 鲜花( 240)  鸡蛋( 18)
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发表于 2016-7-3 17:52
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THE METHODS OF NONVIOLENT PROTEST AND PERSUASION) D2 Z0 w9 R4 Q- r) M9 r
Formal Statements
6 _8 ?; Q# Z2 H/ Q 1. Public Speeches
$ H3 {" ^, f$ G+ l 2. Letters of opposition or support
0 E. N: _/ m2 D: \8 v 3. Declarations by organizations and institutions
9 s! z9 i2 }) I; J/ b A( B8 Y- w 4. Signed public statements' H8 w: t; N5 U+ r
5. Declarations of indictment and intention+ _2 N2 l; }7 ~4 ]
6. Group or mass petitions& D5 V7 j2 Q, A3 N# W d. O
$ r% t% Q* s9 J. k1 q1 N
Communications with a Wider Audience
) E; G+ F, V- h7 {! s4 q! ^ 7. Slogans, caricatures, and symbols6 A. a5 v% D; L( f) D
8. Banners, posters, and displayed communications& d4 w; b4 n. Z/ S w$ U( Y' h
9. Leaflets, pamphlets, and books
/ F* e1 U" g1 K; U( l) p& |, ]4 x 10. Newspapers and journals8 f! U! I+ M: v/ O9 c
11. Records, radio, and television
2 g: ]* r% Z7 L) ^! D 12. Skywriting and earthwriting
: r" ~+ U6 K5 Z! j! D6 S! |" F! s* x" ~
Group Representations
+ V G3 G" I% C$ L$ p1 M, q 13. Deputations8 D6 [ l# w1 K
14. Mock awards% T/ A! m6 N, F- R
15. Group lobbying
5 M2 j. w7 u+ y* I) C1 E 16. Picketing
% l6 {9 f- D: o) {5 m0 ? 17. Mock elections; ?6 K/ L) c' R
# l' O" l+ ? Q9 G0 Q. X; h* [8 QSymbolic Public Acts
5 Z6 g, e- y) t9 Z3 v2 A. \ 18. Displays of flags and symbolic colors
5 `; e& Z' S# Z9 W% ?/ N( V 19. Wearing of symbols) l: r) i" I1 k7 R7 G# A
20. Prayer and worship
& c6 [5 C! k- L$ ~8 S8 K 21. Delivering symbolic objects
% q% x. l; u( L; a6 X6 f 22. Protest disrobings0 r# X U4 ?/ H3 x/ v) n$ E# o
23. Destruction of own property
$ T; r, f( v# P$ L# X- |5 Z! K 24. Symbolic lights2 a( y; S$ U, Q; y
25. Displays of portraits
) D* \6 B6 @* ~# f" N D0 L- J 26. Paint as protest
8 S% U/ I2 |4 A7 i% l+ s; G! b 27. New signs and names
. j) l% w0 F/ ~4 ~$ o) _ 28. Symbolic sounds4 p1 p9 Q7 [) l0 U/ w' `
29. Symbolic reclamations
1 X6 k5 w( r9 d% X 30. Rude gestures! i9 p% z% V) h* ^
3 S- z' @& m% V# h+ H; t
Pressures on Individuals$ J* P* `: n* a- x1 }
31. “Haunting” officials4 U+ y; B7 \% @' M
32. Taunting officials
6 g3 a% h$ l h: L( L1 l$ M% h* G4 U 33. Fraternization
' L* [; v6 r I, B0 \ 34. Vigils
5 k( x% M# i n3 o* Z; J
; n- I6 H/ P8 c7 G# U. pDrama and Music
. Y1 W, _" d6 | X 35. Humorous skits and pranks, ~+ s8 A+ h$ }0 R) B
36. Performances of plays and music$ c" W3 d6 P9 B( l @/ `# c# q. |% r# ]+ v: B
37. Singing7 x3 @ ?. h; ]8 }4 f& Y
* S8 {/ y" ` P, S) b2 w
Processions
. d6 d4 w* L9 o3 A# A h 38. Marches
6 [! p, f% S% w+ N, j, p 39. Parades6 b/ F6 S. o& d
40. Religious processions8 V2 }; ?" \; e; ]4 T6 C2 Z
41. Pilgrimages8 c M/ y' A' O6 t8 E
42. Motorcades( W% @1 \/ j2 E2 S( ?
& A% n' W0 H" c( L
Honoring the Dead3 v$ D, ?0 J, O. [" j
43. Political mourning
9 C6 v4 g7 X* A" s1 O; V6 w 44. Mock funerals" t5 ^4 D6 B0 Y3 I6 G8 i
45. Demonstrative funerals
- [2 D i( p/ [. M5 \, r; o$ P: W0 P+ q 46. Homage at burial places! s2 S/ E7 _9 t# ]
2 f6 _* [7 l% h6 aPublic Assemblies
, [1 L2 e6 `3 y 47. Assemblies of protest or support1 m4 Y/ O! u5 i$ r \8 K
48. Protest meetings
0 q& y- g6 e& f& w$ _" ^ 49. Camouflaged meetings of protest0 d C( ^& h; v7 _
50. Teach-ins
% ?6 I( Q4 W* ~1 b8 g$ U, g m2 o
4 j0 F9 H3 \ B5 m7 n0 ?. rWithdrawal and Renunciation( X7 P3 U( t; B# B: C- v7 D
51. Walk-outs
* {) V) |( U# W 52. Silence
- K* `( [% }' k 53. Renouncing honors
8 _( H4 ^& I% d! U! s' P 54. Turning one’s back
% d- E' A) Y7 [# e0 k) X
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$ Y3 l5 j$ F X9 r; L
) q R2 u+ b3 O' }( |THE METHODS OF SOCIAL NONCOOPERATION D& _/ {; ?/ d, P2 I- ~1 }
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. w# l! A2 i* rOstracism of Persons1 }" l- g+ B$ g" p0 ]
55. Social boycott0 _% H1 A+ S: ?: z9 x
56. Selective social boycott
* ~! f T U1 Q9 Q. `% t* i u 57. Lysistratic nonaction
/ M+ K; k) |$ j* n6 Q 58. Excommunication
/ u% F! V) T9 w# Z, |: t- v 59. Interdict
9 n( L/ w+ @5 `( w0 f, }% }7 Q4 R* z: _+ U; _, B: ~
Noncooperation with Social Events, Customs, and Institutions
0 X) ?+ H& ?5 G7 m1 J 60. Suspension of social and sports activities$ ~4 e; B! I1 G/ p, U" O
61. Boycott of social affairs
9 s5 a' r. C5 S% ^+ C# H! n' ] k 62. Student strike" V. n3 D; N" B5 s$ E4 A
63. Social disobedience
5 r; l# D- ^* z! E 64. Withdrawal from social institutions6 C) i& A Z* _* t& X6 h
: c" m. M) \4 m3 z* r9 e
Withdrawal from the Social System
- {1 W0 V9 W; E6 a2 ?5 i 65. Stay-at-home2 [7 h5 t3 G9 a8 z
66. Total personal noncooperation
" M4 J5 l4 }" p& s5 V1 u9 C 67. “Flight” of workers7 X" q5 ?/ W, T+ ^. n, d) R" C
68. Sanctuary
8 ^; A' R4 T4 g% k0 c 69. Collective disappearance
( h; X: n( C, B9 I5 W* @ 70. Protest emigration (hijrat)
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0 U8 e4 d* M" H. }$ E8 { $ b! Z9 L/ y4 d- Y$ r# w: Y
% I8 P0 p2 r( _4 `
THE METHODS OF ECONOMIC NONCOOPERATION: ECONOMIC BOYCOTTS
& g) ?* |4 ?; i6 k
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8 s& _ V& M$ ?, M6 |Actions by Consumers
: p/ `0 a0 m# |7 Q 71. Consumers’ boycott
* E3 j* A: P5 H 72. Nonconsumption of boycotted goods
/ B' B9 g9 `# m! ?$ Q 73. Policy of austerity
1 F2 t9 \7 j/ U p1 { 74. Rent withholding
+ v; z4 S% o7 M+ |+ t% ^ 75. Refusal to rent1 Q7 Z$ k6 M l: z3 n' O
76. National consumers’ boycott
$ ~# |/ _$ F5 D; X8 t6 p- \ 77. International consumers’ boycott
; ]5 ?& c1 n& ~$ W. R) z4 |& p8 Y* W. G: ~3 G1 t& g9 n ~* n
Action by Workers and Producers
6 D5 e# C8 D, I1 w 78. Workmen’s boycott
6 q% z! V: ^* ^1 |; k* d& e% ?7 Z 79. Producers’ boycott5 h2 C# z. W2 k
' ~$ F. k4 ^ aAction by Middlemen4 l; Z. t& b, D& t
80. Suppliers’ and handlers’ boycott
5 o5 i" s8 Z0 q5 L; J$ q& K. z6 ~% V D; E& X" ~5 Z" }
Action by Owners and Management
; Q3 ? p5 z/ T2 P1 I$ O' ~0 t 81. Traders’ boycott
+ r; \8 F4 d" i. v" d T, { 82. Refusal to let or sell property! X0 p6 y3 ~; s; T
83. Lockout- j) I. k" u0 d
84. Refusal of industrial assistance
) z6 g& K% Y) H! Y 85. Merchants’ “general strike”0 @( b( Y9 w5 q$ @, M& q
) n* ?" C' K% x$ C8 wAction by Holders of Financial Resources
x7 @8 e& Y# F7 ` 86. Withdrawal of bank deposits; m6 A' W" S* K8 Y
87. Refusal to pay fees, dues, and assessments9 ~7 i% w6 m+ H' [& \
88. Refusal to pay debts or interest3 F$ D6 x4 h9 P ~: ]
89. Severance of funds and credit# b% ~" S; D$ T8 s6 h
90. Revenue refusal
3 [$ O4 V T) ?0 t8 ^$ ?( r/ b9 D 91. Refusal of a government’s money; L3 |+ E; h2 \' ^$ f5 ^
: `! e* J5 m0 J: j% u) DAction by Governments
. v$ c9 j; R: ~ 92. Domestic embargo
# W, F" a/ f2 ?, m( d A8 K9 W4 [ 93. Blacklisting of traders) P8 J( y" D% }
94. International sellers’ embargo
8 W4 G$ [6 j5 P1 N 95. International buyers’ embargo( b2 \; s- b# G; E
96. International trade embargo9 G w) s4 `! E# o/ k" B
7 n0 H( H' I% q. f& {: K 7 B& ]/ Z( {; O& @8 ~( {% f
/ S% D) a9 I8 S8 X& c, n, FTHE METHODS OF ECONOMIC NONCOOPERATION: THE STRIKE# T l/ ^7 n4 q' W/ _5 I
* N- g5 M2 j# a. d1 S- [ + O( ?1 h) M- X! a* o
Symbolic Strikes
+ p R9 }& Q9 `9 y# V3 a' k+ n6 `! A% e 97. Protest strike
, t& w7 g' x, t: U) L 98. Quickie walkout (lightning strike)
- L9 @. V5 E9 E% y
; I! K6 Y! p- _: o+ |* k0 V0 {Agricultural Strikes/ c+ s* K% i' p; H" U* |# r* N1 s Y
99. Peasant strike" Q2 R. Z& m, L3 }
100. Farm Workers’ strike
' C% R2 I) k. Z6 T* O- F! S8 k7 w. B! \3 p" F' u/ r
Strikes by Special Groups
" ?0 \* {/ U+ L- @" I5 V' n 101. Refusal of impressed labor
+ E$ O& I e* C: K$ u- @9 W 102. Prisoners’ strike- w# G C! ^, ]8 |, }$ }8 V
103. Craft strike) p# k. x# s3 B: k, D% h
104. Professional strike: m! o5 i- u# Y) o8 g! ^
* i5 a1 E( l% k3 [Ordinary Industrial Strikes
6 J. r* k/ [( ]5 {1 V; {1 F6 I 105. Establishment strike
* o% b5 K9 x7 s6 D( w( C 106. Industry strike- b8 h0 i# O5 i; v( [
107. Sympathetic strike
4 `& [0 _8 h+ \* ]
' o0 c' K* I# c0 H0 V+ x" H1 aRestricted Strikes
# R/ n- ~! N+ j9 X- V 108. Detailed strike
7 V; D5 @; ~9 U1 ]! N 109. Bumper strike3 g! G: i; i' }. ]7 X. Y9 b
110. Slowdown strike
3 f! \! F/ N$ l 111. Working-to-rule strike7 g8 }/ Q8 [' \* \* a- O7 g1 x9 `
112. Reporting “sick” (sick-in)
8 S! y/ A6 c8 |! t8 G/ Y0 }' l 113. Strike by resignation
9 a+ [5 C% g2 f$ { 114. Limited strike
0 N! W- F. v; @ L$ i 115. Selective strike0 E) Z) p! V$ r1 Z
' f+ _" ^: c$ s0 o) O- L* B$ u
Multi-Industry Strikes
$ ~: T% J* X. R
& R0 t2 K- D ? 116. Generalized strike
. [* w0 B, c: l8 z! X7 X
' H. L' |3 a& p9 ~( _ 117. General strike
7 @* a- H. R, D7 l9 @5 W- `( a, w$ l1 m) W
Combination of Strikes and Economic Closures
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118. Hartal1 Q; r- z) g/ I2 a+ T
c7 q* N+ q, {6 g+ {
119. Economic shutdown
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THE METHODS OF POLITICAL NONCOOPERATION
1 r4 Q4 P4 d" a# x. H6 N5 W3 c% C: W( j4 y+ h" U0 M: \
1 v$ P% ~' |/ T! y% `% d( J3 d. FRejection of Authority
( u2 d$ F# A; q) ~! I. t6 ]8 l 120. Withholding or withdrawal of allegiance! w4 G% Z$ B3 U' K4 Q3 t
121. Refusal of public support" d9 [/ w8 h/ A3 j; G& u" q: ~( R. ]
122. Literature and speeches advocating resistance" `2 }1 Q Q: T: w. ~- h/ s% `
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Citizens’ Noncooperation with Government; ?# M: q* ]/ Z0 l3 g) K2 x
123. Boycott of legislative bodies3 b0 M& o- B$ f$ a: i
124. Boycott of elections
/ y4 B; t+ ]) ?) n 125. Boycott of government employment and positions7 D7 O; Z6 n; O5 X2 Y& ]
126. Boycott of government depts., agencies, and other bodies
( c) P: c/ q! U5 A3 m! r* e 127. Withdrawal from government educational institutions
+ M* Y5 f$ t. l 128. Boycott of government-supported organizations
( B! ~ l. ~0 A" O8 c 129. Refusal of assistance to enforcement agents
; z8 ]3 w8 i/ j& e% _: ?1 v" k 130. Removal of own signs and placemarks6 G9 O& T: l0 ?
131. Refusal to accept appointed officials% O% P( [9 q# V2 }5 O! S" Z
132. Refusal to dissolve existing institutions
. q) M* {$ u! D7 }1 Q0 L3 n \% V l7 V e u8 L. s$ p4 V) q7 J8 ^
Citizens’ Alternatives to Obedience
L7 X% j# Z" m# x 133. Reluctant and slow compliance
) j7 ?/ C+ _/ F3 t( \ 134. Nonobedience in absence of direct supervision
( _1 d" x8 U7 C$ c7 I" l( s+ o 135. Popular nonobedience/ {3 [5 z) u3 ]; o$ n8 M
136. Disguised disobedience
( J* P B) ~4 x7 Q' r 137. Refusal of an assemblage or meeting to disperse
+ w! L5 s' p2 M* i3 S3 r9 G 138. Sitdown; o1 {/ B C' A& [" Q
139. Noncooperation with conscription and deportation
) q* v5 R1 n; z. w: {+ w) i' p 140. Hiding, escape, and false identities$ i$ ?" Y0 k6 p; W
141. Civil disobedience of “illegitimate” laws
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3 _" I, ~) L7 T' }# @+ BAction by Government Personnel$ a5 Q9 o* a, F- C2 I8 |( I
142. Selective refusal of assistance by government aides7 Z- r) D# X% G" d& j
143. Blocking of lines of command and information
/ X* a' u8 t% p 144. Stalling and obstruction
* v/ O4 ^- U' A 145. General administrative noncooperation% H! E t1 y: S* r, V$ x) x
/ s: }" j8 W! ~$ ^* [* K$ y6 k 146. Judicial noncooperation
' }" |# D! o5 \8 [3 l$ w* X9 a 147. Deliberate inefficiency and selective noncooperation by enforcement agents1 Y" m5 X7 I6 E2 R& |
148. Mutiny
$ |) p9 K' O2 n( GDomestic Governmental Action
7 ?) B/ V* c6 t8 r 149. Quasi-legal evasions and delays
; N$ R+ F5 \, j5 } 150. Noncooperation by constituent governmental units- ~6 H8 Y, ~" @& y: G: G; u% Y$ D
$ k6 Z m! ?! b6 f" _6 Z6 A5 k/ r
International Governmental Action0 \$ F! |' w. S
151. Changes in diplomatic and other representations
0 j7 L9 t" F9 K7 a. c 152. Delay and cancellation of diplomatic events
7 |3 k( y) Z t; \ 153. Withholding of diplomatic recognition3 X8 E8 ^ g9 O1 h4 U" N
154. Severance of diplomatic relations
) @) ], ?$ H7 Y& L 155. Withdrawal from international organizations
) S' |9 B7 P/ I g; s( C 156. Refusal of membership in international bodies
; ?0 t# E3 a( K5 I. Y R: D. M 157. Expulsion from international organizations" u3 V- _9 C- L1 |, t: `
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THE METHODS OF NONVIOLENT INTERVENTION7 b0 H! j) |: Z$ a2 K
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Psychological Intervention
; H* A: S, A! @# K 158. Self-exposure to the elements" U- z! d% Q. O& R1 ?# }
159. The fast
6 j1 e- ]! @, u$ p a) Fast of moral pressure! t2 ~) L0 K5 C* T7 j2 G4 U
b) Hunger strike
3 f. }: N4 p' J+ F/ f; E c) Satyagrahic fast* S9 `- Y8 J, L" @+ w- d4 l# s& S
160. Reverse trial! I c) t. t) M% r0 M7 S7 ~
161. Nonviolent harassment8 K2 x5 ~2 i5 }, h& v
! R Y. P. s$ O" N! M! APhysical Intervention. s& ]% E7 d. l% n
162. Sit-in
' q; ?4 W( |% ] 163. Stand-in
4 Y. Z, J; I. j0 Q; x 164. Ride-in7 e: U: _/ }: A8 r5 K2 Z M+ Z
165. Wade-in
! `, |' U- z$ L: q! W) T7 c 166. Mill-in
/ `, F8 I( V; q9 {( ?% y 167. Pray-in9 B6 Y, }6 p! d
168. Nonviolent raids' K j9 T: j% C+ e0 @2 Y
169. Nonviolent air raids
5 k& ]3 V, ?; K1 e 170. Nonviolent invasion
; J0 ], {/ }4 E* N+ K6 G' z! ? 171. Nonviolent interjection! b- H; v& H# Y& _) S6 j
172. Nonviolent obstruction6 J& P0 X0 i( M5 o7 u6 Z
173. Nonviolent occupation- k$ r. N, g% D# N- ?9 x4 N
8 R# B4 O! Q4 U0 H& ?" J* d" K3 ]Social Intervention
/ |5 o& `+ m. _; @1 n* v 174. Establishing new social patterns
. H0 I. I$ W- w+ a$ X/ a' ^, S 175. Overloading of facilities# Z7 X" {! K$ b1 n
176. Stall-in
5 Y9 r6 O+ _ R/ M1 ]& s+ p 177. Speak-in% Q2 B- W* R$ p7 p/ I! R* D. S7 _
178. Guerrilla theater
1 y7 @, B( A# K0 q* c( k$ n 179. Alternative social institutions
1 a G9 `% c1 f, z& x L" {: W$ x 180. Alternative communication system, \5 r; S1 L5 R5 [, N$ H
7 K6 s- l+ p: Q4 F/ F! t# q! J8 cEconomic Intervention
% S) h8 D# Q6 p 181. Reverse strike
) t# a# t& T) H0 r0 V! w+ Z+ h 182. Stay-in strike
" f/ b. m/ P: }& @7 m 183. Nonviolent land seizure
, H4 Z9 F, o2 I+ m2 d" X 184. Defiance of blockades
4 \: J, d; }6 f# m$ p 185. Politically motivated counterfeiting: O4 x+ P6 o1 J+ N* i' ?
186. Preclusive purchasing
) Z) [$ `6 q. Q) o$ ^, H 187. Seizure of assets2 Y3 ]* | h3 }/ ^8 |
188. Dumping! P# R; [. ~7 |/ A
189. Selective patronage
' n {. ^! Q9 g7 i0 ]5 x 190. Alternative markets
0 P- S/ _% ]$ V# i6 _! k 191. Alternative transportation systems
5 z1 }& ?' `6 N0 B) F0 ~2 f 192. Alternative economic institutions2 L+ Y8 d8 [: p% l
6 |6 K( b" `- k1 \
Political Intervention, P i! w) ?3 ~
193. Overloading of administrative systems
! o1 F& R3 f! n+ ]* m2 |8 A' B 194. Disclosing identities of secret agents' a& ~) B k% Y
195. Seeking imprisonment3 ^; H4 {2 b7 w$ s, i
196. Civil disobedience of “neutral” laws
t. ^/ l; c L) ]% {5 Q* l 197. Work-on without collaboration9 s6 r0 |0 ]2 H* y" O
198. Dual sovereignty and parallel government# u! F- ]* n+ S/ ^1 t( K
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楼主: reneeqq
狗仔卡
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发表于 2016-7-2 18:23
发表于 2016-7-2 22:02
