 鲜花( 240)  鸡蛋( 18)
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发表于 2016-7-3 17:52
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THE METHODS OF NONVIOLENT PROTEST AND PERSUASION% L/ F' H2 W! w% p! u1 z
Formal Statements8 B' m" K, v& h% a2 } U/ d" _: Q
1. Public Speeches
/ I) X/ P" z- w 2. Letters of opposition or support* A: j1 H5 j, ~# |
3. Declarations by organizations and institutions
/ t1 E. c% r( m- T$ ^ 4. Signed public statements6 S4 `5 \ D1 M( F2 N, U! `
5. Declarations of indictment and intention: j6 k. S8 q- b% P9 x
6. Group or mass petitions3 K3 ~ X4 Y8 K% V/ ]3 `3 w2 q
; I+ L N- S7 k& w: I0 G4 o* zCommunications with a Wider Audience
3 C+ p' a L* S* C0 v 7. Slogans, caricatures, and symbols, i# j$ Q0 Q+ U$ c/ {6 h) u' e
8. Banners, posters, and displayed communications4 \/ b2 y2 g' N6 l
9. Leaflets, pamphlets, and books) M Q) }# |- ]8 ^0 G# Y- Y. x. z+ D+ H5 v
10. Newspapers and journals& j0 h# k& d$ J2 D5 m
11. Records, radio, and television3 t; x9 S9 C% p* Q3 Q
12. Skywriting and earthwriting0 P- I/ D2 |2 o* B) z# N
9 J, m2 o) M, p& b6 F4 L
Group Representations
s! j+ ~$ K: p. s* r0 t0 r! y 13. Deputations) Z- L% T1 o4 Z; V2 A8 f/ I
14. Mock awards: d1 s$ I2 L& p3 `4 ?6 `5 d
15. Group lobbying2 C# e& _& R$ |4 A! C" Z
16. Picketing5 l7 ?* l7 `- y3 ^0 v! \8 P
17. Mock elections. m; \0 X+ i2 j
+ B6 x& L3 G$ j+ g |) S0 H+ h! m
Symbolic Public Acts+ I' I9 |( [. M9 B1 x
18. Displays of flags and symbolic colors# y" o- ]; e! N6 K4 K/ k$ S
19. Wearing of symbols. M% N, _4 D6 y4 i) |2 v
20. Prayer and worship
7 d9 k$ B, q& Y: u* c8 e3 @ 21. Delivering symbolic objects
' S8 a1 B) \. [ U0 l4 @! Z 22. Protest disrobings0 ~& G9 i6 S n4 {$ B, }
23. Destruction of own property
4 h% l% [& U1 s6 `6 { 24. Symbolic lights
1 J) q. P* Z- u: U7 ? 25. Displays of portraits+ N; C o$ F2 |2 N
26. Paint as protest
0 w( ^9 Z. l1 `5 k! E6 G$ D& g 27. New signs and names
, I; J: z2 o/ e; X9 Z9 {/ N 28. Symbolic sounds
% g+ [" w( [/ h( b 29. Symbolic reclamations
: ?9 d* l: ]. `, x: V 30. Rude gestures/ u ]) {6 H, G7 x' ]) X
- q5 H$ p5 |0 z( _
Pressures on Individuals6 X1 Y# E t) Y6 v3 k2 x' W
31. “Haunting” officials
2 ~2 Z# J9 F; ]6 b3 Q# M 32. Taunting officials( D& v, R# |% Z0 E- }/ ~
33. Fraternization' |$ @% ~: l, _4 m4 {2 Q
34. Vigils
: e9 T2 `8 q$ s
# [/ i0 d8 w$ l# B$ Z4 ]: nDrama and Music
^) \ [, x- H D$ `) ]! { 35. Humorous skits and pranks7 ~" t9 r+ C4 \8 u9 B- N
36. Performances of plays and music) p. i& }3 |3 }. }
37. Singing
u4 Y* ?3 {$ l8 h6 G* p: c$ N2 s7 |3 X( b
Processions
! e7 ]7 T% ~+ O! I0 g: m s 38. Marches @1 B: ~1 ~& J/ v0 B
39. Parades, t, x, u' @& K9 z+ u' e2 t8 i
40. Religious processions" r% X: T1 \! x, L4 g4 u/ T
41. Pilgrimages+ W* u, g8 j$ B- S9 `, B C# Y7 C
42. Motorcades3 a: t7 H, W2 S4 a
% G {4 v* T# J% E1 C) ]! M
Honoring the Dead
0 u# O' _0 T4 c4 _ 43. Political mourning/ \$ h+ I" ~$ X/ j/ O1 b
44. Mock funerals
7 J/ Y3 Q% y% J8 O0 e1 \0 F 45. Demonstrative funerals0 X7 H2 q9 W! E3 ^$ T. f
46. Homage at burial places
) g, A9 n5 ^7 a/ i# B( S6 e2 G: @' W I) ]6 a
Public Assemblies( B- P$ w& c- Z# ~2 ]8 m7 @5 |
47. Assemblies of protest or support
/ a d% N8 a' T/ W: s5 [) h# S 48. Protest meetings
% M3 T7 n) S" Y4 s1 @ 49. Camouflaged meetings of protest5 S' |+ @ [& e8 {5 C& b2 d
50. Teach-ins- t0 i( q# n% f. Q% C
) N' \- ~& |( E+ L$ U+ D+ {Withdrawal and Renunciation
7 M* L) ^( D# ~. A 51. Walk-outs
0 W. s% `7 w( b6 e' f* Y 52. Silence) h5 D2 C: N0 l# ?4 D1 [: m$ Q |( B" O
53. Renouncing honors4 |& K) U# H2 o' i+ h0 C
54. Turning one’s back Y1 F9 F7 [$ E
4 {1 N I- L0 e. ^* J# f
~% _9 @4 M, ~' ~# K4 q
5 T( m* E: ~) O* pTHE METHODS OF SOCIAL NONCOOPERATION. ?6 |$ z3 \7 ^3 G' O& V7 ~
3 T% w. U+ _5 \/ @# f! p; X
7 j* t8 y, P% L- B( i7 N
' g6 d. s2 {% _
Ostracism of Persons
1 D/ m5 H3 c: | 55. Social boycott
! L6 e: O) H( G4 ? 56. Selective social boycott
% x( d7 V( \1 _& S 57. Lysistratic nonaction1 D! k2 K o% w8 Y. |
58. Excommunication
) P- R0 T3 E- [8 p7 X 59. Interdict3 v8 |7 D$ W* t- n& _
2 Z0 Y% p; ^# D" c; t4 ^- O
Noncooperation with Social Events, Customs, and Institutions
- i) ~- L9 ~$ W0 r$ A% Q5 }% ~ 60. Suspension of social and sports activities
$ B7 j# A" @: S 61. Boycott of social affairs
' |5 Z. H: q% y: G7 P/ I 62. Student strike& \5 D$ O2 Z! j) l. O. C1 d
63. Social disobedience
: C4 T/ v& n- m7 Q 64. Withdrawal from social institutions0 T9 l# y! t* Y
6 h M# w: y' m8 I2 B( t0 W
Withdrawal from the Social System+ K' q: P$ d% P# R
65. Stay-at-home
7 D* s2 ?" V& ?, ~ 66. Total personal noncooperation
* ]7 i0 E! N& H, W* Z, n7 W1 k 67. “Flight” of workers. T& C8 g! z3 Z6 v! E* y$ p
68. Sanctuary s s% u# U4 H( }2 P- N0 Z
69. Collective disappearance
( h U6 o9 k1 q+ z 70. Protest emigration (hijrat)* b. W3 O, ]$ {
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, M5 L7 y% x1 b% y7 B/ e
- I3 P) @. n/ O) R5 @9 g3 k5 @THE METHODS OF ECONOMIC NONCOOPERATION: ECONOMIC BOYCOTTS% k% O" I) U+ ?0 L' {
# C. a4 {+ @' O! D6 x6 _
1 }8 y+ Y2 Z' _2 s" RActions by Consumers( p" Z1 ~, T! [
71. Consumers’ boycott
. g: _$ T. ~1 w: n& p 72. Nonconsumption of boycotted goods
1 r9 \8 H/ f! q7 X7 \4 g 73. Policy of austerity, i* h' y: S I. R0 N6 j- ?
74. Rent withholding
( ?5 ~9 I3 \3 t7 @5 c# v" x+ V' g+ J 75. Refusal to rent
m3 j" Y5 }& i R! Q2 s3 a 76. National consumers’ boycott) w# G, L$ b" @; g( e4 c
77. International consumers’ boycott5 D0 i3 k u, D, |2 ]) X/ }# k6 _
9 Q/ H( D+ U# f- X6 lAction by Workers and Producers
% q, s$ l5 T' h4 G" s 78. Workmen’s boycott' M2 F$ x( P# }& I- F
79. Producers’ boycott: k# ?; X2 o/ Q
4 A) F' N+ P* ]6 j: l7 P- DAction by Middlemen
4 h A- {8 h( y2 B. `; I. x 80. Suppliers’ and handlers’ boycott7 A* D5 b; o' _7 r/ X: L
~: ~( r! u& ?. G( t
Action by Owners and Management5 _ j3 d3 W' Z' V* p
81. Traders’ boycott/ _2 a E5 \8 \0 s, a( o
82. Refusal to let or sell property
3 r4 p! Q& n( d$ g F8 t4 l 83. Lockout
3 p- H8 F( K, f5 `7 @ 84. Refusal of industrial assistance5 z: ?2 ~* Q" ?
85. Merchants’ “general strike”. \% W9 D2 Y& V% \1 w) M; C
1 N% m: A1 G% y6 Z! g
Action by Holders of Financial Resources7 l' c: `+ {. M ]7 W5 o
86. Withdrawal of bank deposits
8 f9 X+ l6 \* w 87. Refusal to pay fees, dues, and assessments
% Y& A% o% s. y5 \ 88. Refusal to pay debts or interest
: j8 {; b8 I+ X0 d' } 89. Severance of funds and credit
/ v) M. p. t7 _; q 90. Revenue refusal
8 d( \( H- d. ~0 o. v5 X& R 91. Refusal of a government’s money
2 {8 l3 ]+ ~# ]8 R( k4 H6 `% \1 V
. ], M& u0 t* T7 b* [) MAction by Governments
8 U) h5 Y- Q1 H- v 92. Domestic embargo
* c" R5 n5 r D: _# S, p8 H 93. Blacklisting of traders
# ?& T7 F$ I8 u* m; s 94. International sellers’ embargo
" @1 R" D# i' K0 ] I+ V2 a 95. International buyers’ embargo
- L0 a& F" ]" G; J- c6 u 96. International trade embargo
% P$ w9 c& C7 D7 p+ j/ ^- c& c5 A! I) Z( F' u0 p' M& s/ Z1 @4 J
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THE METHODS OF ECONOMIC NONCOOPERATION: THE STRIKE
. j1 I/ u/ v! u/ t, I _; j
& O9 [+ J$ @+ n4 N; O5 L % s8 t- d6 s: A- Z
Symbolic Strikes' N" r) l4 g3 R/ v
97. Protest strike: H9 I, ^$ `) Q& w
98. Quickie walkout (lightning strike)
4 N% z: q( f/ k9 j
5 M0 z' m" Q3 m3 hAgricultural Strikes
7 w( D5 y, p& M* D 99. Peasant strike; O3 A" V1 p4 O4 A
100. Farm Workers’ strike
7 T3 W# q5 n, ?: p! S7 x7 e) K; L& A, S1 Q8 M6 @5 Z
Strikes by Special Groups
# v! D7 z, u2 e' u! i: X 101. Refusal of impressed labor. A$ ~# ]8 C0 H- N' y4 Q
102. Prisoners’ strike
& V! S' q7 o) l6 a 103. Craft strike5 k7 q6 U- R: i4 c0 x; \
104. Professional strike8 D+ e" p. d1 X# @4 P% A$ B9 r. p! e
8 s, h9 I6 z) a) n! V- a5 s% [8 JOrdinary Industrial Strikes. [5 x+ O ]% m4 q
105. Establishment strike
; d, z) o# g% e 106. Industry strike
8 ?: m; W/ z4 M9 ^5 L |, p4 f) g5 ] 107. Sympathetic strike V% U; g* D& X6 o4 b' w
7 ~8 `. D3 j3 G9 U3 n' zRestricted Strikes
* y' n# y# J2 p9 v+ z 108. Detailed strike$ X( Y) w3 ~% Z: p
109. Bumper strike6 q) ]8 w2 p' e
110. Slowdown strike i1 Z4 E/ N* q6 r e' Y+ V7 S5 `
111. Working-to-rule strike
7 O7 S% E- w* r" W: {) b4 [3 ?& h 112. Reporting “sick” (sick-in)6 x. P1 S) u6 e' Y, D9 b4 O# k
113. Strike by resignation6 O) h# x5 ]4 K! L) B! h4 {( Q. h
114. Limited strike
7 E' a% T, A. h 115. Selective strike
; V: E7 [5 d1 u5 ?
- v: p: D9 U7 {( GMulti-Industry Strikes) u9 p; B' L3 x2 Z' C" b$ N
' `: h' A0 N# _) c' F: M 116. Generalized strike& ]5 D7 M m5 J# X) \" b
: F/ c, M" j* S: I- q 117. General strike# g4 F ^; Z' B1 i; b
* m# z' c+ T) @5 j( yCombination of Strikes and Economic Closures) o0 J% A* T2 t
2 t3 r. u6 G" R, u5 I9 J$ F& r
118. Hartal
% R5 P" p4 ~$ v
0 ~% @3 E/ f& b1 A' T( ?% s 119. Economic shutdown" K# g8 l0 @! d8 [. r
4 k1 s; ?3 R5 {5 H
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/ J: \- X3 m0 Q& pTHE METHODS OF POLITICAL NONCOOPERATION0 f& ~$ W' n& P* ^
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5 }* i3 P2 t! M* Q2 tRejection of Authority
7 o5 y7 {( `6 c% O 120. Withholding or withdrawal of allegiance+ g# z" y! }, k# N$ }, p* G+ R: V6 m
121. Refusal of public support
7 g2 R* k, T" O/ z m 122. Literature and speeches advocating resistance( p7 u( p3 ^& |( N4 M5 n$ U$ [
" T6 A; s) z" k3 w5 E- r
Citizens’ Noncooperation with Government
( g0 f2 H- ^' \, t 123. Boycott of legislative bodies
( \ B7 i/ d! e! y; g$ c 124. Boycott of elections6 k3 |& U, i- d5 ?4 @1 t0 s! l
125. Boycott of government employment and positions; l. b- D6 [! j% g3 N
126. Boycott of government depts., agencies, and other bodies$ s4 \4 i% H9 N. C: ^
127. Withdrawal from government educational institutions
6 y2 p( Y9 |& W) w |- F# ^% s( ?& [3 A 128. Boycott of government-supported organizations ?0 }8 }" z$ V5 k# u
129. Refusal of assistance to enforcement agents" {! P* N( V0 I$ i$ G7 [
130. Removal of own signs and placemarks
H3 K* t7 v7 `$ p+ } 131. Refusal to accept appointed officials
$ z* g4 I( a5 R: T1 k) } 132. Refusal to dissolve existing institutions, _5 j6 g, n( u3 R/ y- D
2 _' |. n/ K; a: j
Citizens’ Alternatives to Obedience( c: k6 K k( O4 w1 T6 h
133. Reluctant and slow compliance9 C5 Z3 {+ D, B7 @
134. Nonobedience in absence of direct supervision
6 \# v5 _* t' E: u& B; @ 135. Popular nonobedience6 w1 V( a7 U6 ^5 x6 A
136. Disguised disobedience
' w' \1 {+ P$ B7 N C( _ 137. Refusal of an assemblage or meeting to disperse8 ~. L5 |% e/ \
138. Sitdown: s" H7 Q1 J5 E2 W
139. Noncooperation with conscription and deportation- h5 @0 t% G- `: S# | K, W
140. Hiding, escape, and false identities e; ~4 O4 |1 M4 B' \" w) {) j) T/ n
141. Civil disobedience of “illegitimate” laws1 m# R8 r3 }5 L
5 O+ i. t# K( } T8 l1 |2 q
Action by Government Personnel! F; t, a1 c! X
142. Selective refusal of assistance by government aides
0 n) |0 d5 P2 Z( @' k# i- F 143. Blocking of lines of command and information
5 g3 Z; k8 H1 i7 X 144. Stalling and obstruction: S; M& J5 c9 W& R$ s
145. General administrative noncooperation
' h X" [' r, p* s. b: ^9 U9 N2 x2 j* n
146. Judicial noncooperation* _9 k- ~# {" E. m2 z; R' B- j
147. Deliberate inefficiency and selective noncooperation by enforcement agents
7 g" X3 K; \: D; [. x3 h6 L" B 148. Mutiny$ ?. C |2 f2 A; c! x
Domestic Governmental Action
# b1 {/ h, F3 B. F5 N& m6 n& i; b8 l 149. Quasi-legal evasions and delays! h4 C! y0 \; n* Q! b
150. Noncooperation by constituent governmental units
9 h u9 T* e+ [2 l+ A( O! R8 l7 a2 t' v
International Governmental Action
% k1 R z+ v4 b 151. Changes in diplomatic and other representations& u% ~! q5 Z) F' P* ?
152. Delay and cancellation of diplomatic events# [: m Y! l- p
153. Withholding of diplomatic recognition
. ]4 y- Z1 N) C 154. Severance of diplomatic relations
; H/ ?( B6 P* x: i( V* D 155. Withdrawal from international organizations# r, F) k/ e( |
156. Refusal of membership in international bodies2 `' K6 r3 p- b! I Y( ?5 o
157. Expulsion from international organizations
7 o$ l8 q9 P/ |1 G* d' i6 D o" @, H1 y* j
$ @7 d H i k8 U5 H+ ]; Y5 X
5 Y) D, F0 x1 V* v+ s8 j$ Q, @
THE METHODS OF NONVIOLENT INTERVENTION N1 e7 t" S0 X2 f5 U9 o6 V
: [, H! {3 \6 H) T/ P( _0 S. }
: c( k8 d+ x. F) a
Psychological Intervention! V2 M9 p0 N- s* I$ a9 g1 L
158. Self-exposure to the elements
+ o+ v" ^3 Q: _. b* c; b. |- \4 e/ l 159. The fast
3 k& l/ g. b5 ^3 P. a a) Fast of moral pressure
/ w5 C: f5 c2 @4 K; i+ b b) Hunger strike
( ~1 `! k- B4 G- ^ c) Satyagrahic fast* S% u3 p' h3 n p4 `$ {
160. Reverse trial/ O/ |6 ?$ p) {; C, z
161. Nonviolent harassment+ m: q. u" D1 J& g3 p7 o
- k- w" p% P! k8 aPhysical Intervention7 l8 h. e" }! v3 C
162. Sit-in' d2 N+ I; d+ {- [1 P/ _0 z% M
163. Stand-in
2 f6 S+ j+ y7 f% e$ h 164. Ride-in# k* f, q, g1 O" M8 S
165. Wade-in- w" m7 D3 E& C+ R
166. Mill-in B. K W) j8 j, t6 f3 V
167. Pray-in
4 n& H) O' K) f4 z; Q" W. ] 168. Nonviolent raids
, E/ w6 ^9 c6 F* ]! n 169. Nonviolent air raids
+ g& ]5 F- l, j' f- x8 m5 d 170. Nonviolent invasion" m6 u3 R7 A/ {2 m) I! J% e9 N
171. Nonviolent interjection
2 G8 r8 k2 F! ~& n1 d; S; E 172. Nonviolent obstruction
7 T2 H& K# \( A 173. Nonviolent occupation
+ s4 u" r! z. i6 ~, u0 n/ G5 R& |; W e
Social Intervention$ Q8 a+ x- M2 {+ Y+ S
174. Establishing new social patterns* N- g5 x4 \, T! Z+ V! T9 ~$ s! q, V
175. Overloading of facilities; { H; W% @* Z
176. Stall-in) Z9 b' l( Z6 s g# c* i
177. Speak-in$ p1 v& S; ^& S7 s9 j2 L, r
178. Guerrilla theater
- ^% m: L& a/ t( c 179. Alternative social institutions
+ f: D- h! ]8 ~7 Z* k4 b8 D7 c 180. Alternative communication system; R' ] e$ P/ a9 Y2 ]0 C! @" W
% R. |+ V$ k6 m1 f% e9 t! B6 G
Economic Intervention
7 T1 X6 N+ w. |, n2 X 181. Reverse strike
9 M C$ o5 K* ?, O( E* H. r! H0 ] 182. Stay-in strike
, K6 s9 d. S5 b* m 183. Nonviolent land seizure, G4 M/ T- k. l# O9 L+ S
184. Defiance of blockades
1 O3 S% x: a' {- H- S* F9 } 185. Politically motivated counterfeiting
+ R5 `- W7 S$ E3 [+ v+ Y 186. Preclusive purchasing
; w8 m' X4 y9 i 187. Seizure of assets+ p8 p; w7 v4 J& @
188. Dumping6 k/ o* T" @' s; s: p
189. Selective patronage
' L7 ] c& y( Z 190. Alternative markets- N- r$ ~4 k3 S0 l# Q& f
191. Alternative transportation systems% G9 X3 N- D8 C: A# ?, }& ]* _
192. Alternative economic institutions" J- w4 N/ o: g. g/ {! R: D. N
& C/ J% h$ ]& s8 n
Political Intervention4 x; w$ W+ s+ ^. p) L7 ~6 K* K
193. Overloading of administrative systems" h% y" r8 i/ o9 [
194. Disclosing identities of secret agents
- b" Y$ n* e6 t( \; z 195. Seeking imprisonment3 I( e/ q6 n* [/ m: N/ x% m* K
196. Civil disobedience of “neutral” laws+ X# N+ t R% Y4 f" ]) k9 C
197. Work-on without collaboration
^; n* @8 u+ V, q3 k% Q 198. Dual sovereignty and parallel government
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楼主: reneeqq
狗仔卡
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发表于 2016-7-2 18:23
发表于 2016-7-2 22:02
