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发表于 2016-7-3 17:52
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THE METHODS OF NONVIOLENT PROTEST AND PERSUASION3 J9 z! u& p9 V1 e
Formal Statements
4 [7 @/ Q( ~7 T0 v+ f) T& ? 1. Public Speeches
; _( D! g' R1 G, H- L u+ D9 u& N# N 2. Letters of opposition or support
% ]0 D; m( z& s0 T 3. Declarations by organizations and institutions3 l* s: a" P. F" {- o) y: C/ e
4. Signed public statements( N8 f/ ]- e/ g& P
5. Declarations of indictment and intention, b$ y2 }, o! n
6. Group or mass petitions
9 a# R8 k+ s6 ~( U
& F1 y2 E) ^/ ]0 v9 I1 Y, n1 GCommunications with a Wider Audience) b/ Z; h& d1 m }1 n
7. Slogans, caricatures, and symbols ~/ r5 U6 e8 y! q& z( T( O
8. Banners, posters, and displayed communications7 B8 c4 D; b- n" c! }
9. Leaflets, pamphlets, and books
0 U3 T7 k6 z! `4 Q' B 10. Newspapers and journals
9 U% D; _) m0 J. k# U6 l4 [ 11. Records, radio, and television
- D% c6 E+ T5 E! ?* H2 v 12. Skywriting and earthwriting
. F2 _2 @7 B1 F: _0 l4 U% u- W7 S3 M- |: x1 V: @1 h+ \
Group Representations6 {: d) U# ~9 P
13. Deputations
' C* ]* L5 R4 Y! y* w: f( E 14. Mock awards
4 E! q5 d5 a( L! Y5 X: [ 15. Group lobbying
2 u# E( M( a' I* X3 q 16. Picketing3 L/ g- \) g/ K$ N6 ]
17. Mock elections% }# r, [# s, y* F% K/ ~5 s( e
g" M- `4 z! j3 b }" K; t
Symbolic Public Acts4 w- R% t3 `+ ?. g$ g' b' x
18. Displays of flags and symbolic colors4 |8 l3 O/ i/ [
19. Wearing of symbols. ]9 P6 H- K7 X7 C
20. Prayer and worship
5 e) G) J, w+ D: ^ 21. Delivering symbolic objects7 C7 z4 D) E, L6 ~( w
22. Protest disrobings4 K) m, _. j) H ], Q
23. Destruction of own property
Z5 _% W0 \3 h6 s 24. Symbolic lights
6 |" H* ~9 a4 c4 v [! K% n9 @ 25. Displays of portraits
: e$ ~& V3 x7 E( O9 b! ^ P 26. Paint as protest
- p# z* h, y+ C 27. New signs and names; r! s" A5 Y E* e; Y
28. Symbolic sounds( `- R u( I7 ~& s5 g
29. Symbolic reclamations
, R1 M7 Q( u- e9 E5 V) E- F) S: A3 {, P 30. Rude gestures: F; P5 s! Q" Q4 {
- l" E3 _( x9 t. q' w5 o2 ?# {% g
Pressures on Individuals9 i( g1 x% J* F B" H
31. “Haunting” officials
2 b9 m3 D, O! O 32. Taunting officials
* V/ d, T2 d2 [/ P& s4 | 33. Fraternization
' V: O. b H" v2 h" N8 n 34. Vigils2 p! m8 u3 O* i1 P' z7 ?( k
, o e$ U# n9 _7 _/ {
Drama and Music* ~+ U2 U, s1 `) l K
35. Humorous skits and pranks Q8 @0 S/ n6 j, W
36. Performances of plays and music& x; S3 p @ o1 r, `( R. C$ r
37. Singing
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Processions
5 w4 A. m' h& {3 o% n# F3 y+ l5 N; u 38. Marches
4 u' g4 ?1 m ^1 S 39. Parades a2 G, L" y! F3 \" r6 L
40. Religious processions1 `4 [8 H( B# Q! ]
41. Pilgrimages
; p/ J: b. O( { 42. Motorcades- i3 D/ i4 K3 D
; s% C# o+ F5 ~! S2 S; @: [Honoring the Dead5 P: h$ y3 W* Y
43. Political mourning! o: z3 k/ m$ v3 h
44. Mock funerals1 G2 k' \- K' | b7 q! z
45. Demonstrative funerals, b; B U- Z" W
46. Homage at burial places
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Public Assemblies
) j9 C2 F; A& q5 e+ _4 I 47. Assemblies of protest or support
/ P; s7 v3 W3 j+ m) k6 A 48. Protest meetings
* Q% _/ p: Z! L4 } 49. Camouflaged meetings of protest
7 ?% q0 _3 J4 f# x( Q, O 50. Teach-ins& Q3 ^4 J \- n6 r( Q
. E+ n! w; e) a6 m- Y7 s G" cWithdrawal and Renunciation5 D" p4 V! y. S/ ~. C. B
51. Walk-outs7 L: R: m! s9 i* N" [% v5 B n
52. Silence$ \( m7 t: D% X4 F" w+ v% U
53. Renouncing honors C0 G" E5 j$ W4 ~2 t4 r2 S
54. Turning one’s back( h0 V+ {8 F# U' l
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$ V! m5 y& p- i, c8 F( sTHE METHODS OF SOCIAL NONCOOPERATION
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8 W% ^+ M8 k8 F T3 a* m% m# m: p' l
3 y" {: y7 ]0 T! K8 V: L' JOstracism of Persons
. W$ w9 _0 r9 ^3 s, N; f3 n/ C 55. Social boycott
& z8 l4 W) Y8 j2 }' u 56. Selective social boycott3 G7 S( s" v9 d" u/ ?8 h
57. Lysistratic nonaction9 |; f1 S$ j/ }6 e5 n
58. Excommunication
* v& i4 M r, h 59. Interdict2 o; Y2 C6 E R+ o* |- h( E: r
2 h" P1 F e7 [" a. KNoncooperation with Social Events, Customs, and Institutions" N& g; Z [) v/ g9 }, p Q
60. Suspension of social and sports activities3 H7 e! @7 Z/ j: g
61. Boycott of social affairs$ h3 F- g2 b; j' A X
62. Student strike
0 K8 r( W" K* r* g" i 63. Social disobedience
0 [. U9 a) {' k2 C" ?5 l 64. Withdrawal from social institutions. p$ \% B4 v3 L2 l
* c+ v& Y5 D# F! `) bWithdrawal from the Social System
" }/ Y/ ?1 y2 E5 @. r! k$ k 65. Stay-at-home7 W* a9 l$ D% Y/ s% J- b1 n
66. Total personal noncooperation5 |* n2 R+ z, A1 k- u
67. “Flight” of workers9 C+ @! P) f6 E( f4 J" j
68. Sanctuary
$ }* u Q+ a! @. T R ? 69. Collective disappearance
4 m) v6 w0 [8 _4 ^% r! ?4 A5 G 70. Protest emigration (hijrat)% C5 S6 z) p5 c
3 |: G- K% [2 e/ r 4 C2 A# I. F+ a; S3 u. G$ Z! t0 v" E
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THE METHODS OF ECONOMIC NONCOOPERATION: ECONOMIC BOYCOTTS
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8 y/ N) q$ P* Y: OActions by Consumers
4 ~& @4 x1 r- H1 B; z 71. Consumers’ boycott! M8 w, `! U: {. h* |
72. Nonconsumption of boycotted goods/ z2 j) B5 {& x8 i) O) u5 i
73. Policy of austerity3 w& v! A" L; F( }. h
74. Rent withholding
9 d1 g' s0 Z+ ?5 I5 o1 L" o 75. Refusal to rent. e$ C# {: s/ }/ j/ j' @) S( R
76. National consumers’ boycott
* A$ |7 ]# \2 O$ a8 I7 [% b 77. International consumers’ boycott% Y; G/ Z# F8 E5 a7 M* ]- U: Q" ~
Z$ ] c% V9 ~, g* s ]
Action by Workers and Producers
$ D" e' W: p( L 78. Workmen’s boycott
" f0 _6 c: B& |' J+ i& ] 79. Producers’ boycott3 a- R% J3 G' R3 v- B1 {( u
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Action by Middlemen5 e) A8 k# U5 V' X/ J
80. Suppliers’ and handlers’ boycott
. O) A2 `( i/ z. U+ d. t
" j z/ C; T7 V dAction by Owners and Management
/ |9 J/ j8 U6 }- f) m( Q3 l 81. Traders’ boycott
, U; K1 j4 c4 X 82. Refusal to let or sell property
+ o1 B' v" z3 S' P: Z 83. Lockout( N) i* t/ R$ `7 T
84. Refusal of industrial assistance
5 y& Z) `" C1 V0 v& z 85. Merchants’ “general strike”; K/ y" x7 }; d0 `
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Action by Holders of Financial Resources/ A' h4 G$ A ^$ Q8 f& a t" U
86. Withdrawal of bank deposits
: d4 Y& O! e& a- t1 |, ]6 v# T 87. Refusal to pay fees, dues, and assessments
" F! w9 R' P2 i: I5 ? 88. Refusal to pay debts or interest
# t$ w. f5 f* w% ]; G# b/ V$ V 89. Severance of funds and credit$ h; P0 ]$ c- I' J2 n- `0 j9 f
90. Revenue refusal
- o, Q) I! g$ I- l: s 91. Refusal of a government’s money
4 E7 Y# p# z3 \) y9 Z$ c5 G
- k+ n$ H+ G3 j ^7 C9 EAction by Governments
# ]- S1 |# i$ u( A 92. Domestic embargo
# H, s' j' U E N1 W, u+ Y 93. Blacklisting of traders
: n* Y5 F2 W' O) W/ B. W' U6 [ 94. International sellers’ embargo
6 {5 G' A7 Q. ]0 m& t# T 95. International buyers’ embargo
/ y) x& M1 F) R6 M& ? 96. International trade embargo. J( J8 { t" q% I" H q* o# K
5 G; p+ v, r" B6 ~
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THE METHODS OF ECONOMIC NONCOOPERATION: THE STRIKE
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" u9 n7 m8 T' T* J3 QSymbolic Strikes
# L5 l% A5 G. i! z" n 97. Protest strike: Q0 v& Q( M$ J3 [0 }
98. Quickie walkout (lightning strike)3 n0 {; N( o8 R- S$ [$ ]
! D. o. l2 R9 c/ o+ S; dAgricultural Strikes
0 d7 b4 p4 v$ A# b/ Y 99. Peasant strike
& T8 I4 b6 g K- Q3 c! ~ 100. Farm Workers’ strike# W4 y6 f0 F/ Z' z. ?# ^2 _7 H3 s4 _
7 _( b! u: ^) i8 O5 H$ ]Strikes by Special Groups
# y* U) S9 j; u H 101. Refusal of impressed labor
) H9 |: o; U. t0 ]7 d; w( A3 k 102. Prisoners’ strike) R/ P m k) R- H* u
103. Craft strike: T9 p/ M* |, q
104. Professional strike
7 Z) a+ R' Q" j3 Z
- I( C' @9 g+ FOrdinary Industrial Strikes9 U4 }) ~2 O. U) E& g
105. Establishment strike" \8 E0 m* p! d/ ~6 d! j* X) o' M9 S
106. Industry strike
$ s# Y/ q5 p0 g 107. Sympathetic strike
2 g- i4 q3 [! n& z; P: A2 t
5 o$ o% Q) w. g' }& ^# aRestricted Strikes2 I9 Q) m* Q! b* w# t# N/ j7 G
108. Detailed strike
* Z; r Y9 b4 c9 w! F. I 109. Bumper strike
- a" ?6 L0 Y- W' { d, X: r6 S. L 110. Slowdown strike
6 B( P" {. X* x) c5 i# J 111. Working-to-rule strike
/ E( K1 i% |, o6 N( r& }2 [. V 112. Reporting “sick” (sick-in)
# {9 u4 P9 U( B$ c 113. Strike by resignation
2 y m' P- n+ o* ^5 T7 J- _" d/ r V 114. Limited strike) `. q1 p- P! ~
115. Selective strike8 i1 n8 E4 b$ t9 \
+ k1 H) `: W& D- MMulti-Industry Strikes
0 `/ i8 L3 a. s5 O5 {* ?# p
& E- D3 h/ L2 n P/ H5 y: C0 \ 116. Generalized strike
% O/ R4 B& J( _5 `$ w. F6 c6 m8 ], h/ a& T4 a$ U- W* j6 g
117. General strike
. l6 ]# X, K0 _' u0 Z# r( w4 F/ ?3 h
2 F& M* S" I6 a0 P- o( L9 R0 VCombination of Strikes and Economic Closures6 A n! Q- y9 t8 S# V2 l
, {# b" Y, ?8 N1 m% y/ v/ e8 ]
118. Hartal) ~, Z- `) t* y/ }! F! A6 u! G& d4 \
; f" d* O3 ?/ p# I4 K6 ^( v 119. Economic shutdown
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THE METHODS OF POLITICAL NONCOOPERATION% ]9 ?+ j: p( A! M
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6 @% e- C& M" c( VRejection of Authority+ l# E+ D% U# h3 g F. e6 T
120. Withholding or withdrawal of allegiance+ P5 i; M o' z9 f) W; v: E- b
121. Refusal of public support
7 o7 m }; L8 F$ S3 y9 o 122. Literature and speeches advocating resistance
0 n' y8 [7 n% W7 A
% R8 q) @/ C1 WCitizens’ Noncooperation with Government
# ?9 T" b; e5 I# o) z& a N; x$ b' @8 U 123. Boycott of legislative bodies
( g6 l+ q+ R1 J. I+ v5 {5 q 124. Boycott of elections
3 P0 Z$ c' \: F0 B 125. Boycott of government employment and positions0 ?9 [" h* c- N6 `: q3 ^3 \
126. Boycott of government depts., agencies, and other bodies
* o! M0 |: h2 [% u 127. Withdrawal from government educational institutions: L# ]& A0 Z# G9 d6 T8 d, T
128. Boycott of government-supported organizations& t3 g3 V: f! J
129. Refusal of assistance to enforcement agents1 ^" u; d% w! ^- D. _. p
130. Removal of own signs and placemarks
% U$ ]' R- M" J2 x# n, [- [0 b' o" x 131. Refusal to accept appointed officials
' W+ N' I- j7 ]: l3 j 132. Refusal to dissolve existing institutions+ G5 O j$ k1 N) |* s/ z0 j3 L
: c% ~: ~$ b7 ^+ O' J
Citizens’ Alternatives to Obedience
- Y# G9 m. f) |) w. L6 j+ u9 q 133. Reluctant and slow compliance
, T) F/ d# ]# U" [/ ? 134. Nonobedience in absence of direct supervision1 k, a) i& d5 n* D# \
135. Popular nonobedience
: U0 W4 B/ x0 b 136. Disguised disobedience
2 L8 A0 d# ~2 {0 F2 v( Z 137. Refusal of an assemblage or meeting to disperse
+ J* P8 j! |6 z6 H8 Q0 f 138. Sitdown
1 ~, v0 Z$ g9 G; O6 `/ Z 139. Noncooperation with conscription and deportation: h- I- Y5 x7 @5 V- k
140. Hiding, escape, and false identities
( s5 e# L; s# `! q. s1 D 141. Civil disobedience of “illegitimate” laws4 S5 J/ M* ]# @
4 X; `& n& t( P0 I7 w2 ]
Action by Government Personnel+ K) t, ~2 F% c% ^
142. Selective refusal of assistance by government aides
# j7 r( @+ U" M3 q1 y; U( y7 d 143. Blocking of lines of command and information
4 ~" G# I: C$ ~4 x B4 q 144. Stalling and obstruction3 V7 }* v3 E i z) N5 x1 m3 V
145. General administrative noncooperation6 N c* U& }# V$ f& D) i
: Y; E7 x! @: s 146. Judicial noncooperation5 D/ ?* }* f: n7 Y' A4 m1 r
147. Deliberate inefficiency and selective noncooperation by enforcement agents
; }- m5 Y' X+ S5 }. i8 b 148. Mutiny
8 E1 j$ A: w8 v$ EDomestic Governmental Action
1 N+ H+ C% b2 Z- V* I 149. Quasi-legal evasions and delays. J' y3 a8 I, {/ C
150. Noncooperation by constituent governmental units6 E5 h. i9 u6 P& z& ~/ `. P! p
" `5 z, Q* A6 b( F6 Q
International Governmental Action
- K* I, Y0 g0 P. d 151. Changes in diplomatic and other representations% D5 Q& P! m. d
152. Delay and cancellation of diplomatic events$ Y$ D- e& F8 g
153. Withholding of diplomatic recognition
8 `0 d3 B: l* ~. M W) u; K5 t 154. Severance of diplomatic relations" s+ I/ K0 b" L, R/ [
155. Withdrawal from international organizations1 ^1 P) H) q y7 p h1 K \" w
156. Refusal of membership in international bodies
9 N+ n! W. l9 Z! t! v6 d 157. Expulsion from international organizations. n2 z, I" v! S4 [6 U
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THE METHODS OF NONVIOLENT INTERVENTION3 |! k; y9 A) c! J$ d: l
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Psychological Intervention
- @3 M& v _' s& [. B7 A* j& ? h 158. Self-exposure to the elements
: D# Q8 l& n2 D6 p* R 159. The fast
8 [/ v5 e& [+ ]0 p t9 p5 P8 w a) Fast of moral pressure
6 G1 r4 T" c' e' [! ~9 P b) Hunger strike
7 Z$ m$ G4 h+ [8 S2 f c) Satyagrahic fast
0 ^ T) ?5 _# a 160. Reverse trial
2 g; {; w3 {( x 161. Nonviolent harassment( U: V3 ?7 E+ p2 X
7 |' f3 E* }& o IPhysical Intervention8 w* j q* _! G- t( i
162. Sit-in. N+ y$ M4 K4 ~: f9 a
163. Stand-in
. K; E n( t$ o9 N& l 164. Ride-in
$ h' L6 ^2 T' h" q: f, l- f, x5 a 165. Wade-in4 \5 X7 ]8 h& M7 U
166. Mill-in
$ D1 U3 K! [( y6 B 167. Pray-in
9 e8 l7 l- F3 e; I 168. Nonviolent raids: `( X) [+ H* O
169. Nonviolent air raids8 q w" Q, O+ G- a1 R: ?
170. Nonviolent invasion
z5 O2 E, R3 c3 J) _0 ^ 171. Nonviolent interjection* R" d+ B& b8 Y3 C
172. Nonviolent obstruction
$ a' e0 |+ ]7 e( L; ?7 A. r/ e7 L 173. Nonviolent occupation, B* V3 y |* _
5 O6 S8 R9 s( i tSocial Intervention
, ~% F; O4 z6 V; C+ S 174. Establishing new social patterns1 v0 O( X' N0 _4 {6 P: G1 p
175. Overloading of facilities$ F# q& }) H' k4 s3 f+ P
176. Stall-in
5 P# W) x8 b( I. A 177. Speak-in
5 i% F) [: |% P/ C# } 178. Guerrilla theater4 Q: p$ O# D B* C# Y7 [& ?: h
179. Alternative social institutions5 M9 l: [! J6 Y" R
180. Alternative communication system
?( w) x* H$ v' b s
# E* B1 d4 m, NEconomic Intervention
, z& v/ l3 t2 Y+ p9 s. Z$ w+ ]! d 181. Reverse strike
! _6 ]& f3 C: P) }: _ 182. Stay-in strike' Q- n3 p+ t1 Y5 B: {
183. Nonviolent land seizure2 ?7 P5 p% ^$ o- P; m
184. Defiance of blockades' @/ t# A$ @. a; l
185. Politically motivated counterfeiting
/ ?9 T7 }# I/ x4 l q P+ } 186. Preclusive purchasing
$ M$ n0 I& Z9 S( E& T) s6 I6 b) } 187. Seizure of assets
; o2 r1 @0 f" E* l7 `, a7 F& U! B 188. Dumping0 i7 O; v+ [) i7 k5 }
189. Selective patronage
) o% A5 r6 ^& C( ]7 E5 [2 Y- t 190. Alternative markets) x/ a4 m1 U4 l- y
191. Alternative transportation systems
) R/ |! L9 e0 V$ t 192. Alternative economic institutions
) w4 w+ y; U3 H4 K
* D0 m& `& ~0 ` m0 c9 o! d' bPolitical Intervention6 C* Q3 Q0 H( A
193. Overloading of administrative systems
7 W. e: {9 Z1 w; B p5 b( U 194. Disclosing identities of secret agents
8 s+ I2 x1 [* B$ K) w- o& L 195. Seeking imprisonment7 n7 s4 F/ P9 t0 A2 w
196. Civil disobedience of “neutral” laws# a+ j5 W/ \% o7 R7 l9 { ?, c, w
197. Work-on without collaboration
9 k$ r# |* l& W( ~8 V0 X; P9 t 198. Dual sovereignty and parallel government
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楼主: reneeqq
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发表于 2016-7-2 18:23
发表于 2016-7-2 22:02
