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THE METHODS OF NONVIOLENT PROTEST AND PERSUASION
/ n9 ^# @0 _+ G1 Q7 @Formal Statements* Q. {9 Z! A. \0 f+ K4 k# M
1. Public Speeches
) ]" g0 R+ ~$ X 2. Letters of opposition or support! A. ^. w. D2 c
3. Declarations by organizations and institutions
% G" b% _$ Z4 |: a. P4 S8 ]+ O% _ 4. Signed public statements7 }- [5 f0 A+ t6 t5 r! U/ D
5. Declarations of indictment and intention& A1 I5 Y6 G" e! T0 d H: l; ?/ n7 u
6. Group or mass petitions# \- x( I2 x; l5 w% g% p, d
& V6 _5 h" T$ R. Q# f- x
Communications with a Wider Audience
: B" ^5 b' p! ^8 A. ^5 M 7. Slogans, caricatures, and symbols: U. u& L4 R. U/ e* g% G! V
8. Banners, posters, and displayed communications
9 H: P( U m6 [) w 9. Leaflets, pamphlets, and books" L0 _& N- g' o
10. Newspapers and journals# |7 R6 k4 L" b$ P9 y
11. Records, radio, and television* }0 M! x2 q S/ i; n
12. Skywriting and earthwriting8 P3 i) l4 P+ q/ Z! D
5 Z% D! N3 p/ J" M: G6 jGroup Representations6 M4 r" S+ ~5 t
13. Deputations
; G, A; \: N9 E7 w Q 14. Mock awards
* q# h/ K8 A# ^2 o8 { 15. Group lobbying
' a. h, P& M: W! Q 16. Picketing/ F! j: ^2 Z- y, D& b8 I0 Z8 T
17. Mock elections
% h, Z, i! @: B% Y7 E; b
/ ]5 n" ~( J' h# l$ b: ^( sSymbolic Public Acts% x: b, E/ O1 G
18. Displays of flags and symbolic colors
6 R" ~1 u( u8 S$ l 19. Wearing of symbols
$ p7 [" n) I, f$ F6 l: H! R2 Z' e 20. Prayer and worship0 B& w6 m$ U8 V9 q5 V3 Q
21. Delivering symbolic objects
) T4 S3 ~7 z/ t/ |0 e) \ 22. Protest disrobings6 f1 m3 J$ v& I# o9 J- q5 Z6 E
23. Destruction of own property
$ V! Q, A& E; x4 ^2 {" z+ a 24. Symbolic lights7 w- m8 h" B5 g; ~
25. Displays of portraits5 A; ~9 W% ?8 F) y3 {: y% L& y
26. Paint as protest4 f) `4 w5 C6 b9 p) x
27. New signs and names w) C- }+ Y- @6 @& O3 }4 Q
28. Symbolic sounds8 c9 z! @" e. L5 S5 G m
29. Symbolic reclamations, s5 T% { k4 C& ]) D9 A- S3 V
30. Rude gestures) I) {0 v3 A8 G# J: J
' {! o1 Y9 f5 F- B+ a0 _- c, |! PPressures on Individuals
6 X) w2 Q& F5 |% k$ ?+ v 31. “Haunting” officials8 ~' X( L0 {& F& p7 a' w
32. Taunting officials, J& G- `4 J. U6 r+ Q
33. Fraternization, t/ Z& o! @ b
34. Vigils- G: R& N+ a# D# O4 L) D9 ~
2 v$ T, [3 i z+ sDrama and Music5 p3 P- B# {$ p' @( i G
35. Humorous skits and pranks: p( S* V5 w/ O% J, G
36. Performances of plays and music
' r5 u0 X& V+ {) g: N4 u9 K 37. Singing$ I& }6 k0 k& m& r& p7 t" ?
8 D. b, x8 v ~Processions; q! }& P' G: M( k+ _- G
38. Marches9 L+ r" |! P8 v3 T7 q
39. Parades
- ^2 u( u7 c% R 40. Religious processions
; U9 ?, o" L- w' t4 e5 d 41. Pilgrimages
* o0 _8 {9 A- |- v* v 42. Motorcades
9 ]4 w; a% w7 o# X* N B, L6 F& C/ A3 I
Honoring the Dead
* ^& r/ l6 `5 O) k: t 43. Political mourning
. t4 A% ~0 U+ }- }) \' ^ 44. Mock funerals% ]: p2 q2 L6 U
45. Demonstrative funerals. n4 ^7 T& |$ m+ r- r( p- x5 G7 D8 N
46. Homage at burial places: d: ^ O1 t8 U, z. ]: W
) \, Y. g( c' c6 ZPublic Assemblies5 Y+ Y" u# i# z* p
47. Assemblies of protest or support
; g. X% r8 u/ Q A7 m. g 48. Protest meetings
) C; ^: p* K9 }# H 49. Camouflaged meetings of protest" ^# ^$ N& U$ Q* T
50. Teach-ins
3 V# K5 G: M! J+ N+ o
9 p3 R! z$ m9 D8 h. Q/ i7 kWithdrawal and Renunciation
. {7 _# H0 z3 O 51. Walk-outs
6 w/ r* r: |& i- e 52. Silence
$ q7 _$ e2 u4 @0 A! _ 53. Renouncing honors
! c4 R; ?3 B% k, C$ M! v, z, m, p 54. Turning one’s back. D5 N- X1 x- |! t& T. I w: y
$ R2 X9 U9 P* W+ p) A
: P" C9 k7 [5 O7 s1 t+ m6 Q5 {' J
+ K- Q; A0 f) XTHE METHODS OF SOCIAL NONCOOPERATION
1 k) }" u7 q: v2 [ {# W/ c) w- Z, Z- m/ N9 D
1 Y1 p4 j( B8 ?& M$ ^) ^
+ G4 o1 D/ b @* } y7 w3 u) x) m( bOstracism of Persons
3 J I' b) o5 w- Y W 55. Social boycott
+ l8 `/ N1 m. S; i7 b2 b. P 56. Selective social boycott9 K' ^ M4 M' w# @. v
57. Lysistratic nonaction
( O& U# P9 ^% z8 l% K% ~2 P 58. Excommunication2 V, r6 }! _# H+ H! d
59. Interdict
$ ^+ x. `- [5 n5 T% l7 Z
$ i+ m/ X' X [, CNoncooperation with Social Events, Customs, and Institutions8 A) h6 A! q X" g
60. Suspension of social and sports activities
! I1 C" K+ Y' e 61. Boycott of social affairs4 ?. A& T! l/ d+ Y# Z/ v
62. Student strike
% k. k) b2 L1 \; ^# {: l; \ 63. Social disobedience
, s; u+ |+ l: c O/ u 64. Withdrawal from social institutions
9 ^4 P2 ^! a% F9 f/ T. A
9 `! _$ y/ R$ `Withdrawal from the Social System- p* G# s6 g/ n6 g
65. Stay-at-home
2 z- s9 t$ o2 h# v 66. Total personal noncooperation) Q) `5 {5 y2 P* J% q6 X# f
67. “Flight” of workers
8 ^# H4 U( O& d 68. Sanctuary
5 T* E5 u3 Z0 ~0 p; n8 F 69. Collective disappearance& h" n7 G; D* R P# W
70. Protest emigration (hijrat)
* x/ w/ O- e- h- B4 P4 _, n) H4 d0 K. A5 B: _
# i+ a! r- v: Q$ h1 X
- S f: F n) l5 M+ S! {# `8 Y
THE METHODS OF ECONOMIC NONCOOPERATION: ECONOMIC BOYCOTTS
; ?- v5 X; L. K9 D, p0 L' a( @: c
2 t' N% Q8 C+ V
+ k# J3 h9 M& n* {) HActions by Consumers' y& E* r" Z i A2 @
71. Consumers’ boycott: S* k9 J. L( g7 ^
72. Nonconsumption of boycotted goods: o3 W s" ~3 D! V& u% P7 s7 h4 |- L
73. Policy of austerity
4 u6 K: B5 H, o+ R8 L/ l$ Z 74. Rent withholding
& D) M6 M8 X1 b4 k3 f( \) E 75. Refusal to rent
' a3 F5 V' H t9 t* A 76. National consumers’ boycott
7 [- ?5 K4 `- o, r( y# L" Q) D, _ 77. International consumers’ boycott& y7 T* E' Z8 Z1 o! C
* ^1 I) C8 P, C- n- L$ `, sAction by Workers and Producers0 y6 K! V2 w7 \0 l
78. Workmen’s boycott
! l3 _) H9 ]) ? 79. Producers’ boycott
2 U/ L7 M, P, r5 x% z7 q( M1 a" f3 l3 x- N& `2 V. G
Action by Middlemen
8 q3 h" s- F% {" n, f: y 80. Suppliers’ and handlers’ boycott
$ @* ]: q, ^: m* N4 n" y* J6 e: F- c u. c( B
Action by Owners and Management# E. s5 u6 }3 A3 @8 p( e
81. Traders’ boycott
; m: A3 i/ j. L# Q7 X; g, y 82. Refusal to let or sell property5 @, ]1 |: v/ F$ a" l/ t* g' J T' B5 D
83. Lockout
9 N& I* z5 z7 `% n# a5 s& o: R1 m 84. Refusal of industrial assistance
( a- z- c0 V' {2 O: K 85. Merchants’ “general strike”0 e; h9 }/ v2 r
0 w4 N+ ~2 D5 AAction by Holders of Financial Resources6 P9 D, L( y* ~* ?1 |7 G) p+ O
86. Withdrawal of bank deposits
5 y# e3 v5 }- D! Q+ p" t! { 87. Refusal to pay fees, dues, and assessments
( z3 o% i% e, D% Y 88. Refusal to pay debts or interest
* b3 s& }: _. M \# s( M% M5 ?# c 89. Severance of funds and credit
! ?. b" b) l# d0 x7 x+ H( U& u 90. Revenue refusal( t' s: b1 ?6 A' X6 A! R1 i
91. Refusal of a government’s money2 A n: ]) }3 F, ?9 k8 k
- u' B) Z2 d; j: v% _+ \2 cAction by Governments* L* ]. Z: ^$ }" c$ I% j
92. Domestic embargo& B- ~% Y7 w- r4 @( d
93. Blacklisting of traders/ T3 f# k& S# l& R' A7 y" M
94. International sellers’ embargo
9 Y. _4 [% L) K. m" H+ W2 ~& @* X 95. International buyers’ embargo
& w1 v/ g( ~5 s1 S' W% l- [6 I 96. International trade embargo, T: d! q7 D# w* J5 J7 c- G/ I7 s( g
8 {; H! P( X/ d' d
) [5 r* g, B% {9 ~) r& j. V9 J! K _( i/ n1 z( B8 F
THE METHODS OF ECONOMIC NONCOOPERATION: THE STRIKE# G$ F( l5 Z; O* p7 M# U
; v: I2 c8 h* J S
- d- i# o) n- Y: i/ D y2 nSymbolic Strikes
' E9 _4 I) N4 [) d, \6 ~, w4 h 97. Protest strike2 H+ [9 N+ F' z' _& M
98. Quickie walkout (lightning strike)/ l2 Y |( F5 r, ], G* S
! m# R9 l2 \- }5 i
Agricultural Strikes* H9 @* E3 i' N" f
99. Peasant strike
' x+ Z1 N" J0 R7 m 100. Farm Workers’ strike
5 r4 V/ O3 [' m' D+ H3 ]& p) l4 V( e6 N. D. s0 b
Strikes by Special Groups0 ?( n. T4 R4 a# b; e) u9 R
101. Refusal of impressed labor
+ d2 h! C3 N7 e9 }% r0 D 102. Prisoners’ strike- g0 ]; C5 q& p0 N$ M0 H7 t' z" l
103. Craft strike
7 y/ U) R0 {6 e 104. Professional strike
8 i* V, J+ l- Q) c0 P3 q
8 W R% ?% _: B6 ?( [/ a! FOrdinary Industrial Strikes
( x2 v0 N- p( C 105. Establishment strike- {9 g' L0 R6 @3 r
106. Industry strike. M- x1 A* A* n7 [ y5 j) N0 j. r2 O
107. Sympathetic strike* v. j% r+ S2 A2 l1 x
2 F u8 Q8 f; iRestricted Strikes
% \* v6 A! h2 D: V 108. Detailed strike
) h4 d5 j; Q" i5 Y2 | 109. Bumper strike
|& ^# \! W( G9 R 110. Slowdown strike, @' k- {# b! c! `6 \
111. Working-to-rule strike# N) J g& M* H( H8 _; o1 E2 h
112. Reporting “sick” (sick-in)1 }+ z3 N* G/ l% ]1 q+ O
113. Strike by resignation7 h" y. X# d+ ~8 R D0 C, }, E! T
114. Limited strike
6 G2 M/ b4 k W k$ y2 j4 e' ]/ \ 115. Selective strike5 N, b. f" ^4 C, n. b; @
+ @1 B+ f0 Q; VMulti-Industry Strikes
) P1 D+ v, }$ F7 ]- C& A9 q' H8 ^* j) p3 A
116. Generalized strike
7 p. _& V1 w6 @* g, k. _/ b+ ]1 U2 c# q9 W! d
117. General strike
" ?% n8 T6 n) j; O+ S# d- _: M) d
$ [1 S/ O9 p* Q$ C, dCombination of Strikes and Economic Closures( r' W. r' f; n" n
$ _: b& _" z4 K3 A% }0 o 118. Hartal
8 e5 J8 n6 B# G4 T6 ^
, Y! I: \3 N$ A4 [5 c 119. Economic shutdown
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7 _; A( T6 r) j+ D- {6 q* I) ~0 E& Y; [2 i0 A, T/ w P
THE METHODS OF POLITICAL NONCOOPERATION1 M, Q/ v' G5 r( [6 t. K5 b3 f3 D
, n4 O( \( k: U% [4 v
/ b2 q- @: `$ h3 ARejection of Authority/ D7 {3 o+ X8 x& z# J
120. Withholding or withdrawal of allegiance7 b$ n. H# @& n; o5 j7 j, f+ S$ ^/ M
121. Refusal of public support) s8 R) o6 Y) v$ E5 I! t+ K' G
122. Literature and speeches advocating resistance
% H" Y* h4 g0 ~0 Z* k" r. i. ~: E/ d. B8 Q
Citizens’ Noncooperation with Government" b' ]! g5 M. e; b
123. Boycott of legislative bodies
$ ~& _4 H3 ]+ w 124. Boycott of elections
, |& q+ d% |" o. V9 @4 Q" v+ P 125. Boycott of government employment and positions* T- k0 M) g' K
126. Boycott of government depts., agencies, and other bodies$ Z0 w9 X6 z- W9 O
127. Withdrawal from government educational institutions5 M1 n! r& _+ `0 e9 r
128. Boycott of government-supported organizations
3 N% r* J/ W/ m& i' v 129. Refusal of assistance to enforcement agents
, L" s$ s7 o C* A 130. Removal of own signs and placemarks1 a3 X Z1 l, R
131. Refusal to accept appointed officials
& b# H- O& |; U% p. S1 A# `* N 132. Refusal to dissolve existing institutions( O6 t x Q) S1 L
! ~& I1 \8 h% }1 S. QCitizens’ Alternatives to Obedience* ]' }* J% r4 }) n0 ^
133. Reluctant and slow compliance: c+ X- R" q- G. P, ^- R' w! X
134. Nonobedience in absence of direct supervision
! ~: j. @7 K# k1 ]# l8 ^ 135. Popular nonobedience
# J* i% x. N- L8 @ 136. Disguised disobedience
5 R* E2 J4 Y. X' M" b* U* N 137. Refusal of an assemblage or meeting to disperse- K$ b" Y9 ^! E3 H& a
138. Sitdown
! t' b! }' z- A( | 139. Noncooperation with conscription and deportation
% D" P3 \* t$ M- Q 140. Hiding, escape, and false identities
3 K* e* L( }8 X% u. B 141. Civil disobedience of “illegitimate” laws: M7 L' O) e- h) D
* v4 x8 L1 {& N% u2 o' R1 Q8 g
Action by Government Personnel
7 s& q0 o% Q" T% q 142. Selective refusal of assistance by government aides, z/ @% V& x; |3 j b
143. Blocking of lines of command and information
! F1 V' I/ r( z$ _* j 144. Stalling and obstruction% r. }' L7 G, _- w/ k
145. General administrative noncooperation
8 Q1 E8 `. j o9 A1 e6 f
% W9 Q1 \/ A0 K 146. Judicial noncooperation
" Q# n* i8 i* Q/ ~. z9 L 147. Deliberate inefficiency and selective noncooperation by enforcement agents8 [. B" L& Q, q* d9 d& H# i9 L8 q
148. Mutiny; n1 j# S5 r R# y" q
Domestic Governmental Action
! Y' S) }* _; s! f- M 149. Quasi-legal evasions and delays
$ u2 u2 a8 d9 q8 `) ^( M& A$ X& B" q 150. Noncooperation by constituent governmental units
1 o4 J* G2 d8 d1 _: L8 q2 w0 {, G
1 {8 N& u7 }- r! GInternational Governmental Action
! U! y9 H4 P- i( Q" L. c# W 151. Changes in diplomatic and other representations
. [0 V0 i- T8 q( q } 152. Delay and cancellation of diplomatic events
6 H, s9 ^$ P7 N- G4 k# W" ~& D' c3 T 153. Withholding of diplomatic recognition1 j% }- ?) T Y2 A
154. Severance of diplomatic relations( y( w' @; ^ w4 A4 m
155. Withdrawal from international organizations f7 t u4 _! y# l) |
156. Refusal of membership in international bodies
9 o. D6 t# ~1 c 157. Expulsion from international organizations
' n" l9 m7 e0 O4 Q/ ~' F4 n8 c5 T2 \
/ @& R3 O- ~8 n. D 9 i: y) l' n% b% T
1 Q0 [% r) f$ v& {THE METHODS OF NONVIOLENT INTERVENTION
2 r7 F3 `9 Z- S4 w
' e1 r1 E* c E
. X2 B- ~0 x3 b5 b0 R( z! Y7 YPsychological Intervention
2 v2 z e! ^4 |) y. f" a2 d) ` 158. Self-exposure to the elements
! S: _: e8 w8 M0 |: T 159. The fast( B8 H1 d- T; Y4 H
a) Fast of moral pressure
4 ]; u" Y* q+ v7 S b) Hunger strike7 \1 y8 a( O* X: S3 [
c) Satyagrahic fast
/ r( O: A5 p5 { 160. Reverse trial: ^, h$ h3 j8 b0 @3 j% F
161. Nonviolent harassment
7 P0 q8 U9 Y* U1 b) I+ H$ B2 t) }. r
Physical Intervention" V3 j5 Z9 p% v
162. Sit-in
, r/ }1 | ]- f5 z! i" |3 ^ 163. Stand-in+ F- l0 `6 J8 ~4 b
164. Ride-in! B; a# Z( i) q5 d
165. Wade-in2 x- \) @9 I3 {+ |/ z0 T
166. Mill-in
* W- B# f0 P# y1 c6 L+ W 167. Pray-in1 q; \2 L; c. e" I0 C( b
168. Nonviolent raids2 Z/ P5 q! F7 e* }0 p
169. Nonviolent air raids. W" n$ J9 P. W& J' A" w# Z
170. Nonviolent invasion$ M( B4 v: q6 v a: A
171. Nonviolent interjection: Z+ X9 O& Z- V2 \( ?: H
172. Nonviolent obstruction
9 D2 r0 g; J4 R6 n 173. Nonviolent occupation
, Y) {$ s, K5 G( c7 s3 _8 M/ ?6 M$ g3 z, Q' ]9 n( N
Social Intervention* l5 I1 H# v/ r8 B" F7 W7 @: v
174. Establishing new social patterns, {. s" Q# V% ~) z3 m) ?: o6 {, f* u
175. Overloading of facilities
5 g; V; ~+ L1 q* p. q/ a- }0 E 176. Stall-in
4 j% Z5 b: g9 i 177. Speak-in y K0 b' k: G
178. Guerrilla theater; r+ j' V6 [$ Y% q; k
179. Alternative social institutions
& i% q+ y) H! S 180. Alternative communication system1 e9 Q$ s5 ~; K @; Q5 `% X
$ g. c6 p& h7 N: Q- GEconomic Intervention5 Y; r8 }4 m \6 n {8 ?
181. Reverse strike" |$ J4 O2 K) f% _
182. Stay-in strike
, ?! d/ O% \0 j2 m) z) z T 183. Nonviolent land seizure( |, M8 m# L$ i0 w/ _
184. Defiance of blockades4 }& J& ` r R+ T
185. Politically motivated counterfeiting1 B8 S [2 m5 P2 I
186. Preclusive purchasing; U6 T- t/ `, `3 _
187. Seizure of assets
) B Q, U: ^) n" w& Y 188. Dumping2 I" `+ n* p1 A0 t! P
189. Selective patronage
* j2 e1 M, d" l+ V2 I 190. Alternative markets- X! }% w; v3 f/ t/ h% t
191. Alternative transportation systems
% U& J. G( w. P. u6 p 192. Alternative economic institutions
7 w. i2 }# X; K1 [5 b6 b/ {, S
# t9 u; t& K( E. j8 L4 y4 y: HPolitical Intervention. k* o& o- P' q7 r) y
193. Overloading of administrative systems
% b' h/ F8 |1 I: ~4 K% p$ o 194. Disclosing identities of secret agents, J |9 G; L2 ^" ^7 u
195. Seeking imprisonment
( U6 V: l, }) ?1 V- f. p& m m 196. Civil disobedience of “neutral” laws- ?. \+ p0 ]4 g2 l; b' v
197. Work-on without collaboration9 {; {: e, [# A
198. Dual sovereignty and parallel government
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