ C" V/ c" M# @) PHonoring the Dead
: e7 n. k; E& { m6 _ 43. Political mourning, c4 f9 B" N ~; N% P
44. Mock funerals0 T5 @6 D, u# w' m
45. Demonstrative funerals
7 Q$ F% {. M1 x# Z 46. Homage at burial places
) h& X* S. @7 {5 ~5 K( Q# B0 {2 I7 g+ S9 u
Public Assemblies
+ j6 v, |) i7 T7 Z% {) d 47. Assemblies of protest or support
h- J$ @& p$ I2 T7 v7 ^( g 48. Protest meetings& B9 |; }. Q; @4 [: a
49. Camouflaged meetings of protest8 m, h4 g- {9 k: }+ h7 w! V- |
50. Teach-ins( E2 t6 ?6 ?! _ P; I
0 S. v9 T! r- }, [: A2 IWithdrawal and Renunciation" J Y6 V' P% b; S
51. Walk-outs
6 w( E7 q- S+ }& d, V/ A# B 52. Silence
/ v3 p% E- R% l/ q" v 53. Renouncing honors( J8 D1 J7 k! D0 ^: H! a
54. Turning one’s back
! u m) B$ L+ c: n
2 g! s8 [+ l+ d X; `
; ^( H* z/ ~" R8 J% T# z2 ?1 S" a+ x d. c+ i5 s' m
THE METHODS OF SOCIAL NONCOOPERATION" |9 s, T* Z9 r5 `
z3 C1 \( l. R% P , k# v" I3 t6 {. J
' S _6 y+ x7 OOstracism of Persons
: p3 l1 x4 g0 z 55. Social boycott/ h; A, D+ J6 K$ o2 A3 X
56. Selective social boycott
( v8 T% I5 w& H5 m+ ~9 `8 q 57. Lysistratic nonaction9 @7 c+ [0 \1 Y# R' Q! ^: @- r
58. Excommunication) B4 D4 o! E+ U8 d
59. Interdict
* i& x5 t* H% p; }
- R9 c* A* S- P* S3 I5 O( ~Noncooperation with Social Events, Customs, and Institutions6 v) t; T: Y/ W0 x1 I4 U- o
60. Suspension of social and sports activities; k* L Y1 _! n$ T
61. Boycott of social affairs- B9 V( B9 x3 K6 d- a& b$ w3 ]
62. Student strike
- @ y" o" i3 s, L 63. Social disobedience
/ |7 f8 j: V+ p* |0 u* I9 B 64. Withdrawal from social institutions+ O) i' y8 _5 @/ h5 }; ]
& n) I6 n9 B# A1 W8 t" JWithdrawal from the Social System+ q8 U; T; v5 n' @7 P5 L+ r8 @& f
65. Stay-at-home
( e* P$ g% @( W6 i# a) t 66. Total personal noncooperation
p0 ~2 W/ H8 p, Z# e- H; Y4 C 67. “Flight” of workers
+ n! p; Y5 `- Q2 \/ p+ m 68. Sanctuary
$ A) X4 u: U% c9 \, c+ z 69. Collective disappearance
8 U( G. l8 B' }8 B+ c 70. Protest emigration (hijrat)
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. q) c- C P% N# W4 V' ]
THE METHODS OF ECONOMIC NONCOOPERATION: ECONOMIC BOYCOTTS
) v; B ^8 I3 H9 D9 e. A' t. e8 g; w1 O
5 q* ]/ `9 Y5 g; s; f7 MActions by Consumers
! ?6 O1 W4 X! Y; m 71. Consumers’ boycott5 M0 h! h, L% |/ S8 P# X( T
72. Nonconsumption of boycotted goods
! l# ]7 B0 a' g% |3 _: X 73. Policy of austerity- |% {; @2 C" T$ E- N4 Q4 L1 f$ k
74. Rent withholding( H& n& H4 b- X. a
75. Refusal to rent8 M! ]8 G: I) U4 ^. T- J. k
76. National consumers’ boycott
- n. w9 ]% p$ S 77. International consumers’ boycott
" I4 @* ?4 I- }% G& ]5 p$ G% J% O. g% c8 X1 ? g& w
Action by Workers and Producers& l9 B3 t: _2 B
78. Workmen’s boycott' b" ?2 x D$ h& @+ \8 o o
79. Producers’ boycott& L `+ ?" e8 L, L G/ k
, k$ E) o9 N5 l) D. vAction by Middlemen* }/ x+ z" t0 i$ m7 ?
80. Suppliers’ and handlers’ boycott. z; P. a& E* _# x8 n, Q) b
^$ J! m3 w* U2 q7 [Action by Owners and Management
# b! E1 {# C; J2 o! Z# |8 j 81. Traders’ boycott
0 v% `" c* X& |# \" @ 82. Refusal to let or sell property
2 ^+ s: S& A( Q6 v6 X* x s. F F 83. Lockout+ q9 W& r- x2 ~
84. Refusal of industrial assistance
. X' o6 A" W( R# Z 85. Merchants’ “general strike”3 K/ S. A+ v3 Q9 m0 ~6 ]0 P' p5 q
# b6 N* a" @( R0 p1 N1 k/ C DAction by Holders of Financial Resources/ C2 z# q% s4 s, o9 b$ R% b
86. Withdrawal of bank deposits
! H: Q/ ?2 A3 D( a" J3 M/ n( P 87. Refusal to pay fees, dues, and assessments' a( H' W7 c3 R1 B% x
88. Refusal to pay debts or interest
, e ^2 l1 l1 Y8 k0 D 89. Severance of funds and credit3 U% d2 b* k* V n; `% A
90. Revenue refusal. x& }5 m* z) a1 v$ R
91. Refusal of a government’s money3 ~5 _3 B+ Q9 B1 |* n" W x
. u/ Z8 c+ b$ w- YAction by Governments
1 b, K$ L4 f6 |, K& U! b 92. Domestic embargo
! n& f, B( }& | 93. Blacklisting of traders4 C i8 M) F5 j$ U1 a
94. International sellers’ embargo, @; U+ E; `* a3 v3 y; E5 M2 `
95. International buyers’ embargo
! m& [# F8 ^) W* |: k 96. International trade embargo5 X0 j' B* a1 N" q6 o; f
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8 ` k) _) G# }- w( r; O, uTHE METHODS OF ECONOMIC NONCOOPERATION: THE STRIKE
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4 ~- T9 A- o$ n8 K: v6 n! G
Symbolic Strikes' Q( u0 c1 J8 l6 J3 U# Y p
97. Protest strike, \; i6 g/ q4 V' z- b5 i- r
98. Quickie walkout (lightning strike)
& R" S% e! F$ r$ i; z- u: ^ ?9 `# K* L# F% y
Agricultural Strikes6 T8 |# E7 M0 O8 {- s) [
99. Peasant strike
8 u5 z: B( c% T3 _5 ^ 100. Farm Workers’ strike
1 u7 i: @: G4 e8 h d, `
0 Y) Y- f- A% X: m- {$ n7 WStrikes by Special Groups, V: g- d* Y' }3 {# i3 E: X
101. Refusal of impressed labor
0 ]8 E6 @/ m% ~0 G/ u 102. Prisoners’ strike
. x& [! H. S9 l) q2 N# Q9 d 103. Craft strike8 W% R# J9 F* [- K. P. O
104. Professional strike" E4 `0 v4 }& x0 {: G8 G
. X4 Y; s( j \" @Ordinary Industrial Strikes0 q l$ _% y" l( ~
105. Establishment strike
1 R, O! Y2 k$ |& k 106. Industry strike
+ e2 _1 i# i6 C! z 107. Sympathetic strike+ @) m, b6 s; Y# l( U* C
! U3 w) W+ }8 W4 F
Restricted Strikes3 m: b# i5 N* k& l" J2 ?" E' c
108. Detailed strike
& l+ ~) n/ A# m4 ~. O& B2 n 109. Bumper strike
4 q2 [: r+ \( c8 V1 W1 U1 B 110. Slowdown strike3 f T1 k: N7 x( F4 ^8 y9 h
111. Working-to-rule strike
z6 j8 }! L% Z' m1 Y f, ~9 [ 112. Reporting “sick” (sick-in)6 Q$ x) c' e, S# Y4 i' T
113. Strike by resignation4 T E9 V# W0 x( G$ l, z( p% ]
114. Limited strike
0 ]4 v; a/ w! r3 X 115. Selective strike5 ]1 H/ w8 Y! Y+ {* f
- Q. O+ x- |# C: o$ G1 E$ g
Multi-Industry Strikes
8 |2 Y- d" z- n6 b5 L; j9 S
l; c& S/ E9 A {! H; `1 {0 g1 v. C 116. Generalized strike
8 O( W. }9 m q8 O/ `4 H& L. k2 d- L. x& ?* c% W5 p+ B
117. General strike( e2 m6 z0 n; j! u/ S; p2 A! s
- _8 S1 I* L: \, v! Q$ |
Combination of Strikes and Economic Closures1 j+ ?3 M( }$ b7 S3 d/ P" ?/ _
8 G8 u5 O1 x# E$ K2 B% n0 w
118. Hartal% q7 m. h' D" g( ?# j) n4 H
# c) ^8 X0 l7 j, c* \ 119. Economic shutdown7 D" x9 M1 T; m! A
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THE METHODS OF POLITICAL NONCOOPERATION
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Rejection of Authority4 q3 z: U! S# u
120. Withholding or withdrawal of allegiance/ r. v8 C* `4 W: k- M \+ H, l( `* C
121. Refusal of public support* X) \) t7 G/ J4 j
122. Literature and speeches advocating resistance
, H9 M( K, t$ V" |- Q* ^) d
, [8 b1 {# c: ?+ S$ S N; K [Citizens’ Noncooperation with Government& \+ o- O& k) d
123. Boycott of legislative bodies
* c# F [# p) P 124. Boycott of elections7 X' M E) z7 G9 f& n$ m: p
125. Boycott of government employment and positions9 _0 W z) `! A9 \
126. Boycott of government depts., agencies, and other bodies1 l0 e& \3 B- V# W6 N, m
127. Withdrawal from government educational institutions1 Y4 E# O( q$ ` x# N( O4 e
128. Boycott of government-supported organizations" Y* B( P7 z3 T4 p
129. Refusal of assistance to enforcement agents" G9 _6 ~1 V8 u+ k
130. Removal of own signs and placemarks
9 L, f: J* m5 T4 e( h 131. Refusal to accept appointed officials
+ H, r6 K: y6 i+ g5 o 132. Refusal to dissolve existing institutions& R' ^$ p: t2 h! h- U3 O
9 V2 c9 [9 J' K
Citizens’ Alternatives to Obedience
3 ~1 k& |& |2 y' w9 M% ?+ c( r9 ~6 [/ d 133. Reluctant and slow compliance
7 j- w' i% B- M5 m8 R- y 134. Nonobedience in absence of direct supervision7 d7 X9 q; u" s: G ^( A1 _7 O
135. Popular nonobedience
3 } p! Y1 c# w1 o3 U4 A 136. Disguised disobedience
% j2 J/ O2 L7 [/ t 137. Refusal of an assemblage or meeting to disperse( Z* Q' r+ J3 W, v; I
138. Sitdown$ k/ X, U y% [5 d6 Z$ |
139. Noncooperation with conscription and deportation
$ h* [* t5 m9 J* u2 u 140. Hiding, escape, and false identities' ~. `, Q4 n, m& e$ P, \2 W
141. Civil disobedience of “illegitimate” laws0 I: F6 `0 ^0 d& Y) W
" p& Y& k$ q$ u/ `
Action by Government Personnel
* @8 r$ v `4 p; @5 B 142. Selective refusal of assistance by government aides
* x9 l. V' w8 ~ 143. Blocking of lines of command and information
5 ^ s: P: b" P5 C' O 144. Stalling and obstruction' w3 r7 b: a$ r
145. General administrative noncooperation
% c7 m7 o9 i- t8 S: X$ m) u, n2 Y5 w2 g" q. }3 }* O
146. Judicial noncooperation
& f8 k5 h) s4 H4 @, H8 c( ?; ` 147. Deliberate inefficiency and selective noncooperation by enforcement agents
; p. ^, q; e! Q5 D3 V) g0 l. L 148. Mutiny1 F+ ] l4 p2 @# o) x+ w# o O4 v6 C
Domestic Governmental Action; V( v( r* j2 i
149. Quasi-legal evasions and delays/ f* x& p O0 ]3 V. A4 G
150. Noncooperation by constituent governmental units
' N" c* Z' q7 N$ }- G5 V1 G0 B k ^2 E6 r" y, }( D
International Governmental Action
9 s9 \. I4 g2 f5 O7 m 151. Changes in diplomatic and other representations
7 T- P* C0 g; H* f, K6 ` 152. Delay and cancellation of diplomatic events
9 y7 h3 {6 U8 K2 v N9 A% o" G% O2 @ 153. Withholding of diplomatic recognition
$ P% _) o( q# H, a# ] 154. Severance of diplomatic relations
2 |0 T- X- T% Q/ }; M1 D 155. Withdrawal from international organizations3 _4 Q b: W2 T+ T0 ^, _
156. Refusal of membership in international bodies4 j4 Q1 K; k8 y, t& e
157. Expulsion from international organizations
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6 M# o$ n) P7 Z( Y1 g; t
THE METHODS OF NONVIOLENT INTERVENTION
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; L) N3 V& }- T0 j iPsychological Intervention8 {* \5 o; {: b& i1 g
158. Self-exposure to the elements
* h2 q* n; |3 U6 @2 ~) k 159. The fast) Y/ x/ o$ W+ M+ s6 [
a) Fast of moral pressure1 e/ H, K7 j# W" }% Z) ], ?# s8 B" n& L
b) Hunger strike
i; ?4 p6 f8 {8 D c) Satyagrahic fast
0 d% @$ M* {9 t, ]/ y 160. Reverse trial1 |) S" u8 _' r, T( x
161. Nonviolent harassment
% }/ S) u5 m( v" y
. L. t8 n8 A: I2 L4 }- DPhysical Intervention
" l b' y% E5 P% x) t4 | 162. Sit-in
; [6 Q2 n1 M7 F o* Y 163. Stand-in3 f: Q8 [% f8 }2 w! e$ \( O
164. Ride-in# @6 e+ t; z, e u' w' q
165. Wade-in
0 M" R( ?( P- \( @! B. j2 c) G 166. Mill-in* D7 S# e5 a3 _) H- C* y9 }
167. Pray-in
% |- u$ b' d# c* \9 }. u$ K$ i 168. Nonviolent raids
. J0 B! N8 x. O6 b 169. Nonviolent air raids
! y6 X" R/ q& W/ x4 T! m# K6 c 170. Nonviolent invasion
d! H9 H) D7 w# \, E 171. Nonviolent interjection+ m$ i. ]( h9 U# T/ Y. N) _1 j
172. Nonviolent obstruction8 W( B! W {6 m+ C
173. Nonviolent occupation- v; K; J. q' e$ E7 D0 f0 P
; t( ^$ a( e! e, i/ d/ MSocial Intervention S Z% v$ c* O- u x
174. Establishing new social patterns A y$ I4 O; \$ m' T7 n
175. Overloading of facilities" T- A1 v4 y" t, m& W. C; f( @
176. Stall-in
* g( H8 Q( H, e+ M$ ~ 177. Speak-in: I0 B3 A5 b/ J$ s9 _0 F
178. Guerrilla theater
" |2 o8 k9 X/ z0 ^: [' o7 j 179. Alternative social institutions
, k' Q; F; @& Y$ J1 O+ ^ 180. Alternative communication system
( X. C* e% B; \, s; Z8 k
2 \" O" L& S: D! o+ f% N, ?Economic Intervention
, B: v" R+ S7 b2 }1 a$ f 181. Reverse strike; ?" W/ l0 P) L) @% B/ Y, N3 G
182. Stay-in strike& w# W" C/ _( V
183. Nonviolent land seizure
7 L) Q" y0 i9 o1 |- l3 ^: Q) ] 184. Defiance of blockades
% G1 P3 U" }5 b7 @ 185. Politically motivated counterfeiting
2 x( y- G# M& m' C* X+ b 186. Preclusive purchasing
% a' C( N/ P* C5 l# k7 j/ q 187. Seizure of assets
4 }) B1 V$ s# _) v0 K0 Z 188. Dumping
: M% `& C. V7 ~7 K5 | 189. Selective patronage$ }2 ]/ H; J% J) b1 M0 {
190. Alternative markets9 N- m* G& H8 g
191. Alternative transportation systems
' l0 [% q3 D" H. Z5 j 192. Alternative economic institutions8 [! ?: T& }% Y' c2 R
# M& |: i+ Z& r! U: rPolitical Intervention
9 T6 w( P% v' P! K0 W$ r 193. Overloading of administrative systems- r% t. a% _, Q% k: X
194. Disclosing identities of secret agents
6 u0 N2 Q! g8 |) N4 _ 195. Seeking imprisonment8 W( n; y3 t, ?
196. Civil disobedience of “neutral” laws2 H# T2 S( h3 z
197. Work-on without collaboration
, U( \" }4 k7 A- ^ 198. Dual sovereignty and parallel government$ ?! C) K/ N7 K
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