 鲜花( 240)  鸡蛋( 18)
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发表于 2016-7-3 17:52
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THE METHODS OF NONVIOLENT PROTEST AND PERSUASION
' g7 R: v- W( bFormal Statements, w# M4 Z: X$ Y. n) t
1. Public Speeches
$ [5 a2 O Q2 ^; y3 r: ? 2. Letters of opposition or support
6 S5 F- Q% Z9 F3 T3 e! F& d 3. Declarations by organizations and institutions$ U% `4 r6 O3 b( f& a$ j
4. Signed public statements& K! v' I( m4 P$ @
5. Declarations of indictment and intention
+ m% W5 }# A0 M$ s7 y 6. Group or mass petitions- G6 n# H% Z) G1 l
7 C6 T6 G+ l0 m @
Communications with a Wider Audience
7 u6 x& J. P: G8 Q' ^' l6 [% Q7 ] 7. Slogans, caricatures, and symbols
% S: e( Z5 A4 Z' l7 Y* a 8. Banners, posters, and displayed communications- h1 J" u+ s' U( Z) o
9. Leaflets, pamphlets, and books
2 j% ` k! C9 {- q& ~: J 10. Newspapers and journals' ?% N+ y4 Y& R: K- `* m% l$ F- \& g
11. Records, radio, and television# X9 `, M2 X7 ]9 G4 C' u
12. Skywriting and earthwriting
& v D2 k4 d$ O: K# ]( D; o
0 H4 o% v- K4 O& g# ?+ n. `Group Representations
' V$ K) X# ]) }8 G 13. Deputations" G P2 e# P" z& Y2 o
14. Mock awards
9 A5 b0 z- d4 c& U: t m- ^: u 15. Group lobbying
+ o# ~" S) v; r, m' e 16. Picketing
0 x- H! _" W. w( B5 n* K! a& H 17. Mock elections
& D# D4 q0 N* W3 G& P4 F6 ^) Z( V& u4 ~8 o( O7 \4 j) }
Symbolic Public Acts
, `, D8 h$ j: R0 D 18. Displays of flags and symbolic colors
% h; ?) o& s0 f' n: y: G* ~5 I6 S 19. Wearing of symbols$ O, W! d; l. A* Y
20. Prayer and worship' Z" z+ Y( i2 `$ p; J
21. Delivering symbolic objects: V8 s, r; _1 Z" x b h
22. Protest disrobings2 H5 c4 ]1 F* {
23. Destruction of own property
$ E6 W( _( i- Q. D6 x; N; V 24. Symbolic lights
2 v5 C( U9 p5 X K2 Z( k4 A 25. Displays of portraits& Y/ t$ F- m3 e1 b9 [
26. Paint as protest
' w$ h4 B, s$ h' O7 K/ n 27. New signs and names* ?( ]! B: D! L9 y' L
28. Symbolic sounds( d/ `: T4 c$ R2 h5 u
29. Symbolic reclamations w n0 ]" e0 w8 E- K2 ^5 |/ [
30. Rude gestures: a( f9 J* R. g. y E
5 a$ y, e4 _- T+ S# N5 rPressures on Individuals
4 _3 |, C& T9 {; B* L* z; h2 u 31. “Haunting” officials
2 @0 ?9 l0 P* S% ~+ K& n/ n 32. Taunting officials0 ~* \7 I' _ a$ d6 v: r" Q
33. Fraternization6 E7 |; r8 O& t( |! b
34. Vigils4 i9 C$ w6 z" X) ^7 ^7 v
) F' Z! |! k' l4 lDrama and Music m) L; h$ |* k( F2 p p+ w6 e7 y
35. Humorous skits and pranks5 N: O5 H: g/ k) h
36. Performances of plays and music. c1 q2 ]0 s) \" \- C" {9 X
37. Singing5 ~2 p- C b8 N# R! s3 _% i9 M4 N
$ k* ~& ]8 I4 O7 i) X7 [. @Processions
/ O6 N+ P7 U: [# _% a; `# r 38. Marches% S8 G# J4 ^/ R) Q8 q: [
39. Parades: I% ~! @( o, s4 i
40. Religious processions% G& f/ ^/ E: J1 ?% d$ F
41. Pilgrimages
" Q. `" Z9 [' P$ m' K. ^ 42. Motorcades
- ?; ?: q* t# B4 Q1 [7 l
5 w6 [. @6 N6 g: S- p% MHonoring the Dead
3 k& T) \, z7 Y; E9 g' O8 }# e 43. Political mourning
& x% _% `& P. z3 }2 i 44. Mock funerals
3 w4 [1 n A% r3 } 45. Demonstrative funerals
3 t c& C, N% e3 A/ l% s/ M: { 46. Homage at burial places4 D" C0 s2 O A& h
6 x7 g$ j& g: L! ~! ^Public Assemblies7 x$ }! I$ ]3 V4 @
47. Assemblies of protest or support
# `8 ^. f b1 W/ V7 Y/ p 48. Protest meetings) i3 n! N$ y% Z6 A: i
49. Camouflaged meetings of protest
- @/ G B+ i, m+ \: V/ O 50. Teach-ins% | E Z6 N- M
: r8 x4 ?! J2 }% n$ N
Withdrawal and Renunciation
7 B6 X0 q$ T5 B1 g 51. Walk-outs
' f' j" F" m- T! g. _# t: D+ Y 52. Silence0 B D8 t+ n6 q
53. Renouncing honors; g% s" d" k& v& b
54. Turning one’s back
1 r7 J" W2 j5 [: a2 i' Q! ^ v, O, @* T0 b. h X
8 o: h+ z- |6 z0 K* w2 P4 t
0 V4 j' e! j+ h# L4 I& A& rTHE METHODS OF SOCIAL NONCOOPERATION
k6 u$ O" n9 X- {% [ B: \6 o1 }$ ?: c; v3 a% e o7 F" z" m2 q' i
# W4 x: Y( S5 U; c
" D( u$ Q9 f+ R0 i3 ?7 P
Ostracism of Persons9 c$ J! F* X; ~/ L2 V
55. Social boycott" d# _7 c! ]( w9 ` x8 F
56. Selective social boycott6 U6 F) C. `4 t9 t
57. Lysistratic nonaction2 F2 h- Y, G) x8 s
58. Excommunication/ K% @0 T+ a. u/ o- t$ }- Z
59. Interdict
8 Q( y) i6 d& w/ e1 l; m
* b Z$ }) u! A. |8 M2 hNoncooperation with Social Events, Customs, and Institutions
; e$ A9 D8 l2 ]( P# W4 X- G 60. Suspension of social and sports activities* K. ~, }. F# H6 W, U# F! ]
61. Boycott of social affairs
; B' Z( V0 K7 Q- Q5 U 62. Student strike/ b/ v0 y7 K' I2 m5 v* a
63. Social disobedience
0 p2 }6 n0 L d8 M# q 64. Withdrawal from social institutions& F# z4 d$ U0 Y1 b
3 y. ]0 G& \3 y0 F) Z3 i
Withdrawal from the Social System
( D% Q4 r: m/ ]# V* ` N 65. Stay-at-home
& Z. m2 ?* U" u0 T0 R1 ]! ^ 66. Total personal noncooperation4 y; V* r* g/ i9 l* Q' c( I- Q
67. “Flight” of workers4 z2 Z0 M* [% R2 H; r0 Z
68. Sanctuary
& Z9 [ B3 c4 r- {2 E0 ^) B' [ 69. Collective disappearance
) q8 X5 ^- t7 F' {1 r8 \* N! @( t 70. Protest emigration (hijrat), a5 y2 T9 k; v- V# m! j
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THE METHODS OF ECONOMIC NONCOOPERATION: ECONOMIC BOYCOTTS
% }6 [( W3 U' n+ |+ T. k4 N- [; |% X
% `- n9 {6 J$ @8 ?# ]
Actions by Consumers
- E, N+ I/ a, a 71. Consumers’ boycott
) p' ^/ E$ `. @9 d* m+ \ 72. Nonconsumption of boycotted goods, L9 F) }( H2 O) a2 G/ _0 ~+ c
73. Policy of austerity( {1 [$ O- O. d
74. Rent withholding
. Z( m7 X% g: h, V 75. Refusal to rent
" } _, k0 v2 _/ X4 H% i 76. National consumers’ boycott) M. |& d( e4 }! L
77. International consumers’ boycott! b! k! o( F4 P1 y* e$ l
0 F; p1 |+ o$ P1 P2 C/ B
Action by Workers and Producers
0 l/ V1 B! N+ s 78. Workmen’s boycott
: k& M. S+ r0 y' S& { 79. Producers’ boycott
3 M+ {, H; _9 A9 |
" Q& {% r0 R9 C7 eAction by Middlemen* z' I ^7 { _" G0 K9 j
80. Suppliers’ and handlers’ boycott3 A Y4 K$ Y+ ~8 s4 ]7 U
( N$ x6 X8 [$ S# VAction by Owners and Management: p; Q |) M5 @2 |7 ~# q
81. Traders’ boycott
2 c0 @8 Z6 V* t) |. A2 q( |$ p) o2 K 82. Refusal to let or sell property0 U$ z& ^8 ~) h% C2 t9 ^: p
83. Lockout0 y9 i6 c+ Z# g4 t
84. Refusal of industrial assistance/ Q. V; H1 M! B- w. r( A& }5 `
85. Merchants’ “general strike”
! v- `2 f& [4 s! w @3 @
6 }; Z0 x0 a2 I6 Q' pAction by Holders of Financial Resources- J3 m3 o2 o$ u+ \5 \/ D
86. Withdrawal of bank deposits
" ]' m* {$ U, g5 ?" y" r 87. Refusal to pay fees, dues, and assessments' U: |3 l9 d, s4 M8 `+ z
88. Refusal to pay debts or interest% A: Q' n1 m7 _* T$ j7 _3 K8 O
89. Severance of funds and credit0 D. D* q( [+ P. V! ~- i1 q
90. Revenue refusal
: z9 y# c* y% b+ M5 j) @ 91. Refusal of a government’s money
& V, N4 {, p+ i0 o$ ]' ~3 P. V
+ K5 v/ u0 J$ _Action by Governments
- L8 l7 g) J) ~; ^$ K8 d3 W: a! p 92. Domestic embargo
# A; v5 j6 b' X. }& ] 93. Blacklisting of traders
e; J. B0 r' C 94. International sellers’ embargo
* y: l- ~: \, @ 95. International buyers’ embargo
* |- a' G: w! K! g! ? d 96. International trade embargo( R/ c2 [: |! q. s
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3 s4 C. ]/ {% f5 T0 O: w9 ?5 _& n- U
* M7 m! ^ Z+ G; u
THE METHODS OF ECONOMIC NONCOOPERATION: THE STRIKE
: W; Z2 I4 {% U4 p O c7 H! S* s: [6 x: F+ m
`, \% s4 i# k
Symbolic Strikes
( d! K+ ~4 I1 o: u# c! v2 t C 97. Protest strike1 L2 C2 _2 F# k6 Q9 N. h
98. Quickie walkout (lightning strike)
5 H" W0 D3 |9 ?4 ]( s- M+ ^5 E7 U! F$ W: l4 G! ?+ ~
Agricultural Strikes
4 p1 L( U0 |! @7 C! {% Q) O 99. Peasant strike
7 x+ ?" A6 E. l( J; [" @ 100. Farm Workers’ strike4 V5 s: z8 J1 X
$ f( @% i8 v$ o: h t1 X
Strikes by Special Groups& K7 c( Z, U) N9 v
101. Refusal of impressed labor% N- ^1 ?. M: E y, x; W5 h
102. Prisoners’ strike1 `7 U& C9 w Z, c$ K( e' h3 f6 ^
103. Craft strike
; ^' K# g, U* G4 _& k }/ I 104. Professional strike5 b% U* T# c0 }
. K9 B b3 ` q' Z, Z# w3 x
Ordinary Industrial Strikes+ u/ l* H' ]* F8 v1 Z) h
105. Establishment strike i I0 v2 A: f$ O7 ]+ a
106. Industry strike
' N6 w# e+ l6 M$ L ? 107. Sympathetic strike, ~0 s& b6 G( R G
6 Z) j+ @3 ` W( ^. h# z- _- XRestricted Strikes
9 d& \6 E9 K' n# {5 l( ? 108. Detailed strike
- \. g8 l& M* j$ C, S 109. Bumper strike9 h w% F0 W0 ^, n$ w
110. Slowdown strike4 S/ ~* S8 m. F
111. Working-to-rule strike6 M! C' t3 R5 o% I
112. Reporting “sick” (sick-in)3 j2 D! N. ]! z. } @5 G- O
113. Strike by resignation
# G8 H" I6 [- y4 ~/ ^5 P- W3 w Y 114. Limited strike* G6 x) q. y" i
115. Selective strike( U% I! N# I% Q6 b R) W
' ~0 u; w' P1 O5 @$ @6 hMulti-Industry Strikes# ~2 J* ]' C6 d( V( _$ H# V. `
; A$ U' |# @ P8 H
116. Generalized strike2 _( x z1 e, m1 s, [; b/ p
% W' j. J! w& i+ w 117. General strike
: p- U+ z+ M5 C1 t. p
7 a9 }7 y, ~8 |: KCombination of Strikes and Economic Closures
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118. Hartal
* L; |# j% h: M* A3 _) O
/ \! U( U7 _* D) n$ e6 ?, r 119. Economic shutdown
3 {# E# x) z' N8 U, g) `
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# Y1 c9 Y+ A# N! ~! kTHE METHODS OF POLITICAL NONCOOPERATION
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8 ]- n8 L) B/ `- m" I 4 A! ~4 G) D* {) H( p
Rejection of Authority9 ^9 }2 V6 X& X1 O, ~9 g
120. Withholding or withdrawal of allegiance- R5 P. F* f. e4 J3 ^
121. Refusal of public support
% U& w! C* H! R( i2 C, H 122. Literature and speeches advocating resistance+ F2 c1 ~# A, t* K4 z
{6 |$ ]! O2 w7 z$ ?! ~. J9 [0 H7 wCitizens’ Noncooperation with Government
& i' W8 Y: k0 H5 N) H. L% H+ _ 123. Boycott of legislative bodies
9 `) Z6 x' I: Q( C0 O6 v& r* N 124. Boycott of elections) K3 j0 N: V; ?) _0 D7 ^/ m% W
125. Boycott of government employment and positions+ w% D8 e3 P# }" s/ M
126. Boycott of government depts., agencies, and other bodies
% i& X9 D# B$ f$ i; o2 t 127. Withdrawal from government educational institutions
0 W1 U4 ]+ @2 p9 ] A' l: h' Y& [ 128. Boycott of government-supported organizations1 W9 f6 Z/ `/ Q( M# D
129. Refusal of assistance to enforcement agents6 `9 _- H( g. A$ `$ M/ ^5 e
130. Removal of own signs and placemarks
) p& H+ R( C4 c1 M" S 131. Refusal to accept appointed officials
, j8 E; j6 [* W 132. Refusal to dissolve existing institutions
" \7 {9 t2 @) q7 E1 N6 m. ~0 r. c5 d8 i" u; ?( W4 Q; D' T' e% o0 I
Citizens’ Alternatives to Obedience6 Q1 l1 ~: R+ ]5 h# O% D& _
133. Reluctant and slow compliance
' e$ e7 s0 ^; g+ E/ Q+ V. ? 134. Nonobedience in absence of direct supervision
- g2 f9 x8 @5 N" W2 X 135. Popular nonobedience7 b$ I. U3 x, I( L! p
136. Disguised disobedience
- _; H# [6 O0 e; z8 U 137. Refusal of an assemblage or meeting to disperse
5 m1 j3 m$ ? ?+ y/ u; k) _ 138. Sitdown
" k$ s5 S* h w+ I5 K3 T5 V 139. Noncooperation with conscription and deportation
& O2 I# O! `: z& V$ M6 | 140. Hiding, escape, and false identities7 u" t: |* x( @# ?- X: C2 {
141. Civil disobedience of “illegitimate” laws) ~& i1 k. r) {" }4 |
0 g1 {8 e. m$ A, VAction by Government Personnel% D! {* _9 U- k5 P; \
142. Selective refusal of assistance by government aides* I. N; Y9 Y/ n
143. Blocking of lines of command and information+ n7 b) M; O4 p9 `" n% o/ [7 s
144. Stalling and obstruction
; y5 F( I5 r6 K$ d; F# ?) E 145. General administrative noncooperation0 I; w; H; r" [( J9 u: l
0 Q V3 u) P) H/ a' z) V0 ]; Z
146. Judicial noncooperation
. G# V9 w1 A% }+ z3 ` 147. Deliberate inefficiency and selective noncooperation by enforcement agents8 g* O- I9 o& W+ R
148. Mutiny2 J: d1 g* G" E; w8 d. ^4 r8 ?4 B
Domestic Governmental Action0 l' t' v2 y8 _) q1 h9 G+ l% _
149. Quasi-legal evasions and delays1 p( Z; |- [5 v0 t
150. Noncooperation by constituent governmental units' @( X( c; x* g+ N7 f
9 `$ G, O2 l- `3 N& J4 W1 v+ BInternational Governmental Action
9 m3 k# G. P" W2 ^ 151. Changes in diplomatic and other representations
* W2 _& i1 ~8 ]+ o! T+ ` 152. Delay and cancellation of diplomatic events1 E, K- p4 P- z- x
153. Withholding of diplomatic recognition1 o* R, ]4 ]# W# }& N( ]) D Y8 D
154. Severance of diplomatic relations
7 a& b/ T n9 n, D 155. Withdrawal from international organizations
' m( B$ `- P% Z4 q 156. Refusal of membership in international bodies5 c; w- N6 b) N
157. Expulsion from international organizations& T( z9 F# Y; g
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THE METHODS OF NONVIOLENT INTERVENTION
/ I/ D# b2 P" u. q/ Q: {0 k: e/ ^3 h9 N$ g; Y
2 D9 Q. Y/ U( l% j
Psychological Intervention
. x; H" @: Q, e. o3 Q 158. Self-exposure to the elements+ ^5 m+ R% F* h* e: a
159. The fast
6 G: f1 _' K3 g a) Fast of moral pressure8 q0 |" a* h1 ?2 {+ L
b) Hunger strike
/ m6 Y. k5 x8 Z7 [# u- ]; e c) Satyagrahic fast
4 c& ~, `9 ~: d: }5 |: n, y 160. Reverse trial9 i! Z' M: Z& G% Q0 T+ w7 u
161. Nonviolent harassment/ A( P1 I6 @1 s0 z3 V- V1 s
5 R4 Y" v0 Y- W5 X4 ^! \1 j5 j- C
Physical Intervention
! e. o+ g& ?9 y: b( T' Q6 J }# B 162. Sit-in
8 W3 h/ I# T% b$ R 163. Stand-in
3 m u& V/ x; A9 x/ l. ^ 164. Ride-in
?3 j5 f; f6 g; c4 p 165. Wade-in
* V( f+ J( z2 A Q 166. Mill-in) a N5 E3 u: ?: E' F
167. Pray-in. G0 x& a' h! B8 g
168. Nonviolent raids+ e& @2 d% a# u. Y8 o# y. @
169. Nonviolent air raids. K3 U! C- n1 @0 S: q
170. Nonviolent invasion8 p6 z9 U. G$ c. T
171. Nonviolent interjection
1 m2 D" {9 t+ z6 r! v5 D3 ] 172. Nonviolent obstruction
5 @. T3 \$ y- v, w' O4 k 173. Nonviolent occupation
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' a/ C2 a, a2 E. p+ |Social Intervention8 B( v. f3 o+ v
174. Establishing new social patterns2 l8 X" }( I" A5 g' A: o! o
175. Overloading of facilities6 q& U b/ u) F8 l8 u
176. Stall-in$ `# D' N: t+ m0 N
177. Speak-in
. R+ f; C' m, B9 J8 i; y/ V 178. Guerrilla theater
2 @5 n* D) ^" F 179. Alternative social institutions
' p/ Q. ^0 \6 V( ?4 o3 M' P6 { 180. Alternative communication system2 C$ ]" T! W$ K) P& h( d L
% J* P( N+ ~0 E1 g2 Q6 z2 e2 y
Economic Intervention
) X2 N! Q2 |4 j" i' X 181. Reverse strike% P0 v! L- l6 d# H! ]7 c7 s
182. Stay-in strike
! v( X/ R z8 ]- B 183. Nonviolent land seizure
" v* L, L6 J* \; x& d# y: D 184. Defiance of blockades
; F/ j$ b! W0 \. @7 P2 ~ F 185. Politically motivated counterfeiting% ^4 t) y2 E4 M- R
186. Preclusive purchasing
* ]8 S1 s& j; C 187. Seizure of assets8 ^: c- _5 W- X& _% y$ |0 A
188. Dumping7 ?% F3 G' b! @& {3 ]; V, m
189. Selective patronage
, ~, b( X4 v# D" F2 I% M 190. Alternative markets
/ Z7 t$ j- V+ `+ }4 z& l! S 191. Alternative transportation systems$ M+ ]( g! i. z" q6 v0 `
192. Alternative economic institutions' l1 C$ M1 _) A: a4 @5 K8 s
/ V. u- p# K: v2 J$ bPolitical Intervention
2 ^5 z) h' h8 L+ s9 v 193. Overloading of administrative systems
5 P' N4 H. ^2 B 194. Disclosing identities of secret agents
/ q9 w5 G8 T! N; i y; j 195. Seeking imprisonment. B) x2 Z k5 H4 X' f! G
196. Civil disobedience of “neutral” laws ~/ j3 v5 r% e( t
197. Work-on without collaboration
* u/ |1 s; V+ j 198. Dual sovereignty and parallel government
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楼主: reneeqq
狗仔卡
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发表于 2016-7-2 18:23
发表于 2016-7-2 22:02
