 鲜花( 240)  鸡蛋( 18)
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发表于 2016-7-3 17:52
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THE METHODS OF NONVIOLENT PROTEST AND PERSUASION
) `9 x$ G" {9 R9 x4 W6 @& y4 FFormal Statements
; w3 ^$ D$ E! S$ Y; A 1. Public Speeches
7 o* ~% J. u- e9 _$ E5 m1 Q+ @ 2. Letters of opposition or support4 g+ Z. X4 T& u) |
3. Declarations by organizations and institutions) B5 S4 s1 Y0 Y4 t4 s2 y, z
4. Signed public statements
/ m% W& N1 v( {- W 5. Declarations of indictment and intention4 c& B, a0 J2 ?) u5 t0 J2 ` d$ d" H) G* ~
6. Group or mass petitions
: k/ J- B0 B5 c' q; R- u' X2 P' G/ T V, H/ f4 O$ I) h/ e
Communications with a Wider Audience0 ^" t2 M9 m! h6 ?
7. Slogans, caricatures, and symbols
; p& f% p5 I/ x 8. Banners, posters, and displayed communications
0 @; q, u* ?) ^0 N* v$ T 9. Leaflets, pamphlets, and books
- ~8 x% u$ `& s: q* N0 I6 H 10. Newspapers and journals
7 `7 F' f0 x7 w, b/ F; ]7 x 11. Records, radio, and television
! g7 F! r6 k7 ]0 h1 n2 m6 g; E 12. Skywriting and earthwriting
' W2 s( Y' {. o) J! q5 ]* p
# x( E3 _3 z- J' x0 cGroup Representations
4 O7 `" e+ L$ r# v6 ^! h( |: D 13. Deputations
! N2 h4 B' \; K% u7 e; P 14. Mock awards
9 |6 y2 |6 K2 J' m: `% z 15. Group lobbying7 ~' q8 G' d$ i2 W; n
16. Picketing L, r" X6 g0 Z+ C+ Y
17. Mock elections( L# m$ e# B9 J9 [# o% T2 T: e7 S
/ W- d' \) E6 m7 i& w9 f$ c; e
Symbolic Public Acts; h5 e4 F) K7 L. h8 k3 r" x) s3 w
18. Displays of flags and symbolic colors
+ D; ~8 F1 N% {. t, }! a* [2 x7 @( b" R 19. Wearing of symbols0 a1 t. O3 ]8 O: K4 _" _* V
20. Prayer and worship! p/ G3 Z! o. s- x H0 } f% r* Q
21. Delivering symbolic objects0 l. s( u6 w' N( `' n- x2 i
22. Protest disrobings
6 s, Z7 R8 F4 c+ } 23. Destruction of own property
+ h; W# O: e& ]1 h 24. Symbolic lights
$ {) c e, d& a: K2 T% Z 25. Displays of portraits0 U+ M1 `6 j6 T* P
26. Paint as protest
! r% c3 J) d- B( _" _ 27. New signs and names; k( g" _- T, S
28. Symbolic sounds1 I% M4 t! L8 V' M2 N6 C J8 `' e
29. Symbolic reclamations
6 y' ?8 G( {# H! u 30. Rude gestures/ V& R8 n; M. {" l2 U" l+ }2 Y
3 L' {5 N2 c# }; L8 ]: LPressures on Individuals
8 y- q' d2 y- I9 E- e( f 31. “Haunting” officials
: l5 j9 C! |' \4 c* M0 W) ?$ Y 32. Taunting officials
$ M7 V! [" r) ^$ o* P* J4 _8 p 33. Fraternization
0 L7 b- w' S1 F% Q4 w6 @ 34. Vigils2 {+ m9 V+ t- H) O$ A
: e8 Z5 `$ e0 i8 ?' R3 w9 b
Drama and Music
* T4 O; v4 g7 ~) }$ w 35. Humorous skits and pranks
7 p! {0 ]4 K% c; j' Y5 F0 u/ ~ 36. Performances of plays and music
$ Q2 I- a* I9 I; Y! E6 }- p$ M 37. Singing
6 a" E/ C: x5 F, h& ?' Z- X- P
4 ^' W' |3 x" t/ {/ p: V/ O" I( pProcessions. O4 w$ }9 V) E; j2 C
38. Marches9 J( ^, z5 L: J5 e! Z( T0 D) O
39. Parades( J9 \: v1 G- Q' r' T9 ^2 Q
40. Religious processions% d6 n( U5 L5 t Z( y5 D
41. Pilgrimages4 @7 O! A$ @. U8 L4 h0 x) Q
42. Motorcades
9 f' X+ s! a0 J, n: _# X3 \; i' x3 o9 ]* {. Q
Honoring the Dead
( P- c, l3 E. z9 [; w% R8 | 43. Political mourning
6 N6 O( i4 N% c2 A( m7 O 44. Mock funerals/ L! ]% R: k9 e
45. Demonstrative funerals w( a- z( X- k- p5 C; @7 O5 @
46. Homage at burial places
, H+ t" t. D' w) m. l: | t& Z. i) w% B" @1 O& }2 C5 j
Public Assemblies5 E% ~ n6 \' j+ |4 V3 s; y
47. Assemblies of protest or support1 I% Z1 W: K8 [: A8 h2 Z" h
48. Protest meetings
4 C( n6 L3 Y g; T3 G0 T7 x 49. Camouflaged meetings of protest
' Z5 M/ `- p5 C 50. Teach-ins
/ U, c Z( l, y- h
, t ?' V- O' w' D* DWithdrawal and Renunciation% W; J Q' R' @- U# H
51. Walk-outs
0 ~3 S: H3 A) U! A- l" P 52. Silence# D, X- M3 ?; C4 A6 V2 b
53. Renouncing honors
. ]: L9 e* w, P5 p: n& i2 S 54. Turning one’s back
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# F" j% J; p7 _3 j! |
THE METHODS OF SOCIAL NONCOOPERATION
1 {4 a: a9 y- v1 V4 r9 M- p+ y2 \# x/ z
6 g) b% Z2 g' T& ~7 b: |- H . L( h2 {8 L- B2 g% y
- e$ p5 n6 A0 ]3 K. h8 COstracism of Persons
& H8 b* M" b& Y 55. Social boycott
- ~5 x; R/ U/ ?5 f- O4 ~5 d 56. Selective social boycott0 F6 U" U, b' M3 F/ u9 }( ?
57. Lysistratic nonaction0 W) @7 e0 q# z1 p* l4 e. s
58. Excommunication
K% x3 A7 O6 |- P+ A 59. Interdict
/ x G6 G; Y' R! n3 L1 _3 _1 }5 F1 R% {
Noncooperation with Social Events, Customs, and Institutions1 ^! A( q: A& l) U
60. Suspension of social and sports activities
' V r# P% W3 t5 G( |# Y6 h 61. Boycott of social affairs
, t% @; v" @7 D0 [ 62. Student strike
: t0 V" Q! s9 `" | 63. Social disobedience# Z9 a. m( |+ m# \8 _
64. Withdrawal from social institutions
& v4 |5 [) @0 y5 S4 q F2 z
$ d. Z1 d$ R% s1 B/ ZWithdrawal from the Social System9 P$ B3 n! j1 ~. V+ m6 x4 t" f
65. Stay-at-home
" Y! t1 E) [4 q4 u 66. Total personal noncooperation6 M O5 i# t9 ]6 I
67. “Flight” of workers
3 S+ f K' o1 X- Z0 F 68. Sanctuary
+ [9 G) `' C% T1 {# a- V* a 69. Collective disappearance
. I9 ^, a; w% n 70. Protest emigration (hijrat) y5 }$ y6 P6 K0 D
8 Y! r8 c- D% L% h- Q5 R
. F4 S% q0 Z* Y/ [4 f1 e, u& c% b" } e$ O& O1 A0 \
THE METHODS OF ECONOMIC NONCOOPERATION: ECONOMIC BOYCOTTS3 j5 o8 x k: [! L$ H! [1 A
3 R+ |3 t8 q4 T% x* c4 {
6 e/ m0 |6 ], A; y' n0 S" O, ~
Actions by Consumers
; g6 B0 v# K# z8 Y" v- J3 B& f 71. Consumers’ boycott
3 R/ H1 w' H1 M5 a4 d 72. Nonconsumption of boycotted goods
+ Q% w, D5 k: S, B! P 73. Policy of austerity" W( v4 w+ }( A/ y U
74. Rent withholding
/ R+ H4 B) @0 F; t4 @$ ? 75. Refusal to rent! n8 z$ P1 J8 f3 ]) l+ k1 t% C
76. National consumers’ boycott
# x7 N3 D% @# W" R# B; T 77. International consumers’ boycott+ i9 [6 p: Z2 G* m. o
/ d8 |/ c8 V* p& J5 P/ Z2 v+ {% }
Action by Workers and Producers; i3 R# v- V. g- D
78. Workmen’s boycott
1 f: q" @! d" v" r9 L* U( y 79. Producers’ boycott) k# U9 t# U* {
% U0 M$ _) y* [( d9 ?
Action by Middlemen, x- N+ k/ h2 |' Y# @1 [% Z5 {
80. Suppliers’ and handlers’ boycott5 J. k; {2 f) U9 c& R) M
' |! M4 Y2 M4 _! ]7 {: @0 w$ }
Action by Owners and Management! F( V$ Y% K: L6 A) s, a
81. Traders’ boycott
& N$ ]' I- k5 o; _$ F 82. Refusal to let or sell property" t$ n. _- X/ n) \3 l
83. Lockout
1 d: m( t( e* h7 Z4 l 84. Refusal of industrial assistance
- [; E# L) L( W! ~1 E9 f8 @# M 85. Merchants’ “general strike”; f# U; S8 Z2 p, ~1 ?
2 b9 d% Y4 m5 o! _* kAction by Holders of Financial Resources8 X' r' ]4 H: d. F" }6 W- I
86. Withdrawal of bank deposits
" v& d7 _0 A! n4 I @; c9 _ 87. Refusal to pay fees, dues, and assessments: `' J. Y: t( v$ u! k: C
88. Refusal to pay debts or interest
" {, Z6 E6 w- l# s+ V 89. Severance of funds and credit
n& I) {) X+ K+ g$ F1 Q 90. Revenue refusal
0 S# \% m& s; u# |9 G7 z% Z. L 91. Refusal of a government’s money' R. U1 d9 `0 L7 o- E' \: M$ o
/ Z. `4 g* ~, Q. i0 A0 x2 P* [Action by Governments
5 v' o k' c- ?6 v3 T 92. Domestic embargo2 h5 J! B" }' l0 N% _
93. Blacklisting of traders& J$ I8 D9 S! o) J! V6 C+ h
94. International sellers’ embargo
8 f- D# A. O$ q7 @ ` 95. International buyers’ embargo4 J5 h! _) N) u5 [% u
96. International trade embargo& b% J' Q( y' e% l# S
- l$ k* {- |) x$ _ ] Q ! t, E& l( x/ Q2 p
8 S v2 _# d+ o% ?+ w) q
THE METHODS OF ECONOMIC NONCOOPERATION: THE STRIKE
- ~4 S' ^+ z1 c# E0 V' M% h: K; a. s% t7 y/ P6 I: _& |- r0 s' q
% c2 B t# J# B, W( ~
Symbolic Strikes
) A1 P! M# T" _' \* g& g 97. Protest strike2 Q8 Y R7 f) |9 t* @6 v- y
98. Quickie walkout (lightning strike)9 ~2 L7 d) a; _ t8 e% F
4 n& O5 d/ N6 P c4 l, T& }2 G
Agricultural Strikes7 i9 c* {: G8 J- P2 P# ~; O
99. Peasant strike
# H. x J; n+ ]/ {3 z: p7 p* J1 u# s 100. Farm Workers’ strike
" F- A: Y3 j' ~5 W4 m: w$ ^( K4 k! r* D, m, V4 h* m% R" w, L
Strikes by Special Groups+ _ {8 |7 W. l, Q
101. Refusal of impressed labor
, }; v+ M& k4 G# R( ]: K# K 102. Prisoners’ strike
6 E4 n q; n' X2 {7 l 103. Craft strike3 p Q: x; a2 t. H6 x
104. Professional strike
7 z, _2 j& Q6 Z
& Q. j! W; |: n! BOrdinary Industrial Strikes: A- E( Z! K/ T# n& s1 p. b0 |
105. Establishment strike$ `2 ^: N/ a8 R9 E
106. Industry strike2 s& X& G3 e) Y5 U, t) [
107. Sympathetic strike
% |' g+ j4 P2 H9 w, l
1 Q) X8 w! z5 Q' wRestricted Strikes
' K) v# s% R8 \- q | 108. Detailed strike
; a' o, m5 @, S0 H 109. Bumper strike" r: Q/ `* y; e( V1 ?
110. Slowdown strike$ R( o8 W0 S0 o& P
111. Working-to-rule strike
9 U5 a C: ]- w/ l7 C" y6 \ 112. Reporting “sick” (sick-in)
" O! h4 L1 @# L. x- ~* i 113. Strike by resignation y& X/ G' o$ n# r. b+ ^( o9 Q
114. Limited strike
& T; T2 i4 y1 s 115. Selective strike
# K. O. j h% [3 ~! s) v9 o0 @* O5 ?9 g& B" w: f$ W; {
Multi-Industry Strikes7 r2 o0 x6 p; q: D1 T6 q
. h9 G0 X- ]4 }6 q 116. Generalized strike
% w H' _* S0 a# f' q z* N' K0 V: n3 L7 A4 i0 z
117. General strike3 d; z' a6 k# \ @4 U8 F( F
, F7 r) N2 v' J# U1 e
Combination of Strikes and Economic Closures' H& d, ] w0 |+ N
3 t2 B3 c3 T+ O) i, D 118. Hartal
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119. Economic shutdown8 T: M k F# e8 M k7 |( `8 p/ m
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9 K- y$ Q. G% x0 ?+ e/ x; @- NTHE METHODS OF POLITICAL NONCOOPERATION
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Rejection of Authority
7 v" V1 m% S: \' T* j/ z, n 120. Withholding or withdrawal of allegiance
6 z$ A P n ^" b9 w& @# d& a2 W# }% e 121. Refusal of public support1 A; c$ C" D6 h
122. Literature and speeches advocating resistance" a7 }; _6 b9 O& H
: g$ l( l! D1 y0 `6 T6 q" x. L
Citizens’ Noncooperation with Government3 x! @/ ~- }6 I6 p6 [" ~+ d
123. Boycott of legislative bodies n% X4 C, V2 [, O# |, Y. i
124. Boycott of elections- P5 X. s+ L0 Q
125. Boycott of government employment and positions
& d4 ]7 C( V6 A5 m# M 126. Boycott of government depts., agencies, and other bodies
6 F8 y% C1 v. Y4 @& |8 u' B/ p9 K 127. Withdrawal from government educational institutions( _$ G0 _5 K! \
128. Boycott of government-supported organizations! Z* t1 o0 t2 ] F, c' m# ~7 R
129. Refusal of assistance to enforcement agents
" y2 S. e9 f, Y7 B& s 130. Removal of own signs and placemarks+ `9 y0 {" ^. t* b! N* u$ _
131. Refusal to accept appointed officials. h6 H( _, ~* x9 m3 Q! A
132. Refusal to dissolve existing institutions
+ d0 V9 m9 H- W1 p J- |
( b. I# E( r+ K* E% K3 l3 @2 A# ]Citizens’ Alternatives to Obedience/ u: p: N# p! n+ o+ i7 }& f. f
133. Reluctant and slow compliance! c4 N- A7 c, H: d2 X# s
134. Nonobedience in absence of direct supervision0 c# Z Y" S. A4 @
135. Popular nonobedience
* J# e# [2 C/ b' a' T 136. Disguised disobedience$ p6 }1 I& {5 f! R- T
137. Refusal of an assemblage or meeting to disperse
' L% m/ r' U5 w) P6 U: B0 Z& @ 138. Sitdown
# L2 @, {" W5 P- _. O6 i, G- } 139. Noncooperation with conscription and deportation. m2 S$ Z: D/ y
140. Hiding, escape, and false identities
_, O( {0 W, v5 ^: T2 V" y& B 141. Civil disobedience of “illegitimate” laws
1 L0 X5 j0 ^: V2 y- o3 X" `5 T
- l7 S# z0 e8 n( G1 DAction by Government Personnel3 @8 U2 z4 x# H6 R) i) h
142. Selective refusal of assistance by government aides- R$ i& g3 p$ M' `. y T/ R
143. Blocking of lines of command and information. [2 U* w# y4 S b4 Z8 c
144. Stalling and obstruction
! O( c4 K6 {) s6 B4 {# z, `3 p 145. General administrative noncooperation
3 Y5 R3 C9 N; X' P' Y. M% K, j, _3 R" T" H3 h) T7 u2 @
146. Judicial noncooperation9 c' q5 R/ s- Z5 e& e6 ~
147. Deliberate inefficiency and selective noncooperation by enforcement agents. [( {% p0 w# N/ ]& _
148. Mutiny( G1 c4 U! o# n5 P% O$ s: P
Domestic Governmental Action0 }, P1 Y& l8 e
149. Quasi-legal evasions and delays/ e7 k4 i) ]: w- H
150. Noncooperation by constituent governmental units9 o! |$ [6 ^$ O m2 Z5 N+ R2 M
$ h# ?8 C5 D$ a0 G$ g5 V7 w
International Governmental Action; i. a0 T) \1 Y4 {6 A2 P
151. Changes in diplomatic and other representations! `% D5 T* Y! H: P3 x9 Y! n
152. Delay and cancellation of diplomatic events
( Q3 `0 w$ k" g9 b5 L6 O+ o, g5 p 153. Withholding of diplomatic recognition
6 O& Q% R* L/ M1 s8 [9 A! ` 154. Severance of diplomatic relations f% Q0 B) a( @ ^9 n: O
155. Withdrawal from international organizations
3 H0 F9 R) b7 p, ]2 j w/ \ 156. Refusal of membership in international bodies
3 C. b; |6 U9 _1 P& X" H 157. Expulsion from international organizations
6 ~7 H3 y2 ]5 N5 D+ D! l' e8 q4 y' L( D( e+ ~/ ]
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THE METHODS OF NONVIOLENT INTERVENTION! h3 V0 g) x- _: ]3 j
3 E- Y1 k7 E w- ^; B% I# Q, Y
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Psychological Intervention9 U# J( \) u) T! F
158. Self-exposure to the elements6 Q7 z2 U" I, @) A, t# a/ v
159. The fast$ T3 L( q+ a* Q5 U6 ~: c/ Y
a) Fast of moral pressure3 K6 P; H; x i/ M
b) Hunger strike# m$ v6 w2 D! ]% M! S
c) Satyagrahic fast7 X- U* H& S8 F; d
160. Reverse trial/ }) E2 H! i3 H/ l$ {% n
161. Nonviolent harassment
/ [1 h3 E+ ^- b/ J/ F
4 C; O$ Y. v7 G% S2 A( SPhysical Intervention
0 Q, h- ?% E9 ]3 i 162. Sit-in
7 K3 I2 w, v5 F6 O/ G 163. Stand-in
" ~( O& m( u f; \2 q* c0 M 164. Ride-in* h8 \+ L- c% x* ?7 C3 b H) S
165. Wade-in- [, w) A; D1 d5 H5 N' V2 ^. v
166. Mill-in
' k. Z$ [# G/ m5 g0 T) |" X 167. Pray-in9 y- S$ q% t, k8 R w8 x
168. Nonviolent raids
# j1 A! r7 J1 e5 j& V+ A7 v# f 169. Nonviolent air raids- T' s2 v( l* @/ D! g* U
170. Nonviolent invasion
- m H- I3 o. G+ U( D# h6 M6 I 171. Nonviolent interjection) m! d: f* B8 R; z3 o
172. Nonviolent obstruction& i i9 s/ d( I( o) u- P0 z
173. Nonviolent occupation
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Social Intervention5 t m e. f8 m# }" R. f
174. Establishing new social patterns* p) y' u2 V0 Y- J
175. Overloading of facilities' y$ Z* C0 @5 l! U
176. Stall-in* i g8 f* @2 F. D6 w7 h, Z
177. Speak-in
: ^: J3 J" u# ~) K 178. Guerrilla theater
; M2 O' {7 P7 A9 H. n5 S 179. Alternative social institutions
" q' W: G H, I+ a+ H 180. Alternative communication system: x! t' o" N4 l8 `) j+ }: u
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Economic Intervention
+ R6 s# }4 s/ c; s: K' } 181. Reverse strike
& n* x F- ^$ E; Q6 E+ z- \ 182. Stay-in strike
5 c3 {' [& i% {4 w( B: A$ k 183. Nonviolent land seizure
* z& e! i; f5 ~2 F) y 184. Defiance of blockades; h+ B# o! y( h. |0 O
185. Politically motivated counterfeiting
8 W4 o3 @* m$ `5 J 186. Preclusive purchasing$ G9 d2 L& u; q# h. K/ H# _
187. Seizure of assets
+ m3 j8 W4 a; L) } 188. Dumping
% n5 D% I* y- @ 189. Selective patronage" w. a1 Z+ d) B
190. Alternative markets: _- Y; j( X8 A4 o3 F! z
191. Alternative transportation systems
' e) B$ O7 r$ w5 x# k6 { 192. Alternative economic institutions- O) l8 y! y4 T( M O. T' {
% Q1 v3 c1 w3 x6 W! m
Political Intervention
' j$ C$ H# r: C, X$ P8 ?% L% } 193. Overloading of administrative systems
% M* |3 ]9 n: F2 N 194. Disclosing identities of secret agents
' {, X) F% ^, V+ k) Z5 P. G, e 195. Seeking imprisonment
2 @; l3 C" i3 A8 k# ^) F 196. Civil disobedience of “neutral” laws* Y& V5 p- Z9 ]! J/ u, M
197. Work-on without collaboration% T/ V: M1 F1 x6 @6 g
198. Dual sovereignty and parallel government* O/ ]) ]/ m; x0 @" n- s- t
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楼主: reneeqq
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发表于 2016-7-2 18:23
发表于 2016-7-2 22:02
