 鲜花( 240)  鸡蛋( 18)
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发表于 2016-7-3 17:52
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THE METHODS OF NONVIOLENT PROTEST AND PERSUASION
2 ]( ?8 ?! e! ~1 _- A# n3 `Formal Statements
7 i7 Y( _% K& f v& X4 z 1. Public Speeches, A2 y* \3 r8 u( E, _
2. Letters of opposition or support
9 J# D% i7 s& I6 Y3 E2 S 3. Declarations by organizations and institutions9 S& N* r e3 w; j8 ?; Z. b/ D7 P& t s
4. Signed public statements
7 g( _+ t4 i! ~6 t0 y 5. Declarations of indictment and intention
9 s F4 O% Q' F6 y 6. Group or mass petitions) B, w0 z2 P% c f& s: w
$ |. K6 F" _2 m) U8 W9 _4 L! hCommunications with a Wider Audience! }( W0 M+ K. M5 N
7. Slogans, caricatures, and symbols
/ U$ j* ? i" c8 ^6 t 8. Banners, posters, and displayed communications; Y; O4 y: o {
9. Leaflets, pamphlets, and books5 Z2 H1 _% h' x$ V8 N6 w5 y; X
10. Newspapers and journals
8 G/ s$ z9 x Q6 y5 A$ T 11. Records, radio, and television8 g: w* V3 W: |( k$ O! F0 B; f" D
12. Skywriting and earthwriting& R _) ?5 P: i1 x! K" c
2 ~" ^1 I' L, P n$ |; }Group Representations9 E" v! Y- V: {- T' m
13. Deputations) [- w0 l0 w+ D& q
14. Mock awards
# x4 M6 [0 Q) J( o E# G) v( o 15. Group lobbying [( R3 I. h/ N2 H4 m |- Q- `# n
16. Picketing
- W- _' P+ k0 q7 d. ] 17. Mock elections- w4 w, u `/ N" k+ j8 Y3 Z) J* G
" ^* e* f9 c' p% y5 V# n! q7 a
Symbolic Public Acts4 M1 H7 q, Y8 k, i
18. Displays of flags and symbolic colors
+ G7 G! z4 |8 G, { 19. Wearing of symbols
# {! _1 b% ~( p8 c6 a9 l" p. m* Z 20. Prayer and worship- e. `# j+ @- F) n
21. Delivering symbolic objects
% T0 U) K. W9 Q% z @+ H" n 22. Protest disrobings
+ y% i# a" s3 S" B& z" ] 23. Destruction of own property# X) Y- H! ?# i2 u
24. Symbolic lights
, @, `) v: C% t2 ?9 t 25. Displays of portraits i& N6 c7 h& M- P0 I
26. Paint as protest( Y' ~( g( e- k% ]& T: j
27. New signs and names' R; W) t t j' s' e
28. Symbolic sounds
0 i3 Q9 O0 l' P 29. Symbolic reclamations
. L$ H" k& A- K" O 30. Rude gestures
/ ^; J0 \9 y+ N0 j! a2 L' `0 E6 i H. m- C, f9 z2 x6 i
Pressures on Individuals/ r3 Z% Z! V3 o/ ~
31. “Haunting” officials
) l( g% q& l7 r% P$ t4 T% e4 ] 32. Taunting officials
& D, X7 m; M9 f6 N1 m5 Q3 z( u 33. Fraternization- l2 {& F+ _+ s8 n, N1 M5 o
34. Vigils
1 d* M' Q- R. B# U+ @7 ]( ?- o6 a% w6 y: h. Q3 |
Drama and Music
+ B+ Q( A4 a7 M: c* t# A# N& z 35. Humorous skits and pranks6 f$ y# R' L& G" R7 W/ E
36. Performances of plays and music
$ p* G# e+ ^! ~3 {1 H4 ] 37. Singing
: g, i5 ]) t4 ?5 g# H7 L6 o7 t' r- \2 h8 }0 B! }: f) c1 e$ U
Processions8 p9 s7 Y0 E7 x: O- m- ^- ]2 I C
38. Marches3 [2 r0 U% L0 Z9 p
39. Parades
1 c3 v/ N: O, Z Q 40. Religious processions
, X7 J% X. z( \& X! F0 @4 N 41. Pilgrimages
5 x. c# b, B# N% M# `) ^$ L4 c 42. Motorcades7 v3 K5 f' A* h0 j
' z' u! ~, D5 \& J
Honoring the Dead
1 c9 {7 W" L4 u# u$ ?- E+ m2 W6 h" b 43. Political mourning' f; f- M$ K7 |/ W
44. Mock funerals( ?' _. ^+ ]8 ` g5 h
45. Demonstrative funerals2 t |3 u$ u% c- J! k( O$ @
46. Homage at burial places- U' o1 i: Y3 e' X9 U5 w
5 \! M4 M4 {' N b# YPublic Assemblies
3 Z7 ]8 E& p' q 47. Assemblies of protest or support7 ?% q: F2 d+ _# n
48. Protest meetings
# {1 a$ x& S, i3 p 49. Camouflaged meetings of protest$ A: o2 w# _7 E+ @1 W
50. Teach-ins! x) ?: r; \7 [+ F6 V
l: u1 J% f2 g3 r: `Withdrawal and Renunciation
) {) _* c! C, y* M 51. Walk-outs
, o4 X. o# b* w1 }0 s# ? 52. Silence
] I2 l% e3 N 53. Renouncing honors
& q6 | D' }# }9 C* q/ I( _ d 54. Turning one’s back
5 p* i) d0 Y" M* [: m+ ^7 g: M5 @7 B- p
/ d3 V! ~$ d) ?& e( v
" W4 P$ D, [& d5 JTHE METHODS OF SOCIAL NONCOOPERATION5 ~. n1 p# N- L; X1 i- Q- }
* r# c! ~# r2 y0 B9 ~ / ` \* |* j& V: e1 r! \
: Z, x! D. u$ @/ W& h
Ostracism of Persons
+ p8 [$ x! z3 t/ P6 ?/ C- Q8 I, ` 55. Social boycott7 M9 A" f5 i$ t5 n" X
56. Selective social boycott6 b, P9 b6 d" D' _- Z: \/ C) H
57. Lysistratic nonaction
- R8 z$ `" g6 @5 E0 @ 58. Excommunication
{: F% X# C+ c) N" d7 A' x% { 59. Interdict: C T& F) g( O# M: N% m
! Y# g" k! N, N" X
Noncooperation with Social Events, Customs, and Institutions
# n! W8 D9 ^8 A; L' Q8 Y. e6 p 60. Suspension of social and sports activities/ [ S- ?0 _, o% D6 n& e: n; l+ f! u
61. Boycott of social affairs3 O+ Z6 J8 ]4 m( I# W/ R' h
62. Student strike6 \! l8 J v+ K3 W9 T# D# Y# f
63. Social disobedience
% P0 R2 Z" @- r' S9 C6 u4 a 64. Withdrawal from social institutions
; D- u- J" J0 ]# N+ f/ J7 }7 @4 i) G8 }7 A3 u
Withdrawal from the Social System. ]7 l. [: x$ S) a' \( H" c2 o
65. Stay-at-home( }* z7 q; F2 j' k: s
66. Total personal noncooperation8 ?3 h$ Y, Z+ \/ B5 m
67. “Flight” of workers5 y9 c _, J7 g+ Q/ N9 X" d
68. Sanctuary
: I# \! O, O6 u; ?- k 69. Collective disappearance
, B: U$ a9 E2 d. g 70. Protest emigration (hijrat)
" f. ~5 D- a; m; l/ O# [* X# ]& Q; z& |/ `+ E# S7 u
4 K4 b( k9 l- n
$ v. w' d! @$ f* F0 A
THE METHODS OF ECONOMIC NONCOOPERATION: ECONOMIC BOYCOTTS
' s& r W/ ?) S8 ~7 ^5 [# C/ r6 M( J$ q5 g1 I3 R) C
$ D6 x% t% x7 E9 u& P6 U& j
Actions by Consumers
+ a0 H/ d# ~6 m: f! h 71. Consumers’ boycott
' o, t! k6 Q5 |' q' w( o 72. Nonconsumption of boycotted goods
$ e& k* B# [1 c, P# e 73. Policy of austerity* x3 @% w2 t/ O5 {$ {* R
74. Rent withholding
2 @6 Z" |" H4 r8 m& w 75. Refusal to rent
8 F" X* \/ Y. g! D* h1 m8 O 76. National consumers’ boycott8 z, y2 ?$ H a& l$ W4 V+ T3 O9 y) O! D
77. International consumers’ boycott
7 X2 K7 ?% o" v. \6 b/ I+ m" s% }- J6 q# A& `: b4 X
Action by Workers and Producers
! C, m4 ~! Z6 j8 _ 78. Workmen’s boycott
* o' ]0 M; O) j# s 79. Producers’ boycott
5 g8 W+ x. E4 K; m1 }3 o3 Y- f) p8 [; t
Action by Middlemen
% u8 f- }5 t# E 80. Suppliers’ and handlers’ boycott' F" {) j5 C; ~& v/ }9 `- v+ L
) ]% n) V( B, s' s, Q% F3 }Action by Owners and Management6 j! P w. }" A5 e7 T0 \
81. Traders’ boycott
, X9 {) \1 h9 @ 82. Refusal to let or sell property
# }7 ]- f& r! k 83. Lockout
/ j; V/ h# N9 C 84. Refusal of industrial assistance
( f* `1 X0 f0 U+ W' R: u9 b5 N) ^- ~ 85. Merchants’ “general strike”
* k. }* e' S. w I7 B
9 K. i* s6 p2 U0 q# W+ j8 G/ `Action by Holders of Financial Resources* B! @7 q7 m5 R" l# ?
86. Withdrawal of bank deposits
5 p$ Z7 e4 Q1 h5 g6 X 87. Refusal to pay fees, dues, and assessments
% I# G* X0 k5 S 88. Refusal to pay debts or interest
8 ~/ d4 B- X+ s l6 z5 |- k/ p 89. Severance of funds and credit+ S) [: w/ @. M. F1 u+ L) Z% ?8 g
90. Revenue refusal
) z, R [) R2 j- I6 @1 w 91. Refusal of a government’s money" m, y; h: T1 c9 R' y7 X- p6 ?) S; M
2 C# h6 V; M7 v( ]Action by Governments
8 K0 K9 ~1 O5 c! Y* v6 u 92. Domestic embargo
5 p( U& E l3 b, G, M 93. Blacklisting of traders, M- P5 C" M9 j; N' ?$ l( ?8 E. }
94. International sellers’ embargo2 o1 A+ t1 _# \$ H2 S
95. International buyers’ embargo
2 D" B! s1 q! ?( Y& M1 K5 L 96. International trade embargo
) f3 R7 \9 J; d6 E$ `- e/ _; q2 Y5 b1 o+ l9 r
3 F. J. O2 H, _# | _3 h& q; H' K, L. ?2 s
THE METHODS OF ECONOMIC NONCOOPERATION: THE STRIKE, Z- I3 F' P& s; H# p$ d0 Z
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# M1 J3 x# g* @. |+ XSymbolic Strikes
0 @8 e6 C) I5 z6 `, {- r6 f 97. Protest strike% G# F% F; i, P( T7 D) h5 w# A
98. Quickie walkout (lightning strike)
2 ^8 ?3 T$ F9 ^4 m/ F
5 I: w- ?/ h" a2 Q: A( V) T) dAgricultural Strikes$ _8 E6 [" |$ `
99. Peasant strike
{! |+ T1 l: P+ K0 A3 C, y. N& w8 F 100. Farm Workers’ strike5 w0 p I! r" b2 A7 b: l
# o! {) S: D2 H4 H
Strikes by Special Groups+ r8 h) h( H$ \: m2 p1 N! ~! {
101. Refusal of impressed labor
; V- G3 n$ e4 g. j- q 102. Prisoners’ strike5 ^( a# U, R/ o9 f
103. Craft strike
3 ]7 x6 ]5 b8 W3 i) _/ m 104. Professional strike$ l. p8 S4 o, Q8 h" ?
8 Q7 S, ]4 J! U6 [7 v: u& b, N
Ordinary Industrial Strikes! B- u. q3 D; F
105. Establishment strike; C! G+ [) m: J( f0 W
106. Industry strike. z4 H2 B; L6 j* l/ M
107. Sympathetic strike; U4 n+ a' |/ p, `, X
8 U/ k# G7 R( h o. Y$ N6 s/ dRestricted Strikes
0 \) l3 X2 N Y [5 }$ ` 108. Detailed strike
$ y% i+ {9 Z$ q, F4 \7 k 109. Bumper strike' p8 e' z' ], y: @
110. Slowdown strike
) [' M6 F( g' ? 111. Working-to-rule strike
$ J- _3 ~8 D" D R( M% D1 P 112. Reporting “sick” (sick-in)
: ?" }' V( K' Y; ?# c3 Z6 B7 y( G 113. Strike by resignation
& `, s0 t' m" a \( q$ z 114. Limited strike8 m% ~6 t/ M( Q {$ v: |8 R
115. Selective strike
. g: X% W- ~. K
5 l: Z( |/ z- _: @Multi-Industry Strikes/ T" p/ \$ W" q
& S4 C) M e# K5 g8 w p 116. Generalized strike3 x, Y2 v! P; I3 I
" v$ r3 p: f& i! N9 e* D( I
117. General strike% ?% A3 y# _, j! k
4 ]1 l- @* T& C+ {Combination of Strikes and Economic Closures6 _7 g8 U- b5 `0 L3 H- O
. b2 T# s) ]8 R* b2 e 118. Hartal: A( f& i* E9 u4 f: _) \: X
- B5 r# w/ _9 ]: @" U; w2 X) w
119. Economic shutdown9 }* `% g4 C' \
0 b* S ~8 d, ^ U # K* P! r/ u! v9 W0 J5 D6 ~
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THE METHODS OF POLITICAL NONCOOPERATION
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Rejection of Authority
* d9 H( \ ~9 ]- D/ Y; j' P9 x 120. Withholding or withdrawal of allegiance( Y1 c' c$ k. v) b* L
121. Refusal of public support
. M' g# A2 n- b9 h2 Y8 @ 122. Literature and speeches advocating resistance
3 @- b- c: k' e: a2 g: P4 Q8 f! j: W& Y
Citizens’ Noncooperation with Government
- ~3 p# ?* Z' A& R 123. Boycott of legislative bodies1 n: {+ o# d0 \& [
124. Boycott of elections
2 r- L6 H. A5 N% j% T 125. Boycott of government employment and positions
: N) D& q: P! T* I. m# h 126. Boycott of government depts., agencies, and other bodies
& j$ A* V5 u8 O/ m( f0 D 127. Withdrawal from government educational institutions/ }! N4 I c3 |, Y( A5 o& `* A. I2 D
128. Boycott of government-supported organizations# V5 `4 X: O8 Z) z6 } L2 ^
129. Refusal of assistance to enforcement agents
9 B1 K( a8 A h# s 130. Removal of own signs and placemarks4 d A8 y4 ?! C1 y' Z9 @: a
131. Refusal to accept appointed officials) {' G' c- M7 K8 R; p8 E
132. Refusal to dissolve existing institutions2 h) o. y3 ?; {5 f- W
0 A! D; Q; S' M7 d
Citizens’ Alternatives to Obedience
$ x7 \+ [0 C8 U5 e1 P( B 133. Reluctant and slow compliance! ^0 w# L9 R) P5 ^4 G; Q
134. Nonobedience in absence of direct supervision
( M- F/ K. d! a* O5 W* Y( Q' ` 135. Popular nonobedience( \2 U; A* N% q2 \% W
136. Disguised disobedience
, q! U) ]4 Y7 q+ ]" [; j 137. Refusal of an assemblage or meeting to disperse
. B; ?5 R J& Q; o1 p' F$ t. `4 G 138. Sitdown
0 S4 C; r1 ~; @ 139. Noncooperation with conscription and deportation
# d) ~; }% y. Z% b1 n% ?, c8 L2 i 140. Hiding, escape, and false identities
6 i. k8 s) l1 L- k 141. Civil disobedience of “illegitimate” laws2 } b1 p% r: V
. C' K% |2 ?) p }Action by Government Personnel
. t" t3 p+ \# s( Q2 q2 o, c 142. Selective refusal of assistance by government aides* j. w) G' K& Z
143. Blocking of lines of command and information
x4 |! U8 b* x% T% N' m9 Y6 l2 j 144. Stalling and obstruction% `: v+ A( t, g& B
145. General administrative noncooperation
7 R( P8 c, G: `
* L/ A; b: h9 d1 ^ 146. Judicial noncooperation* i8 o* I8 G8 N
147. Deliberate inefficiency and selective noncooperation by enforcement agents% x4 P( n8 W/ [ W) H
148. Mutiny
6 A* A! k1 v8 ?Domestic Governmental Action9 Q; e5 c9 I) [+ i+ b" u0 |7 [
149. Quasi-legal evasions and delays( m& _+ V% X( S+ g
150. Noncooperation by constituent governmental units9 o- X0 k" D: ~; y2 w) M
) V; ^! m. ] V: I# w0 x" DInternational Governmental Action
x1 X. h4 L5 W: y5 f/ D8 v 151. Changes in diplomatic and other representations
2 |! ]& |$ _! e3 _* t 152. Delay and cancellation of diplomatic events4 k' _) c( K: l, O( s7 x" d) O
153. Withholding of diplomatic recognition( Y9 S' ?$ p' c2 E, @6 O6 y
154. Severance of diplomatic relations2 G- y* V m, J+ g! L4 N
155. Withdrawal from international organizations6 O8 Z; l; e7 m% \ b4 u9 C/ F
156. Refusal of membership in international bodies
, e, K. J. R2 ~9 E. y3 P$ X4 f3 ` 157. Expulsion from international organizations% Y0 b/ C9 R9 C$ m: q, Q& F% A" l7 y2 w- O
9 R7 V2 B7 u9 |! }* [% N
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$ Z; S5 v5 @9 o! WTHE METHODS OF NONVIOLENT INTERVENTION
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Psychological Intervention
: P( r4 t( K/ o* U$ Q/ m, N) p 158. Self-exposure to the elements" S$ g2 K+ ~- ^7 D4 D- R: f$ D
159. The fast
0 o3 u( h0 h# m" l a) Fast of moral pressure; l0 i- Q5 h7 g6 y8 b, K/ O
b) Hunger strike
+ O# G# o$ N; ]& y) I+ ^3 j/ x: `) v c) Satyagrahic fast* A4 D$ c/ [1 }& Q: }4 a' H+ J
160. Reverse trial
8 Y- ?( f w8 z0 S 161. Nonviolent harassment# \6 p. Q. X- {0 ?" G: v; l
9 G- ^: W% M& KPhysical Intervention
3 H# ?% L# {4 E! z 162. Sit-in4 `7 a% p+ e( T# O) X- F/ r& B5 R
163. Stand-in
5 v; f& R, i% F 164. Ride-in
6 L- Q1 T) f; j" f% o3 x: ^ 165. Wade-in
+ S. m. p$ f. w" B. m9 L 166. Mill-in
$ y5 z1 h- T& Z 167. Pray-in
2 W8 j9 A5 O$ i$ u 168. Nonviolent raids! t6 y: f" U. E' m4 k# K* O
169. Nonviolent air raids n/ r# k) \5 V2 M1 [! U
170. Nonviolent invasion
2 b) H0 Z2 j; Q/ d' w: O 171. Nonviolent interjection `3 z4 ~9 `) | s$ V
172. Nonviolent obstruction
) F$ z' B, E% E 173. Nonviolent occupation# r" s# h8 i: G9 {$ Q
4 L0 H2 j: l0 d8 P) H6 d5 ^6 x" |Social Intervention
, D1 {9 u4 b! N5 C( _' m" C) R 174. Establishing new social patterns
7 ]$ {3 Z- Z1 ~: T- b 175. Overloading of facilities
2 J& J) b" @' ]* I3 R5 E- c" G* [ 176. Stall-in- o+ T' L9 ~/ K2 a
177. Speak-in
" y! o" x$ q& ?6 F 178. Guerrilla theater1 n+ r; W4 c8 o
179. Alternative social institutions7 k5 S" }, ?& C& S4 t
180. Alternative communication system: N8 D9 \# V* E4 O
1 H! R6 ?! N7 FEconomic Intervention3 t; K; d+ R9 ~/ N5 s
181. Reverse strike
/ w, Q; e7 d- T( Q 182. Stay-in strike; i; p# ]$ N$ A3 s- ?
183. Nonviolent land seizure
9 u! H3 H4 x: Q% z1 ?' w( x5 ` 184. Defiance of blockades6 q7 i+ F" x3 q) O
185. Politically motivated counterfeiting$ Z7 i# Q. ]2 l; l/ O
186. Preclusive purchasing
7 K8 M0 x, |& h1 Y 187. Seizure of assets
( p$ V# [$ ~8 _" ?7 b0 |( n3 ? 188. Dumping" A* }% |2 E) s/ @* H6 U
189. Selective patronage
( l5 S) z* f' |% x8 ] 190. Alternative markets
3 k. N! L$ F0 ]/ f 191. Alternative transportation systems3 C9 V' M, b* L! b
192. Alternative economic institutions
' @4 G4 v( ]4 w' Z) `1 k8 |; y
: J0 a% z# L; {8 B) kPolitical Intervention
! j% j E+ D$ A4 g' ^% W 193. Overloading of administrative systems8 a8 O6 u; [( E) k- P" ~
194. Disclosing identities of secret agents
* v# p; q% \* E0 _# s: c0 B 195. Seeking imprisonment
' x7 I, |& J$ \, L, X, P' X5 f- N 196. Civil disobedience of “neutral” laws
" K( L' J; n; `8 W) H 197. Work-on without collaboration
0 G+ p: T! ]+ A/ ^+ g 198. Dual sovereignty and parallel government- q" R# s* _& @: L, s/ W5 H0 y( H
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楼主: reneeqq
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发表于 2016-7-2 18:23
发表于 2016-7-2 22:02
