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THE METHODS OF NONVIOLENT PROTEST AND PERSUASION
9 m* n2 K* V7 E6 O; m6 K' M% uFormal Statements
; y9 n- W; ^+ J5 A8 q6 X! P+ r 1. Public Speeches
/ s) U9 s0 K' }) `* h. ?& Y) [ 2. Letters of opposition or support
0 b; M& W# q2 B+ B1 }* e 3. Declarations by organizations and institutions
" d0 b6 c% ~& `# b% M 4. Signed public statements
6 K4 N/ f( s5 k" A' M+ N- B: [0 w' { 5. Declarations of indictment and intention
! x! b* E3 O8 {. } z6 }" v 6. Group or mass petitions
. y) v+ b+ P6 g, v& J* A# W3 N# I" r: U% N9 W; ~3 Y
Communications with a Wider Audience
7 C. I+ A+ Q7 T: d. } 7. Slogans, caricatures, and symbols
( D {& q8 N8 c9 E; z 8. Banners, posters, and displayed communications
+ X [* K7 Z1 u: f, c6 F) f) H 9. Leaflets, pamphlets, and books, A6 u2 e. k$ k" Y# w
10. Newspapers and journals) Z! { `0 J8 h8 T; o8 W$ i
11. Records, radio, and television
3 r( Z2 T+ j9 Q6 s 12. Skywriting and earthwriting
9 A) u3 R8 h1 W* U- d, B* I& _$ |+ d1 q0 a
Group Representations% z& b, {" j9 [2 v1 G" J
13. Deputations
3 p- `# i' Q3 { 14. Mock awards6 m4 ~, T) a8 p$ R1 D
15. Group lobbying) k; ?) M9 ?9 z! O( w# J4 f
16. Picketing# B4 ^0 K) v- D6 J- P1 e' h+ A, w
17. Mock elections# z* o( d6 i* J
# T7 z: c0 T% ESymbolic Public Acts
& o1 m/ [! g, |5 \* k 18. Displays of flags and symbolic colors ~9 x Z) P$ J5 n$ S
19. Wearing of symbols
2 b7 X4 K- K- u& t. N% `3 x) x9 j 20. Prayer and worship
2 B& ]( i: ]/ b# W* Z7 o0 m) ]: v 21. Delivering symbolic objects
- e9 b/ T' w/ D8 d: D* O 22. Protest disrobings9 M4 p h$ Z- A6 c6 X4 D5 g$ X% r
23. Destruction of own property2 S; Y: m9 O8 v
24. Symbolic lights
' w, g* [9 h2 }7 L8 |) [4 W% f% E! Q 25. Displays of portraits" ~0 }. O/ e2 r# \+ q. V- R1 j/ I
26. Paint as protest y2 ]9 q6 U4 K( b5 y2 D" D$ I& H9 r
27. New signs and names7 O/ ~# q3 M+ B0 p0 K- V5 a& w
28. Symbolic sounds1 h* f% E. u6 ^
29. Symbolic reclamations
- F) B/ C, K& t, U 30. Rude gestures& H+ Z$ ~9 V" M$ f ^4 n( M
6 H$ p ~ {! U7 ?3 a {
Pressures on Individuals
& W$ j0 X; s E9 D 31. “Haunting” officials- `/ J% d. _& A" C! N
32. Taunting officials
: u' Q- m" H4 K8 x 33. Fraternization3 Z3 e: I/ U- A
34. Vigils
- e9 a8 M- k; m* r# M" F9 R( j V
5 D/ R0 V* C+ U$ GDrama and Music! y( ]1 n7 ?/ Z5 P2 N' ?6 n
35. Humorous skits and pranks6 |9 [, B! w6 k8 B
36. Performances of plays and music2 B1 X5 r2 w" |7 K+ C: m A) @
37. Singing
* A6 H6 t* `' j5 R, R3 @$ f( a
$ g. G; s8 T c+ n, OProcessions
: @3 e4 Y3 h" ~ 38. Marches+ j4 i% V( G- H
39. Parades' y5 v& X0 ]+ L+ x F
40. Religious processions
3 W7 g! A4 B( i, R1 \9 I9 ^ 41. Pilgrimages+ F1 R. r1 q8 h- S- Z% G% b
42. Motorcades
7 L7 \* F+ t5 N! T; V0 L( d: g; ^9 K |! k
Honoring the Dead
* h7 t. P! G5 B 43. Political mourning8 c; i6 r4 M* A7 c( N: y) ~
44. Mock funerals, W5 r5 R5 z, N& z. q
45. Demonstrative funerals
. F. J& L$ g+ [% ] [7 ]" e 46. Homage at burial places
; G8 F- m% c2 I- l/ K6 B$ S- W* T' k7 U, U# N
Public Assemblies4 Y+ V3 _9 M2 c6 K4 l! w" @
47. Assemblies of protest or support. [. X4 U- @5 E
48. Protest meetings
; b+ W1 M( g6 A4 }$ u 49. Camouflaged meetings of protest
) E$ U& d' Z" [; N. C+ U 50. Teach-ins4 Q; Q9 m% p' Q# Q7 G
8 C: h& n% H" l1 l7 @# e/ sWithdrawal and Renunciation
* m- v8 ~) q; ?; l2 m9 U" v 51. Walk-outs! Q* F( S0 c& }2 R+ _
52. Silence- D) @) ^! n' e8 ]8 M
53. Renouncing honors
: N0 \0 _$ ~ O' U 54. Turning one’s back
\" i% g+ S, o0 U- w7 }* B0 y6 X/ [; Q3 ~9 w. D7 T, L
. c) Y& Z6 r2 T% u, l4 N K
1 f3 w$ a6 @* gTHE METHODS OF SOCIAL NONCOOPERATION
# D% L q4 u4 Y5 T2 r3 G. k
( {* W, k# z) L. c3 k
U( J: e2 z: f+ g) _- t4 R; H' o2 @
Ostracism of Persons
% v; ^) x, n9 T6 t/ G 55. Social boycott
8 G* I0 N+ T6 u3 S% V 56. Selective social boycott2 o D3 {6 ? \: L! V
57. Lysistratic nonaction0 u: B% p0 S4 m' h* j7 h5 p
58. Excommunication# z4 Y X t, N* `% P
59. Interdict
8 t7 x3 t6 S0 N0 ?' ^. `3 y' k4 I. O' O; j8 L
Noncooperation with Social Events, Customs, and Institutions
1 |, M* Y# t- E+ e$ C6 | 60. Suspension of social and sports activities
( Z& b* z% {2 V! D* B ?5 r 61. Boycott of social affairs( z9 T/ y" A, i( H) @% _
62. Student strike
* M' i3 B- w5 ~; r0 t9 Z2 l, u 63. Social disobedience- ^) G9 W3 N; ?3 X6 E
64. Withdrawal from social institutions9 }3 [; N4 V# `$ F( x: _9 B
, j2 ~* ?% ?) WWithdrawal from the Social System
4 }2 `/ o( P# j$ v* S+ d; m* n 65. Stay-at-home
) M8 t( P3 j; D 66. Total personal noncooperation
^% `+ @: J/ H! v* h( j 67. “Flight” of workers
8 |* @% ?4 Z7 j0 t8 r, ` 68. Sanctuary+ M5 {% @0 o4 B1 y: j- j6 Z
69. Collective disappearance3 f, \5 r S+ I4 z. _
70. Protest emigration (hijrat)
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$ b, N- [$ e4 X* }" { q
THE METHODS OF ECONOMIC NONCOOPERATION: ECONOMIC BOYCOTTS
) B9 F& C9 a5 T1 ?# Y8 T3 d7 J/ {% x& | g$ q# P. w
# C! q2 p' a( M1 ]" qActions by Consumers
6 Y+ T' ~) F+ z6 e. ` 71. Consumers’ boycott* M5 m+ M6 c R T8 ]$ L. ?
72. Nonconsumption of boycotted goods+ {- ]1 R* V' Z
73. Policy of austerity* m6 O- F7 y- V3 R
74. Rent withholding' U5 @) \1 J3 k' S( t K- {- }
75. Refusal to rent
+ c8 ?' ~, j+ F1 m 76. National consumers’ boycott
7 x B- P$ l5 O7 o9 _3 u) L' r' x+ I 77. International consumers’ boycott
4 ^0 y- h( l* J. q1 n9 v7 M
( k; {* z) Z% _1 lAction by Workers and Producers K4 q {7 b& S. w
78. Workmen’s boycott9 L2 m _6 s3 o+ i6 j
79. Producers’ boycott
2 M! {2 K; ~& y" O; D1 _5 }6 |; s: _& l$ g( M" G# }
Action by Middlemen
9 }: _0 ?+ _1 A, Q: W2 T- T% r 80. Suppliers’ and handlers’ boycott
/ U5 T2 x# ~. Y+ @2 h9 k& v( v; s7 A
Action by Owners and Management: O" \4 k& o7 z$ Z! B8 c- F4 t0 q
81. Traders’ boycott
4 P" l' H; W+ r3 w' W) N" E8 D5 E 82. Refusal to let or sell property4 J6 M4 D0 ^7 ?" I5 Y
83. Lockout9 S" U. g, S0 n6 R
84. Refusal of industrial assistance
5 b) X" C9 O6 ~1 b+ i, d+ J 85. Merchants’ “general strike”
1 @$ V/ ]9 k. _; m# Z
+ U4 F& \* ^. m# G% a$ m6 n. MAction by Holders of Financial Resources
- [2 s- S" \4 p* T* X 86. Withdrawal of bank deposits
9 g& j2 @6 ?6 J8 G( v5 _ 87. Refusal to pay fees, dues, and assessments, z, |, G. B# V+ |* x5 L6 k
88. Refusal to pay debts or interest
2 Q5 o% }" [1 K" [" ^ 89. Severance of funds and credit/ s- `, k8 m4 E( b8 V
90. Revenue refusal
% c; |; U9 X- q y3 r2 t% C1 @ 91. Refusal of a government’s money F0 d% |4 V% b& @
8 P2 }2 k# }# v# z$ @; O; ]Action by Governments
7 m. L. n$ p, L( f7 N4 |+ e" g6 Z 92. Domestic embargo
9 c- j% L" B8 k! @0 d3 h 93. Blacklisting of traders
0 x% E+ Z2 T3 ? 94. International sellers’ embargo6 f! G1 z7 y$ O8 v; M
95. International buyers’ embargo
2 h ^0 i; D6 R% h5 v- K 96. International trade embargo/ m; J' X6 q6 t9 Q/ A+ C& E1 v
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& d8 Y2 e% j# {5 U1 eTHE METHODS OF ECONOMIC NONCOOPERATION: THE STRIKE/ o& z% N8 Q c
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( x( M2 w3 o- D* vSymbolic Strikes
. Z' Q8 P" C r( X* B; Y5 T* z0 D' _' I 97. Protest strike4 J4 N6 C+ F7 n2 [$ }
98. Quickie walkout (lightning strike)8 `6 M3 V4 g. @' }) L. e( q
/ L! z! {% K/ z( N& R4 @/ C
Agricultural Strikes& W3 S6 L0 o2 _$ W
99. Peasant strike
1 g% ?6 C2 s$ W8 ?& [2 \; Z: _1 A5 } 100. Farm Workers’ strike
" r! p" f4 [7 w$ `3 H# h8 `1 @. l$ E0 d1 G: N
Strikes by Special Groups
+ W: N: }; ]; p& Y8 x% ]* Q; g 101. Refusal of impressed labor
~5 I' f7 q1 _7 l 102. Prisoners’ strike1 t$ z( I' F% g3 g+ w+ `4 J+ I( h
103. Craft strike
5 G$ l' W3 G" i) C% x8 H. T 104. Professional strike" s' s* _* T1 g& g _+ w4 E
H. w1 C( M" a$ OOrdinary Industrial Strikes
- H/ ^: N$ G5 v7 ^: a1 A 105. Establishment strike
1 U. y* _5 v6 M& k( K, w 106. Industry strike
' Q; e- i% h8 ?9 E, T. t# N- p 107. Sympathetic strike: t/ K( h5 C) q& ^3 ], E( o+ u% `
! i) D" D. t7 j
Restricted Strikes
8 L$ @6 P( q& p7 v( s 108. Detailed strike
! E/ i1 A2 ?; V# B8 O/ L p 109. Bumper strike4 { C+ D7 h5 n" K8 b3 _
110. Slowdown strike
8 s2 g) \$ T- ]" c 111. Working-to-rule strike
( |: d/ y- _; O1 r 112. Reporting “sick” (sick-in)
; q$ Z! D" c" C0 y 113. Strike by resignation
" G3 K2 T L/ g1 N6 o7 ` K9 M 114. Limited strike4 S( m* S y2 ^! C/ ]! x& C
115. Selective strike
7 P- g& Y0 v; Q! T% s( F O! X
Multi-Industry Strikes
) ]9 p) C6 [+ f( t4 V1 w. r1 \, N* K
116. Generalized strike
/ b4 y8 H8 o. q$ j+ T6 O8 [2 V9 X2 h
117. General strike
' N/ \1 |! F0 e7 r! Y# C3 V
5 m+ E: g" C7 u" s1 }* \Combination of Strikes and Economic Closures
2 u* B3 s) p) }% r
+ i* v' |# l6 m* P9 D 118. Hartal/ ^( Y2 K+ v/ r$ ]' U1 k
% p, d9 q8 B4 @8 A4 G 119. Economic shutdown8 l" k S6 y- ~# c. @3 F
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& v% t1 [) Y( G9 Y( W0 PTHE METHODS OF POLITICAL NONCOOPERATION
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4 {- i/ l- Y+ @ % {' A. C, ]* |& J [1 }3 ^
Rejection of Authority% C- R; x! h% F0 @8 @( ]
120. Withholding or withdrawal of allegiance, Y3 F2 x6 {- T' n; r3 ^- J
121. Refusal of public support$ R& a8 D, h" q0 Y- V
122. Literature and speeches advocating resistance
0 n8 ?# ?/ B% A
$ s2 R$ T; L' w$ p/ S+ _) D& CCitizens’ Noncooperation with Government) t' T* ^+ X5 | O8 U5 b9 e
123. Boycott of legislative bodies5 Z$ D* N _ Y7 R
124. Boycott of elections+ x( O. v: H* @- j
125. Boycott of government employment and positions2 f Z/ Y4 p! U! T6 R0 a. u
126. Boycott of government depts., agencies, and other bodies4 {9 \! g& e- F
127. Withdrawal from government educational institutions% }9 O" q* u. l$ ^
128. Boycott of government-supported organizations y% A7 H& F O8 F2 o5 C. I! U
129. Refusal of assistance to enforcement agents# O' f& M. c4 c Z
130. Removal of own signs and placemarks
2 S! t' `/ `1 I5 l/ S 131. Refusal to accept appointed officials6 T0 B2 F$ T; x$ ?, N
132. Refusal to dissolve existing institutions; s x2 K* N. f5 a- m8 Q( h9 K
! ^5 h6 d# ~2 C, ]) _Citizens’ Alternatives to Obedience, E3 J4 M; g4 R- ^2 w% G
133. Reluctant and slow compliance
1 ` C6 j0 M4 N6 N( I3 N+ a" q3 V3 N 134. Nonobedience in absence of direct supervision
( z" R# J3 p* `3 M9 `- v: L' T8 S 135. Popular nonobedience! b" y5 j2 L( D: T8 v! e, C
136. Disguised disobedience
+ B$ |- n6 b3 K+ N8 @' ^: t( S, |" G 137. Refusal of an assemblage or meeting to disperse: w1 G( L1 v8 u* V c( ~: o- \6 H
138. Sitdown
2 t9 u5 h& m7 z4 J3 Y( Q. S4 | 139. Noncooperation with conscription and deportation
8 z# D# F( i4 w6 S% X( m s 140. Hiding, escape, and false identities% B4 E( M5 z; w7 O a; l1 v- ]- H
141. Civil disobedience of “illegitimate” laws% {; U# O3 _# y! \8 v; e
) W, @' Z/ l+ q! ?5 H
Action by Government Personnel
3 T3 B- E7 k9 a3 Y6 s8 k3 B 142. Selective refusal of assistance by government aides& T# b' V( V0 r5 u1 }& b: D; ~
143. Blocking of lines of command and information
. e, R6 G2 M! e/ L; v/ h- g 144. Stalling and obstruction
& _) M# C* w3 V3 M+ G 145. General administrative noncooperation
1 `8 y0 S7 [" Z# Y' k3 x& _. o! t( x1 I) _. k( f* `
146. Judicial noncooperation7 Q2 w1 n R9 D
147. Deliberate inefficiency and selective noncooperation by enforcement agents
# d+ l8 V, r) ? 148. Mutiny
, |; ?- G O6 GDomestic Governmental Action
5 T( u% J& n: Q3 ?8 p* _ 149. Quasi-legal evasions and delays
2 u0 t; g, k; Q- }7 E. i: J- ^: _$ Q 150. Noncooperation by constituent governmental units
; j5 J3 l6 N6 ^: s2 m* ] x3 ~/ r5 U1 b% t) }, C$ r
International Governmental Action
& m4 M% s& y5 k. ` 151. Changes in diplomatic and other representations
& t+ @7 G5 o/ ]) K3 L 152. Delay and cancellation of diplomatic events+ I6 q3 R% v1 V9 x3 V1 |! C
153. Withholding of diplomatic recognition
9 A. x9 T6 Q6 M# b% m% d2 d 154. Severance of diplomatic relations- }$ Y) ` S9 s6 {+ l
155. Withdrawal from international organizations# \5 {6 P \" r. N
156. Refusal of membership in international bodies
+ e" e' t6 E+ A. U% B0 |/ p1 J1 e 157. Expulsion from international organizations
. l+ u8 i, ?3 ]9 {- ^7 f4 f$ r% ~2 A, o( m
9 L3 T1 N6 ^" D3 U
X( d$ R# g, X4 a4 c3 Z7 qTHE METHODS OF NONVIOLENT INTERVENTION
( p# I B9 P% |2 Q% m* z& ^2 z" M! V+ v6 }
F9 L' S' v0 ] q) ]! sPsychological Intervention0 n8 l4 L7 N+ g8 z, f- x
158. Self-exposure to the elements! J9 {" A( k* L" U" j0 a
159. The fast
/ a% k1 M# {8 l6 ^- q/ } a) Fast of moral pressure
; G/ r& G" H* f b) Hunger strike
7 w4 l6 a" s* k) J c) Satyagrahic fast1 |. l& d1 k8 Z/ N g, @& k& s: q
160. Reverse trial& ?/ v8 d, s. Z8 m
161. Nonviolent harassment' o, s: O4 ?6 @4 V6 `; ~: [; D
! y& d& R) ^* kPhysical Intervention( ]6 |. n6 d' u) e
162. Sit-in
5 ?! s& q2 o' |3 z 163. Stand-in
5 ~# O% J: S0 p& V$ j0 _ 164. Ride-in
4 }7 W. B1 N* `3 y/ m 165. Wade-in9 M4 z6 Q s) ]# U. K1 X: |
166. Mill-in
m/ Q9 S/ k: |+ [9 H 167. Pray-in
' _+ N6 ]( I7 L* R& s9 C0 q 168. Nonviolent raids
, K2 e& ^& F& Q 169. Nonviolent air raids
; x+ K3 Z# |) K' w. E 170. Nonviolent invasion# X% Y3 E# e, W* B( R" M7 C
171. Nonviolent interjection
9 j: x8 u1 y X$ f. X 172. Nonviolent obstruction
4 O" x' h* @0 u4 Q B! G9 l 173. Nonviolent occupation2 A6 i. u2 g7 _- |7 e$ b
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Social Intervention
% m1 ^4 o& ?# W) h& o- R9 m" z 174. Establishing new social patterns3 h$ u8 h e' Y+ p0 \5 b4 `
175. Overloading of facilities
! Y2 P% |5 U3 L5 } 176. Stall-in
" \, x) x. x6 F: Z b; i 177. Speak-in& }/ R" y J8 u1 V' M. X2 b
178. Guerrilla theater+ \& W/ p" O- H' L; E# C7 d
179. Alternative social institutions
6 H+ `- u4 E- _ 180. Alternative communication system9 F# Z2 @; D. M# p& T
. _' p( W% r d2 \6 s
Economic Intervention( M' T6 B+ M9 y
181. Reverse strike
* E' O* b8 ?0 p* ~ 182. Stay-in strike, ]8 I$ s. i9 m) C& n: [
183. Nonviolent land seizure3 N9 v2 S* p; [. F' h, s
184. Defiance of blockades
- y, I& D& V0 ^2 U8 ~- K( c 185. Politically motivated counterfeiting
" a( r9 k" G4 x; e Q' w 186. Preclusive purchasing$ d/ T# {& B) q: ~. C1 _0 r
187. Seizure of assets
, N i4 N% G) u4 z1 z& \ ?. h9 ~ 188. Dumping
2 M& ~+ g2 P' p+ {9 D5 j4 n5 @ 189. Selective patronage' C" s$ S7 M! R9 @6 X
190. Alternative markets( k( [/ I0 n! `/ \! w
191. Alternative transportation systems
4 |7 T; }( {# P9 I0 X 192. Alternative economic institutions9 k5 U6 s% K# k+ \! b# ? `
2 ~4 z1 \1 S3 F& x% [% WPolitical Intervention" r) {9 `9 w/ y# D& T+ w2 R6 x& H9 E
193. Overloading of administrative systems
y3 I; C& K+ q 194. Disclosing identities of secret agents
, v$ m6 _ }# K& f% k5 `$ ? 195. Seeking imprisonment. J$ d4 |& N% m" [# @
196. Civil disobedience of “neutral” laws
) L9 {, p1 t5 _- }/ o0 E( j( j 197. Work-on without collaboration
9 W: ~: B. k) a, K- u 198. Dual sovereignty and parallel government) X" L6 `6 o2 A/ }: g# P9 {$ v8 R' I
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