 鲜花( 240)  鸡蛋( 18)
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发表于 2016-7-3 17:52
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THE METHODS OF NONVIOLENT PROTEST AND PERSUASION. X7 G5 O; N/ h7 V+ S
Formal Statements3 B$ s; a9 A$ t2 P7 E6 W1 ?
1. Public Speeches
" a: F7 T* V9 p2 X% b. Z, X4 x 2. Letters of opposition or support
j$ C6 j; q% F$ C 3. Declarations by organizations and institutions
' @8 `5 s! n% C! P/ i) l 4. Signed public statements
4 i, q2 q! u6 L7 m0 [. @ 5. Declarations of indictment and intention9 i5 w8 D% b! z! @# q/ ~
6. Group or mass petitions
$ g- O0 s" L( w/ J" v' V" K' V1 x/ ]3 I1 w* j& }+ r
Communications with a Wider Audience8 t4 W" W7 O* }
7. Slogans, caricatures, and symbols3 l/ \9 | Z" E) [
8. Banners, posters, and displayed communications
& v/ J8 s3 o. [$ Y5 V9 p 9. Leaflets, pamphlets, and books
9 s2 L+ V4 b. t 10. Newspapers and journals
, i( `' t- Q5 A4 y6 J 11. Records, radio, and television
* M9 A1 W7 m" T- F: t: p 12. Skywriting and earthwriting4 {- Y0 b: w( _3 J3 V/ [
# g( b" y; B4 o& U2 YGroup Representations: B9 J; T6 Y& f3 c. B% `
13. Deputations
! d* @- O# i6 T$ t' b8 N 14. Mock awards. l5 l. W U4 ~& R: u: \
15. Group lobbying5 X& S8 R# u+ d# H) E- |4 P0 R
16. Picketing
+ u# o+ l0 e0 J" ?7 Y9 r 17. Mock elections
% }1 N, c" Q7 J% n1 |# |! W3 x% r3 b
Symbolic Public Acts
/ {7 W) Y, r% h" Y: C/ I0 M2 Y9 M 18. Displays of flags and symbolic colors$ t {0 m) u% `( x- ^& V+ b. @5 e% B
19. Wearing of symbols
+ }1 a) B7 ^& U7 z 20. Prayer and worship$ W0 O. p2 T4 n- B5 z
21. Delivering symbolic objects
/ a* ]. I- w$ f: y2 n( F 22. Protest disrobings
+ T. W* n- F1 ` 23. Destruction of own property
( c, C& V1 y( K: j* b7 ` 24. Symbolic lights3 t" `6 I1 Z* G( X. |/ A" S
25. Displays of portraits
" R x5 K/ k/ e6 C4 { 26. Paint as protest5 X1 y( D& E$ _$ K3 m
27. New signs and names! N! B" A( n9 z0 ^! o. `! r c
28. Symbolic sounds" j- p0 ~! r2 V0 \# i2 n
29. Symbolic reclamations
9 \5 l0 L+ r! `4 j% s 30. Rude gestures
' h, C, G' ~7 }! n4 l$ }- D S2 L. z
Pressures on Individuals! p6 l. i& F8 r) Y: R
31. “Haunting” officials; p; A; R( ]% ~8 A0 c$ \& c
32. Taunting officials
( L: C6 K6 e! L, W 33. Fraternization
[5 N. F1 J) P6 H9 x7 l# A7 e 34. Vigils
6 |6 D( A+ M& b* D6 [7 y- S# v. ^0 u, i" @4 w! M7 g
Drama and Music
! U, v! c( W, q' g ~: o 35. Humorous skits and pranks
) e- I$ C8 A2 j8 O o3 M 36. Performances of plays and music
$ u: k q/ Y9 u" j# W 37. Singing7 e9 b( O+ q; t7 _* W f
1 q1 ?, F$ A! @' rProcessions u$ E$ L) i) @
38. Marches6 U0 `: i7 i) P5 p/ ~7 h) b* ^( d
39. Parades$ K$ `' M- D" e1 Q' e9 w ?7 ?
40. Religious processions1 b0 b0 [% Q. H e$ F' z
41. Pilgrimages
4 b8 [7 `0 T, h- q8 O" h 42. Motorcades
0 `; B9 W: G( K2 V7 X5 X; @8 m: e- F4 ^8 s3 G$ o- X
Honoring the Dead
$ }( w8 q6 u( \3 u5 i, y B 43. Political mourning; d/ Z. j9 U3 e R% f6 l
44. Mock funerals" z! G) D, Y9 [2 P( T
45. Demonstrative funerals
4 ]: f8 w4 V$ I8 K s 46. Homage at burial places
; q8 |7 D) ]7 p0 c
1 T: Z1 J6 o5 m% [' v, [2 {Public Assemblies
# j1 V9 Z& T% V& C7 {5 x( F 47. Assemblies of protest or support" R! v3 Z$ I( Y2 O& o
48. Protest meetings
- g2 E$ k1 w5 O/ }: ]: p 49. Camouflaged meetings of protest' g$ ~" o: W2 M8 l7 ^% F }% R) |
50. Teach-ins' a1 d; E: X) A1 X
4 r9 y" i5 W; m. q( c [
Withdrawal and Renunciation4 B1 F! w3 P r
51. Walk-outs6 r6 q3 G2 J, Z: \, Y1 }& o
52. Silence
1 l7 I' @. z" |9 Y 53. Renouncing honors0 \, I/ |, @. p) V$ ?
54. Turning one’s back
6 ~; F" E- n; ]; {4 I e, R) m+ Q& G- a
; [+ Z+ a, P2 j6 w5 E* N! ?
+ r/ x! `- y6 P" |" G, `" [& ]THE METHODS OF SOCIAL NONCOOPERATION9 o: y# {, s. R# k
3 @: V `- `4 b) i; a. z
9 d! \1 J0 ?! C* c5 [* c2 `2 E0 I) h
Ostracism of Persons
. s8 o- s% ]6 Z1 u5 u. _ 55. Social boycott
! C* U9 E! b( c# q( j 56. Selective social boycott
0 Z% X9 T7 l8 w+ u+ r; m 57. Lysistratic nonaction
9 h3 V4 Z# g& R" W" h- V) G; Z 58. Excommunication7 W9 Q0 @& [& m4 f9 _* ?: g
59. Interdict
+ f8 B' j/ w% W' I8 _ I
7 U* w7 r, a: v. ONoncooperation with Social Events, Customs, and Institutions& D" f0 u" Q2 L. _: L& i6 Q* H& U; v
60. Suspension of social and sports activities
3 N% o1 P" ^: V2 s6 p9 {1 J 61. Boycott of social affairs
9 x7 L5 Q( _; e1 a/ w 62. Student strike
6 s/ ~ o7 j# O9 } 63. Social disobedience6 i0 {0 m9 k4 K; o
64. Withdrawal from social institutions. |" ?8 ^" s" I- K
; `7 I. K9 ?" ?8 f6 j$ K7 _3 L
Withdrawal from the Social System
2 P9 [4 U9 h$ {8 M5 M7 P 65. Stay-at-home+ u; g2 F, }. J% u+ }8 \
66. Total personal noncooperation
. f# `" K. G# |5 T7 k 67. “Flight” of workers4 `" D3 W, q7 f$ p5 \6 W
68. Sanctuary6 |" U6 x4 H, j o0 Q; |3 b: C
69. Collective disappearance
9 G7 W9 y5 k. m# R 70. Protest emigration (hijrat)0 M& e) X1 q4 N
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5 |* F0 b- [& M) s" U! x# }9 V
' Y( z" U2 v* B% y6 n2 \THE METHODS OF ECONOMIC NONCOOPERATION: ECONOMIC BOYCOTTS* v9 g+ l, b Z" d% [
# f& K' `2 z! U# _% ~. b$ u# z $ \' B' n: s/ w: ^
Actions by Consumers$ y! Y$ t0 B% L
71. Consumers’ boycott, q' a5 b0 ?( K9 n
72. Nonconsumption of boycotted goods
9 C1 y- H4 t! f" @: _ 73. Policy of austerity
9 b4 Z* u4 D% L0 K 74. Rent withholding
0 y A# w( Z) M) V5 m. s) K$ H/ Y 75. Refusal to rent
7 m7 }* p1 b" y4 R! x 76. National consumers’ boycott! l% ]. p# `+ s4 Y) C0 G! z* k: k" i: ~
77. International consumers’ boycott2 q7 }; s5 s3 f2 i
! N2 r! A7 R6 {6 A) b' [
Action by Workers and Producers
: M& \2 d7 D1 U1 u, K8 a 78. Workmen’s boycott
3 s: |1 f6 P/ _+ D! Q# } 79. Producers’ boycott
) D. q% R/ L& h" G5 G3 `, [2 t3 V. G
Action by Middlemen5 L- z' h I, q% h
80. Suppliers’ and handlers’ boycott
/ v- |% P6 u9 N3 q7 h) ?$ v3 H( t8 h8 |6 @; t5 ^+ I
Action by Owners and Management7 a9 H! t* m0 [6 R" A9 I
81. Traders’ boycott
' b. S& |) {- F- ~0 V" E$ i2 v 82. Refusal to let or sell property
( K, g1 a" j( ~- z3 H& F' s 83. Lockout% @ |) N/ c' j: v) @2 F
84. Refusal of industrial assistance
3 g) c3 E% ~- A3 l2 n) o 85. Merchants’ “general strike”2 n4 l; e% m& R/ P" w2 n# l
4 A0 I. q. l5 n+ xAction by Holders of Financial Resources) [, K$ {2 J) w5 f* `& X4 F' v+ t( h
86. Withdrawal of bank deposits
& a$ ?) T0 m* l5 Y 87. Refusal to pay fees, dues, and assessments0 }/ h4 D" V! q6 H" V- @ ~
88. Refusal to pay debts or interest
5 k$ p# L: U6 j; l5 [ 89. Severance of funds and credit
6 H, }9 j) U8 c: O1 k8 q: u; _ 90. Revenue refusal
1 z# ^3 v# G" X) W5 @% O& M) p" A 91. Refusal of a government’s money
% |/ j" r& x! `& G9 T! U4 Q/ x) ~6 ^- n5 i9 c
Action by Governments# |! L% a9 _% K" N$ G
92. Domestic embargo
! \: x0 u/ u: y1 `/ q8 m 93. Blacklisting of traders" v) ^; R3 K/ V
94. International sellers’ embargo
9 A5 I/ P. A7 j 95. International buyers’ embargo/ x( z- P# ^( e+ D$ ~9 \
96. International trade embargo
U q; Z' [. [4 y% u3 N6 T; c$ l3 ~* n( J# l
+ S6 c/ o' s" N5 j1 P3 r, Q
3 ^3 W0 w3 N8 n" A9 i" K) JTHE METHODS OF ECONOMIC NONCOOPERATION: THE STRIKE
7 z8 ~4 k6 m" [) \& y& P7 S, I/ i' ~$ D# Z; s3 t
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Symbolic Strikes. U$ R- N: R1 N: }& }$ X5 V
97. Protest strike
# c+ }- O B/ y" |' d4 A# I 98. Quickie walkout (lightning strike)
! K& X5 g5 p) y. X6 Z- r7 X( X% t) E
Agricultural Strikes0 h$ ^* o" M7 K0 X& a; J8 U
99. Peasant strike
# Z+ k r8 V2 [/ O1 ^ 100. Farm Workers’ strike4 o4 }% b( L! W8 f2 v* S9 @
# a5 s0 _* Z% z3 |4 e5 {Strikes by Special Groups
' y: K9 O" j' d" v$ n+ z5 j: _5 Z; B 101. Refusal of impressed labor2 M. T8 ?' c0 j8 k! x
102. Prisoners’ strike! l! W' }$ H0 [9 X' P E
103. Craft strike
0 W) j* B7 Y: b! `5 u+ C 104. Professional strike8 l, O9 D- E$ D( s( D
' V& @% X! [# V a- o
Ordinary Industrial Strikes) P' g( E; U1 w& r/ i
105. Establishment strike
: Z6 f1 r7 S" A. a6 D- H: P/ O! B 106. Industry strike
0 _! ?% Y. M3 p, t8 h& E 107. Sympathetic strike3 F0 B9 R( D/ O3 Y) }5 U) h; T/ ]; F
, X7 s8 A& Z3 @: I0 I6 C2 o
Restricted Strikes: {( P( ^9 d1 N! }
108. Detailed strike: L E" ^) c$ A- N8 h
109. Bumper strike
4 J1 v5 O$ Y; l1 v8 S2 H F 110. Slowdown strike' X* j# f* X% R8 `) B3 p/ @
111. Working-to-rule strike
3 [ q9 e' |( Z8 I" } 112. Reporting “sick” (sick-in)0 g. B% U# X( w3 S, x* N
113. Strike by resignation
* k* ^) q, ]+ m9 ^# w 114. Limited strike
4 E- f5 c# V$ R' w7 n7 p, k% j 115. Selective strike* o8 e& r# y8 M& n9 ?
4 w7 _5 }' a/ E) I' l, `5 t
Multi-Industry Strikes! _, J2 Q2 w$ x) a- U$ W
" `2 ~+ T- E5 Y: y$ M
116. Generalized strike9 h! e" H( h) ^. Q: z( I j
8 h4 A, J9 { I 117. General strike# c( w ]" ~; a) @
9 x. v: h4 [& ^( F% U
Combination of Strikes and Economic Closures
: e4 g1 g* S+ a) G
( E/ O/ C c+ S; y0 N 118. Hartal
1 K F+ b1 a8 t, }) y$ y
, v1 C9 j) F/ {/ q C0 U. Q5 ? 119. Economic shutdown6 z' Y6 i) N9 S x' _$ A5 T
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3 L! }' [$ w2 U4 [
% Z, Y$ u/ p/ M+ T% zTHE METHODS OF POLITICAL NONCOOPERATION5 e. o# F) v4 S- h3 O7 x8 R
3 r0 }8 ?6 }* F; P# z P( {- r
, c+ ]; z7 X) C5 @' j- R6 v
Rejection of Authority% Q* _4 d7 C# T9 }" p4 L9 H" S1 _& \
120. Withholding or withdrawal of allegiance
8 H8 |+ |9 i9 a8 s" v 121. Refusal of public support Q6 }! ]: t- T% `$ o; o
122. Literature and speeches advocating resistance
/ a' |: c! I! T
4 Y* g! w5 ?, M GCitizens’ Noncooperation with Government
, }$ D; t7 B& j5 Z, K. Q$ N 123. Boycott of legislative bodies
# v' T. f: R' ?5 A* T. ? 124. Boycott of elections+ A5 z) }1 }2 X5 @. e! C+ G- n
125. Boycott of government employment and positions4 p+ V% n$ ]2 B$ q
126. Boycott of government depts., agencies, and other bodies" O4 X* n6 k1 y6 t; f$ S, b
127. Withdrawal from government educational institutions
3 d+ z* B) I0 d. }0 p 128. Boycott of government-supported organizations
# u( Z" K( o) o6 | 129. Refusal of assistance to enforcement agents
- w7 M8 h) S, J2 \* {3 ] 130. Removal of own signs and placemarks
U( q1 t; q4 d: ?. |2 V 131. Refusal to accept appointed officials* \/ E1 q7 z8 I' |! q' g- x/ S
132. Refusal to dissolve existing institutions) i E# \) W+ | }7 b# c, c, |/ ?
$ ]; x4 b" I/ s: C' x6 GCitizens’ Alternatives to Obedience9 o' |4 {6 v6 A3 J5 J
133. Reluctant and slow compliance7 U8 v* D) `" o7 n
134. Nonobedience in absence of direct supervision7 v5 V$ }, a- J. G# Y$ x, U$ `
135. Popular nonobedience3 t) t- A2 ^" h2 n; j* J
136. Disguised disobedience" @0 @( S2 F9 X4 _" I
137. Refusal of an assemblage or meeting to disperse
. I. i3 X) R1 m0 W9 G 138. Sitdown3 b' ]8 H5 ~5 e/ b1 a) I
139. Noncooperation with conscription and deportation
! \8 k4 x I! ] 140. Hiding, escape, and false identities
) D2 }" c' X( w$ U8 x6 X: B 141. Civil disobedience of “illegitimate” laws2 R- u# H w q! W
6 b$ t5 E6 |8 ^9 H' |9 Z
Action by Government Personnel
0 K4 s6 q# l7 J5 Y 142. Selective refusal of assistance by government aides+ M7 h% I- T8 O. X
143. Blocking of lines of command and information! _8 A0 Q7 n0 D( {
144. Stalling and obstruction4 r* y) Y, A4 ]1 S. W
145. General administrative noncooperation1 w$ }! J' \# N
W I9 s! ]) \+ z3 N 146. Judicial noncooperation1 I1 T( T+ Q. ^ g5 C$ [
147. Deliberate inefficiency and selective noncooperation by enforcement agents. Y/ z, c r/ Z ~
148. Mutiny. g% j: f2 ]) ]* T' y
Domestic Governmental Action( |& I9 }# a2 Y/ g6 U. A! {) ? }. f
149. Quasi-legal evasions and delays) Y/ i' G, @: A1 B
150. Noncooperation by constituent governmental units: B( ~0 @) f6 s" p2 X1 C
$ q* t3 j# G' A4 Z
International Governmental Action
: g6 |. k. h, D1 O* Y, K3 Y+ A 151. Changes in diplomatic and other representations
7 O. N0 x3 t- P/ H) V 152. Delay and cancellation of diplomatic events
" v( c3 A% W3 N+ ~! K6 i( u( n8 U+ w 153. Withholding of diplomatic recognition) s# W6 l! l3 x& `
154. Severance of diplomatic relations/ c0 b i f7 l$ P) q
155. Withdrawal from international organizations
) ~/ c3 v1 A. I3 C3 M 156. Refusal of membership in international bodies2 M' p) x8 u$ `5 R8 h* E* {! E. d/ y5 H
157. Expulsion from international organizations: _1 g1 ^3 [5 m2 r! d/ l
. X. ~6 v: e. l# |1 e8 { + V) M# @: R4 `1 [
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THE METHODS OF NONVIOLENT INTERVENTION6 c1 p' i' P0 \, |, M1 ]5 d. {0 r: t: U6 L
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Psychological Intervention
, B9 p$ O/ S1 Z2 t 158. Self-exposure to the elements
6 J: Z9 T2 c+ i: W9 \$ ]7 ] 159. The fast
& c" d4 ~/ n; m1 K( q- t a) Fast of moral pressure
" @8 w: s5 N8 s& ^ C# `( u b) Hunger strike- k* p8 m/ U9 h% D
c) Satyagrahic fast8 P& K$ ^7 ~% V7 t$ z
160. Reverse trial% ?8 Z2 K/ N% ~2 y/ Y( K9 E5 {: t
161. Nonviolent harassment' {6 k" N& a! X
% J- l" m9 j5 U _8 p' xPhysical Intervention; S @$ z5 s( j6 K2 I2 f
162. Sit-in7 v4 x2 x' H# Z1 _; J# G
163. Stand-in" A4 L$ C8 S' F6 E
164. Ride-in
4 ~$ J8 A" J' ?! \ 165. Wade-in: z0 [8 b' o( i3 e+ H3 n# L, ?
166. Mill-in1 W0 I6 j6 i" _
167. Pray-in
- m+ D; i6 \: q/ }6 Z 168. Nonviolent raids
: g. B4 P" }& ~9 [( K 169. Nonviolent air raids
. U/ H9 J) y& r, B* l& E 170. Nonviolent invasion
{) |: B% J: }$ E0 c 171. Nonviolent interjection% z2 u0 t) w3 \6 Q3 j3 V5 c
172. Nonviolent obstruction( l/ a* _- l+ ]" U: r
173. Nonviolent occupation
2 z0 b0 G* [5 c/ c" ] y; g! a7 E, b+ m. Z
Social Intervention
; G9 P7 U7 }! Z* V 174. Establishing new social patterns
3 ^6 @" o& V0 O8 P4 k. A2 e; R+ b 175. Overloading of facilities
; e6 x* I' m( c4 |- D) x 176. Stall-in& {2 J" C- C/ k& F* ` G
177. Speak-in$ v$ b% e: c8 J" o2 ^! F5 i. t
178. Guerrilla theater
! `. `; o: [* E# X9 z2 e 179. Alternative social institutions3 u8 m& C! Y9 [% c
180. Alternative communication system4 m) v$ S+ R/ z- v
8 k" {7 @) @: {# c1 c
Economic Intervention# ]6 R1 P6 y+ N
181. Reverse strike
1 V' O1 S, U$ s6 Q E4 U 182. Stay-in strike; ^! |% G/ ~; n# E! L1 `
183. Nonviolent land seizure2 f' \1 I3 T* q6 C9 ?' T8 D
184. Defiance of blockades/ V2 B- \6 [; }" a. c
185. Politically motivated counterfeiting* b% t( y2 f' }$ b0 ]# O* u, l
186. Preclusive purchasing" Q! m% N4 @+ I
187. Seizure of assets
1 }3 I! ~4 G: S" r6 O9 O 188. Dumping/ |8 `1 z2 P& g* M! ~9 g
189. Selective patronage
/ H) K5 f1 M& e) K" {' q* f3 ? 190. Alternative markets
' y* @$ [# W7 |# ]7 n9 H+ R 191. Alternative transportation systems
! b4 r! L* C7 e 192. Alternative economic institutions. j8 M( c( k- j+ I) E% b3 h% b$ C
! X. O( y5 o6 o0 W5 x" WPolitical Intervention) w4 x6 w F2 b
193. Overloading of administrative systems4 ^. v4 a3 Q9 N9 a; E
194. Disclosing identities of secret agents( ]* e/ {( k' f1 r
195. Seeking imprisonment$ ~8 W5 I% _1 k' h ], l
196. Civil disobedience of “neutral” laws
; Q6 H* q5 Q) V4 L9 B9 {; R8 p( M 197. Work-on without collaboration
. \' ^6 i H8 t: F4 G& v. V 198. Dual sovereignty and parallel government
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楼主: reneeqq
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发表于 2016-7-2 18:23
发表于 2016-7-2 22:02
