 鲜花( 240)  鸡蛋( 18)
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发表于 2016-7-3 17:52
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THE METHODS OF NONVIOLENT PROTEST AND PERSUASION. \ f u( F( O9 _4 S7 H* u% t
Formal Statements
3 A. r2 o7 i k i' y$ O* ?( Z 1. Public Speeches
! ~5 U' ]2 p6 I% ^* h8 S! J 2. Letters of opposition or support
2 y- I0 D( X9 o9 | 3. Declarations by organizations and institutions$ z' q4 n7 ~- W1 \- `1 I+ l
4. Signed public statements
. }" x" ?+ P4 L8 b$ F3 _7 { 5. Declarations of indictment and intention
+ F: Z5 ?" b9 U: I2 b0 l l: q 6. Group or mass petitions
' U2 p# I& c& z8 _# w
/ H+ [1 E: g" V3 I5 k1 a& U0 wCommunications with a Wider Audience: _: S) E2 }# B' O
7. Slogans, caricatures, and symbols
! r- n" }' U E4 J 8. Banners, posters, and displayed communications3 m( M6 f( M6 K3 n5 i7 G( t3 u5 L
9. Leaflets, pamphlets, and books
% l2 i( k- L. @: D9 t 10. Newspapers and journals
9 n6 I# \5 x3 A) C( F& L 11. Records, radio, and television& }3 c3 A' n7 M/ y: O4 C
12. Skywriting and earthwriting8 N1 P9 i) T/ x: V& c+ n/ W6 A
_7 Y) F" ?6 S7 \- \+ _2 ?+ ]
Group Representations" y) ?( l6 C: }$ C0 V# u' X
13. Deputations
& Q! c- ?8 I7 @7 i7 r+ o! f 14. Mock awards+ I) r. y$ B j% r/ X% ~% q
15. Group lobbying9 J0 @" |* }4 G* t: U/ Q0 D
16. Picketing
& H: U. ^, N5 V5 k* H1 E 17. Mock elections
% c2 _4 Q% r4 [8 ~) a+ r' V+ J: }; v6 }9 ?# J2 d, B
Symbolic Public Acts7 T) X8 m+ s+ w1 u
18. Displays of flags and symbolic colors) _7 y+ v5 R$ Z- S
19. Wearing of symbols3 o/ t4 G* }4 h- f6 p* q7 u1 b
20. Prayer and worship1 X% O1 {' W4 U5 `
21. Delivering symbolic objects# K: {9 O/ _* r+ n2 q
22. Protest disrobings q g5 u' K; u
23. Destruction of own property8 [6 r2 K. L; ^+ F0 P
24. Symbolic lights
! R3 ]; `/ w+ f* B 25. Displays of portraits) F6 L ~5 J p ?9 \7 U
26. Paint as protest
1 ]0 `( b3 @% k1 o) ` E' V 27. New signs and names
# `8 s0 B0 v2 X9 N- s& ^ 28. Symbolic sounds3 i4 _( r+ W/ [
29. Symbolic reclamations
6 M4 F3 V) Y7 t! T7 I8 ~% l 30. Rude gestures2 f' M! v- T% r+ @ r5 U* F! I' P4 U
# x; a) J; P3 L5 }' \) b
Pressures on Individuals- S; R2 k5 t& R" M0 U/ P& F
31. “Haunting” officials
% v8 e, F ]1 d( A. {! x7 X+ P 32. Taunting officials
% a) n9 d0 z" Q% y. _ 33. Fraternization
; S! q* q D" K# [, U 34. Vigils1 z0 u7 p; X) k, Q" N; o6 P
; s5 ^3 b7 g8 ?: j1 SDrama and Music2 p# s2 V) R0 i" P
35. Humorous skits and pranks3 A* ?( p% K3 [
36. Performances of plays and music( ^; k5 ^5 O9 q% s' Q
37. Singing+ Z3 c; Q1 e( M f8 E0 q+ N
4 n3 J$ E( r+ u3 e% `4 o' NProcessions$ P! h% g3 ]' K) b0 M
38. Marches5 g8 d9 W# I# U' i$ |: f
39. Parades; W9 p! h. w. P2 ], c( a: a7 S$ s( K
40. Religious processions
0 `: m3 y; [3 V0 S4 j% { 41. Pilgrimages' j2 r; D4 y4 y$ o( _
42. Motorcades. p2 v. q' Y& u2 W
. S- D9 z& v5 P) W! GHonoring the Dead/ |5 t$ E4 p4 s6 z. | p4 d# j
43. Political mourning) D- g8 C% W( Y2 E" ?
44. Mock funerals
4 k/ J+ X' N8 s* l" E# Q; `! z 45. Demonstrative funerals# e6 U9 \3 s+ m% J, J2 ~% f9 D3 y) A
46. Homage at burial places2 C1 T+ i* g- u L
) V; m+ g- ]4 M
Public Assemblies
4 K- |8 D% L8 b! | 47. Assemblies of protest or support
' E$ j: [8 G( H* a8 \5 ~ 48. Protest meetings. @+ {& V2 O( ^! `5 S
49. Camouflaged meetings of protest
4 ]/ W. v7 X4 U0 `# W2 C1 K3 E 50. Teach-ins
# b1 H& q' n2 e8 L7 j3 ?9 w5 O/ C! h) g
Withdrawal and Renunciation
" G3 M* n; k& e p6 M) H 51. Walk-outs
; x' V& |, B& [1 ?/ z1 I7 Z; D 52. Silence6 G" k C+ d4 C6 \/ d0 @' C
53. Renouncing honors4 Z; _' ]8 K/ {+ R' W, \) _
54. Turning one’s back6 T$ h9 X4 p- G% K( `
3 f# r" X+ s8 d4 ~8 z
' l% a, P/ ^/ B# O$ }! t
' x& O! z6 ?. h5 B7 cTHE METHODS OF SOCIAL NONCOOPERATION
) M% V5 f; p y: ?" g) y2 U4 X: \ T
9 @. m; U" f; Z- A0 x1 D0 Y 9 h6 k1 i L$ g, h. N
! Q4 _, H/ Y- L5 O: tOstracism of Persons
) }8 G0 T$ Y: S O+ C1 p3 {& j 55. Social boycott
. Q! W2 u A6 c7 H 56. Selective social boycott8 y7 T3 H, W$ L v/ M# _! X
57. Lysistratic nonaction
7 |+ x) h- M# s u( G) }5 P# \ 58. Excommunication! Z, }9 @" _3 X7 i$ A! d+ Q
59. Interdict
5 x% w! h: z' k: D0 x2 D; l6 D, ]. I8 ]4 o1 T5 C" W$ O4 f
Noncooperation with Social Events, Customs, and Institutions
/ }5 O' B& W. P: k- ?+ y1 v. v 60. Suspension of social and sports activities
; Z+ e2 M2 E/ ~; d* q 61. Boycott of social affairs
( [" n' C8 I+ a( s1 N# A* _, G 62. Student strike
% R& H/ \9 o" I- P4 s) d7 Q/ G 63. Social disobedience$ ~* E F& h6 T1 \! }: m
64. Withdrawal from social institutions5 w f% l/ S$ b; N2 k1 _
+ w' s: P9 d4 ]4 ?, b3 x, C: KWithdrawal from the Social System# t. Y/ _- L2 P+ x7 r3 |
65. Stay-at-home
- }! t" x/ X! O- [7 A 66. Total personal noncooperation
4 U' |, B6 ?; i& ]7 a' C 67. “Flight” of workers
% N8 K* t7 r7 }4 a% d 68. Sanctuary
# H1 V3 S% `; t: T" D4 N( w! A& G 69. Collective disappearance) X% B6 z, W) |) O
70. Protest emigration (hijrat)
/ q: }: j5 o$ d. j8 ?/ B) B
$ R4 E, M7 |# Z; y6 G 0 K% d. v" C7 ?/ O; B) R5 g: _( s& N. s
% M: l5 I) v" Y! y3 h m7 LTHE METHODS OF ECONOMIC NONCOOPERATION: ECONOMIC BOYCOTTS
( z2 l: i2 }/ a; E( O6 I3 X8 V+ m
4 {6 P! _. O( V5 ^: L4 N" N 9 R I$ u+ W7 k) r1 U- ]+ k
Actions by Consumers
, b1 E# y4 g: i0 i) ^. | 71. Consumers’ boycott
& W6 D' H1 m2 H# K3 J$ w. v7 s 72. Nonconsumption of boycotted goods8 p7 ?6 Y) u4 N
73. Policy of austerity
$ \5 @- ^ z, E( Q+ Z0 C 74. Rent withholding. |: G3 t( S( @# z; p3 |" _2 c& @
75. Refusal to rent
/ `0 I. p M7 r9 l2 d- ?( T 76. National consumers’ boycott
# I# k) y" @3 T 77. International consumers’ boycott
, B$ ]! `% \4 n' P
6 U$ Q6 v0 [( P) E8 V1 }: gAction by Workers and Producers
' e/ _) ]) b8 e; y 78. Workmen’s boycott( J% ]6 s3 \* n& R" h" K
79. Producers’ boycott! E! a& Q% x4 z- Z4 ]9 n' b
! C: ~3 y" r% q/ WAction by Middlemen( B. R% d2 v7 z T }
80. Suppliers’ and handlers’ boycott" W4 W+ I( F F
& D8 ]) t) N( C4 a9 x. eAction by Owners and Management& K) @9 G. X. l* D9 Q+ `- d" F
81. Traders’ boycott+ y: ~8 } H) d y5 _1 c
82. Refusal to let or sell property
8 D& T8 u* B" N. O 83. Lockout& N8 }( A! D2 u3 n6 F: H
84. Refusal of industrial assistance. }1 l$ r8 }: `( q
85. Merchants’ “general strike”
- S( o3 E4 S- N0 ?0 D7 G7 q G0 ^* z
Action by Holders of Financial Resources
' W, p% a( N! O% i- l 86. Withdrawal of bank deposits: F% ]# q8 X" R' ~' M, D
87. Refusal to pay fees, dues, and assessments
$ \) c8 i- O0 E% X3 j8 q 88. Refusal to pay debts or interest9 j2 j0 v5 r9 i7 {' {
89. Severance of funds and credit
' \ l$ j) O8 a9 w- A4 o 90. Revenue refusal
% n( F% y) F$ E! ?7 J/ m 91. Refusal of a government’s money. {' w& R u. d
@: { _! E; R" T. NAction by Governments( t7 O/ K, l" T* t% r% p% [1 ~
92. Domestic embargo
( n* t2 `# `7 |% p 93. Blacklisting of traders
- w% ]9 ^; W; b 94. International sellers’ embargo
$ N+ z2 |, {* l# T* _$ \ 95. International buyers’ embargo
0 E, j" m. n6 Q0 u2 P2 R! r0 y/ s. Y 96. International trade embargo$ ]6 G+ f+ U o9 Q0 n$ A& Z+ }# l
) x1 E% ?4 f% ? D* ^
8 }6 L* o5 G$ C0 f) T6 ^
4 M8 [7 u2 K7 ~( ]7 LTHE METHODS OF ECONOMIC NONCOOPERATION: THE STRIKE, k8 K" i& K: ~1 {8 @, p" o
5 a1 n$ h/ Y' V
: ]! ~& G/ T/ ?$ Q# e: X+ w- S" [Symbolic Strikes
, d4 c) t3 \: z+ N! n9 m 97. Protest strike' G2 X9 {' A: y0 o; p
98. Quickie walkout (lightning strike)8 w! `3 r4 t' _: S" J% c( B6 c
, R$ O+ S! _0 ]! o- p ]
Agricultural Strikes9 \1 U, f/ n8 o! i; ^+ a) m
99. Peasant strike2 t( ^) {5 A( i4 d" o
100. Farm Workers’ strike. D, J2 ^& p6 L6 Y! V0 i
1 [9 d4 |/ F. { b$ pStrikes by Special Groups
6 \! x `7 l: [. m% |+ o 101. Refusal of impressed labor: P) w9 t1 z9 I* u" P
102. Prisoners’ strike
1 ?' l2 |- j- c2 i 103. Craft strike# Q9 X6 ^. ]6 \% m: V- y
104. Professional strike
2 s g. x3 D7 C" |& J K. g4 m# D+ O4 X0 o
Ordinary Industrial Strikes
, l' P1 D) \1 S: B+ L" \7 A/ a 105. Establishment strike
7 T' j4 \+ P% p5 N% v! E! M 106. Industry strike: X/ m/ b6 B. [0 h) k) L1 @$ z
107. Sympathetic strike1 {* E" [( M. c* y. O. |: X- z/ o! ]
; {6 u: s( {- _3 p1 m" L4 ^9 y
Restricted Strikes/ s: u1 u; M" e8 P
108. Detailed strike
9 h5 v& y* x8 W2 a) o 109. Bumper strike7 x% _( @# |* z1 G0 x
110. Slowdown strike
4 ~' H: N O( _5 a/ r# Q 111. Working-to-rule strike' G! j- t3 E4 s9 s q7 j$ H3 Q; T
112. Reporting “sick” (sick-in)
' Y' Z- p$ Y+ A8 Y) C. \' H 113. Strike by resignation" P3 i+ K: \: H. p
114. Limited strike% S* ~% K& g3 q- X% }5 A! `# v+ E
115. Selective strike
$ I* b- g( L- ~4 y3 O
) M2 j* H+ H- [0 S2 l+ E% BMulti-Industry Strikes
" \; w) K# t8 r; Z. C7 _5 x
+ ~- s1 \" U/ i. l& [4 b 116. Generalized strike
& q: i- P3 Y; P. `% E1 @6 B* G0 R$ l0 s' h/ [+ T2 D
117. General strike
" f4 Z, L# `/ T; R+ ~3 Q
9 B& U* Y! f. Z8 k- ~; Q2 xCombination of Strikes and Economic Closures2 V% B6 n+ i5 l% p+ l; H; M
% G4 K, z- E* a" }7 r 118. Hartal; y* M+ P! ^: L2 |( P
# p( c+ x# J; F% W$ {
119. Economic shutdown* ~( }- U5 J$ w. R
2 j* M& I1 T9 d2 o7 e 7 S5 t) r/ e/ D/ i+ \3 S$ \
_( W6 \' a9 b: X% k- w" mTHE METHODS OF POLITICAL NONCOOPERATION, }6 K5 l% e3 `. u
" V9 M& R$ X5 \$ y! h) \ 7 F9 F3 |, i! z( C9 i
Rejection of Authority
5 j: k; u, [+ ?4 W5 s1 y. m 120. Withholding or withdrawal of allegiance
& Z* A [- L+ A4 ] 121. Refusal of public support
8 v; V& K4 j5 \ 122. Literature and speeches advocating resistance% D- V# W* _" g3 B+ R" W
2 R0 B5 q1 N$ n8 r4 yCitizens’ Noncooperation with Government
" e8 P' z+ u8 k2 C1 g" @/ z. | 123. Boycott of legislative bodies
^) z: j( w3 z0 l 124. Boycott of elections! w3 E- l! O5 I% S- i, Z9 G
125. Boycott of government employment and positions
- g- T4 Q# S! Q1 H9 Y1 Y 126. Boycott of government depts., agencies, and other bodies
: k3 o0 }8 }: S' y- t 127. Withdrawal from government educational institutions
% c& ?# W0 ?9 C; A9 I# X 128. Boycott of government-supported organizations
1 V" \/ j: V1 F, O/ {$ f5 _; v 129. Refusal of assistance to enforcement agents
0 h' v) B) U1 O. E T6 @ 130. Removal of own signs and placemarks
A4 m; n$ U" H8 V2 P, K% E! |. d 131. Refusal to accept appointed officials
% M6 }8 R* j; V 132. Refusal to dissolve existing institutions( Z2 J* H% E; k3 u8 {6 b$ u# P8 u
9 |' z& G3 j6 G, X+ d' bCitizens’ Alternatives to Obedience! u+ L& _/ B# z( ?- i
133. Reluctant and slow compliance
$ M, Q, Q/ J/ N8 G 134. Nonobedience in absence of direct supervision7 ~0 k( B1 r3 i
135. Popular nonobedience N8 m2 ]6 z- y! ~1 Y% c
136. Disguised disobedience
' t$ R0 O& ~6 z* Q4 n 137. Refusal of an assemblage or meeting to disperse
$ z' I: _) i1 a. c4 _ 138. Sitdown) a7 H- Y- t1 c3 a
139. Noncooperation with conscription and deportation: ?+ x% Y( i, l0 A* I8 u r' r+ G9 G
140. Hiding, escape, and false identities
2 y# q" B& W# l( ~, t8 h0 i4 H 141. Civil disobedience of “illegitimate” laws9 M; P# P1 i7 L, _
2 l k- N6 N$ d8 F) Q
Action by Government Personnel, w0 m2 T( G& j) ?; o: l, V# @
142. Selective refusal of assistance by government aides6 R8 a: q' Y2 A- U- k2 H6 N
143. Blocking of lines of command and information# V! t" e7 }0 }7 A0 ]+ r
144. Stalling and obstruction
/ a( y+ V8 p) o: i) d- y+ j 145. General administrative noncooperation2 v; \0 T. }" m- T6 S, Q* ?
; ^! k0 H5 _: z8 h6 g) W, ]% L/ h2 p
146. Judicial noncooperation* m8 Q0 J- u5 h. `
147. Deliberate inefficiency and selective noncooperation by enforcement agents
5 [# A3 I+ j3 ]$ }$ D& f 148. Mutiny/ v" v" @2 c( {
Domestic Governmental Action
1 ^0 J. X9 I* C: |0 W3 b; R 149. Quasi-legal evasions and delays
) c+ n, [8 Q3 b' i8 M- r x 150. Noncooperation by constituent governmental units/ ^& n, x' j# O4 h0 [) ~
. y; i" M, i- c6 E2 q
International Governmental Action9 z" |: v7 I% y- P- R% _: c; x
151. Changes in diplomatic and other representations8 J5 C3 @# v1 M4 L; E) O
152. Delay and cancellation of diplomatic events
$ C& l! B! S, D3 _ 153. Withholding of diplomatic recognition7 j1 b# v; q# ]
154. Severance of diplomatic relations* k( c! A$ q3 p5 r
155. Withdrawal from international organizations
d s( C3 K. @! x! z 156. Refusal of membership in international bodies8 c$ |6 P9 O4 M! ^! z
157. Expulsion from international organizations( y; J7 u" v. k! o, F
2 V3 W, d* `3 v Q) ?+ p+ q
+ ~0 d( x# v/ `5 H. t% m7 g# [' Y5 u0 a+ E6 S! m) d
THE METHODS OF NONVIOLENT INTERVENTION
* l% P( H+ O x% x, \; F1 Y
. s3 q2 `# Q6 `5 s" a- c ! W* N- p7 f) c' K) X, b, o4 Q; l
Psychological Intervention7 ]% a* Q, T7 N( B# V
158. Self-exposure to the elements
7 [ V' G5 c/ ~6 X8 a 159. The fast0 E& K( U# @" o* ~2 ^
a) Fast of moral pressure! v! |7 N' [/ a# e
b) Hunger strike
" j6 D( a" F# F/ }% [1 p' t' v4 J K c) Satyagrahic fast
, Q' h) H/ {; z8 Y 160. Reverse trial
$ @3 h% l" X( P1 s* a! @ 161. Nonviolent harassment5 E! E" z6 q; M: j/ _! Q6 Y
5 ^4 | P( E6 Q# \! e6 g+ H
Physical Intervention8 G% d8 z1 S9 k! M1 E* s/ s$ _
162. Sit-in
( @* z( p6 i0 K) l5 g" p 163. Stand-in
: _4 C- x" z# ]* J% M 164. Ride-in/ W+ o) z4 ]8 }. D% e+ x0 d
165. Wade-in9 l( r: h# ~( h0 G$ J) b& E) B
166. Mill-in9 ?* @5 ?6 w- o/ U, I: [0 o( C
167. Pray-in
) I( q* ^) O- `. G' i/ m D 168. Nonviolent raids3 @) q! n3 R* L
169. Nonviolent air raids7 R9 \5 a3 ?/ ]" G8 ?
170. Nonviolent invasion6 F3 X1 H. f' p
171. Nonviolent interjection; `# }# x) j. T! I, P, g6 b
172. Nonviolent obstruction, E: J/ x4 u$ e& ?: o" Z% c
173. Nonviolent occupation
6 _# ]% E8 m! r- z( w
# _4 f" }+ v! b0 F+ @, P1 `Social Intervention
7 p. |: x- r8 B7 T 174. Establishing new social patterns
a: V c$ A- r$ }0 r8 P" p 175. Overloading of facilities4 u/ ^* G3 d4 n/ r6 I& S
176. Stall-in1 n& w. ^) U6 O% S/ }
177. Speak-in7 ]; M7 q3 }- J: V* s
178. Guerrilla theater
' X9 s! v' E6 _! S* D 179. Alternative social institutions
1 b1 D( J$ I5 s+ Z; a8 K( K 180. Alternative communication system
* Z2 p1 n2 i* D7 _0 g: J& ]; L5 z: Q$ c ?6 c$ h
Economic Intervention
X0 N2 v- x2 C! Y5 S7 S! q v0 q! x 181. Reverse strike! ^2 W2 X) p% ^. y+ S
182. Stay-in strike
7 m# d3 G( A6 H# p8 e" y 183. Nonviolent land seizure6 K$ _4 S4 D: K9 U5 G
184. Defiance of blockades% F4 F! ]) G- V s7 P
185. Politically motivated counterfeiting
O7 a3 n" A1 v6 P 186. Preclusive purchasing" w. @ a6 k" E* E! {% _3 [' t1 M
187. Seizure of assets
4 I/ h& J. ?" u2 L' | 188. Dumping
, D3 V0 i: ~9 k+ c, A7 e 189. Selective patronage* W5 X1 O! s2 }" p5 d" u( ~
190. Alternative markets
4 h/ @9 J4 z& C! i8 \' Z( r5 q2 T 191. Alternative transportation systems& B1 X+ i t; c' A- s
192. Alternative economic institutions
& s1 G& i; c8 O
6 h. o% g7 O( a3 z; o$ xPolitical Intervention& E, h; y0 x4 f* }( y" E* y" W
193. Overloading of administrative systems; H: D. b W; Y9 _3 [; N
194. Disclosing identities of secret agents
9 m( p y. p9 H/ c* \ ~ 195. Seeking imprisonment3 ~0 u8 q2 {, I- H0 G; z
196. Civil disobedience of “neutral” laws# z6 ^1 Y. J4 g" M7 r
197. Work-on without collaboration
- X$ E0 Q' T& w) b i' v 198. Dual sovereignty and parallel government
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楼主: reneeqq
狗仔卡
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发表于 2016-7-2 18:23
发表于 2016-7-2 22:02
