 鲜花( 240)  鸡蛋( 18)
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发表于 2016-7-3 17:52
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THE METHODS OF NONVIOLENT PROTEST AND PERSUASION
2 a5 }, R2 Y3 D& e0 v0 K9 u4 lFormal Statements
( Q0 t `6 F) Q8 C5 s7 D6 \( | 1. Public Speeches% O8 \ _% R: J3 C
2. Letters of opposition or support. V/ q o' C- B' a' t( N; @7 p, R
3. Declarations by organizations and institutions6 m7 s r; M; r1 L* y* Y9 e
4. Signed public statements: u8 D7 n* D- b9 o* I' v
5. Declarations of indictment and intention
6 k, `4 x0 m6 Z: O 6. Group or mass petitions8 G# y) b: k; ^# l
9 t9 j/ A+ j) @. ?8 W4 n
Communications with a Wider Audience: b0 ?' R" P N& x* v5 I& B
7. Slogans, caricatures, and symbols* W( s# X% V+ I! d
8. Banners, posters, and displayed communications
* l$ C0 M0 `) f6 Z& n 9. Leaflets, pamphlets, and books
9 x" I3 K4 {9 E( M' j5 G& J- a ]1 z- g 10. Newspapers and journals
% w. ?; `, X( x$ ^1 } 11. Records, radio, and television* @; B! ~2 n) C3 c5 w$ j
12. Skywriting and earthwriting
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Group Representations
$ z5 w% h6 S: K( Y- Y. u3 h 13. Deputations1 v" U3 `8 L: M) R8 y
14. Mock awards& I$ m, y& S2 ^( b* k4 _+ R& d, L
15. Group lobbying
" G; C& a* [* S% t, ^7 v" R 16. Picketing
+ A; A5 r( i, A: r- } 17. Mock elections
! ^/ C. [- k, c- ?6 C2 e! ^0 W; m1 n0 m7 R8 h! S7 S6 {, k6 @
Symbolic Public Acts
3 O1 M% g! n7 e+ @5 ]3 u n4 u+ T& w 18. Displays of flags and symbolic colors
# v! [# l" C4 e; e 19. Wearing of symbols
& Q, L: F B9 { 20. Prayer and worship( S9 X: b, Y' ]* v7 Z
21. Delivering symbolic objects* u! B+ S7 t0 S$ ]5 b# A7 L$ `* z
22. Protest disrobings
) \2 D/ j+ m) f; l4 r 23. Destruction of own property
4 f) T: O7 g# J5 i& X; ?7 D' l9 r 24. Symbolic lights
/ U, B' z) z1 L 25. Displays of portraits" Z1 j% }. y$ }/ J6 x+ U
26. Paint as protest9 o$ h$ j, A5 r, f
27. New signs and names
' `! K4 Q I* f8 [3 w+ V 28. Symbolic sounds
* }- p) Z, s9 g1 q" j M 29. Symbolic reclamations, g/ | X: E1 R& ~( x
30. Rude gestures0 x$ l* R( J5 R) k7 k
9 d& `* O5 s1 l5 ^ r
Pressures on Individuals
$ L2 Y: ^, A4 c7 A 31. “Haunting” officials
; c5 p! V! l+ o5 \2 O 32. Taunting officials
0 ?; W# y+ Q# u& V# a 33. Fraternization6 q/ p* M5 \2 R
34. Vigils- Y: e" ^2 V$ L
8 r6 G, @: f8 f3 ?% i3 r" m# E& D. |Drama and Music
) G, [! O5 m" h |+ S 35. Humorous skits and pranks# J' ^) v; k" [; Z" p6 h
36. Performances of plays and music0 D( \ `, m! C# y! G" i- G
37. Singing/ P! \) Z* Z9 w/ u
L2 T) h1 k4 n9 n0 N9 P4 ]Processions/ n8 E8 K1 F c: V' s& h5 A
38. Marches
/ f$ {8 v) z: Z5 U; Q/ N 39. Parades* I) D& K |/ B. H* }& A
40. Religious processions: T; q, h/ C9 V
41. Pilgrimages3 O8 B( ]5 |4 q8 |
42. Motorcades# z W% |3 H9 h
# [, O8 ?$ w* a6 b4 i
Honoring the Dead
) e/ N9 H; A6 b9 P% v. w 43. Political mourning. f6 H2 a0 B a% O
44. Mock funerals
- x7 ~( \. i/ \/ { 45. Demonstrative funerals0 H7 R! a9 f7 l3 L
46. Homage at burial places
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Public Assemblies
( {6 F; U/ f6 C2 L3 v3 W. H 47. Assemblies of protest or support) e+ r1 h1 @6 Z3 `1 U8 p, _ _
48. Protest meetings, v! `# F- G" U2 T
49. Camouflaged meetings of protest
. M8 K0 i5 Y" i$ ^ J 50. Teach-ins: R. g1 ^; s! B! P9 e
3 W$ W- U8 J7 ^* @Withdrawal and Renunciation# ~# {! G! G+ s4 L V
51. Walk-outs
+ C: V- c6 i1 \7 B 52. Silence4 w7 R& ?3 t5 l* l/ V* Q2 ~# P
53. Renouncing honors
% i: [8 H4 {) g6 Z. r# b 54. Turning one’s back
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. g. \1 X5 O- ~% d" C W4 \ 5 E$ m( e% `- I
, ^+ h6 n- M; h+ Z) q7 |5 wTHE METHODS OF SOCIAL NONCOOPERATION
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1 \' `& Y( I0 b" T: {& x$ }
% Z7 ]/ z: G7 I- g3 q0 ~5 U
% s# R/ r; T/ F* Y" {Ostracism of Persons* P6 k# ]3 d+ z2 Z# N$ D" r+ m
55. Social boycott
$ ?8 q- t9 c$ e( z 56. Selective social boycott
( G' E4 `8 h% y; N' v7 H 57. Lysistratic nonaction( S5 y# A- L3 y; d/ A) l) L
58. Excommunication
+ l6 @- b9 J, u5 p' X+ A 59. Interdict
& b( o2 B0 w3 I0 @9 R' q, Q2 E9 v+ L4 l, q+ _
Noncooperation with Social Events, Customs, and Institutions s, B x' j B) w$ {/ K# q
60. Suspension of social and sports activities* a& U, \& u5 q' k
61. Boycott of social affairs
( Z; |2 _2 f1 A 62. Student strike; ]+ t8 k* H0 i5 V% m5 f3 c
63. Social disobedience
W4 L- t; o0 ?3 k 64. Withdrawal from social institutions" B, W9 m# q. r6 j4 @' u. Z
) X- `$ ?( \5 `% e, t. a
Withdrawal from the Social System
4 Z( ~5 E' M2 V$ u: X* [; m3 d 65. Stay-at-home( v6 K4 f2 C! X d( \, Y/ Y
66. Total personal noncooperation
7 G! Z9 o) m/ M 67. “Flight” of workers, O( K: C% n! _2 W# n* d0 a
68. Sanctuary
0 R. q/ M6 ]$ r4 ^( Y+ E2 Q 69. Collective disappearance
7 O6 b: l' t2 n8 [ 70. Protest emigration (hijrat)8 W, }& `5 x6 S! G, r" v
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) m; Y3 _/ v9 A" |% g& p) S( |THE METHODS OF ECONOMIC NONCOOPERATION: ECONOMIC BOYCOTTS% h( @- p9 I2 c+ q, x0 j
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Actions by Consumers
. T4 o$ ?; s" s7 u' Y( j' E 71. Consumers’ boycott
7 O! d. r! K- X' |0 B& X 72. Nonconsumption of boycotted goods& X' w6 d( Z% k
73. Policy of austerity
! W- S ?- @0 Z) ? 74. Rent withholding& u7 Y+ j( L+ F5 |5 q
75. Refusal to rent0 S w- R% j1 U$ K1 Q+ O
76. National consumers’ boycott
: K; p( l) _7 F2 M6 b 77. International consumers’ boycott
8 N% U+ Q8 m5 l; b# i
& S2 O% m% t$ R. n& h6 \# W/ m$ ?Action by Workers and Producers6 B4 Q" W8 m [: K" k4 c5 }) l8 {
78. Workmen’s boycott- G$ ?- k2 J/ v/ x8 ]3 ]8 ?
79. Producers’ boycott
" Q( j# l2 `+ H& s& m# }! N9 D' ]* F* P; p& R# D: C+ {
Action by Middlemen
9 A! }7 j7 P; P/ { 80. Suppliers’ and handlers’ boycott' |) Q/ Y, }& @' B# h1 s
8 Q: x# R8 W% [, d+ {
Action by Owners and Management
# y* f! W7 N: @7 l 81. Traders’ boycott
$ g! \) @8 B- b' g( L 82. Refusal to let or sell property
& p( ^3 @. z( g& a1 g3 \ 83. Lockout) v, E0 ]5 ]- ?1 J3 B7 z
84. Refusal of industrial assistance
5 e& H, X1 G5 {* i- u/ N# A) } 85. Merchants’ “general strike”- r( `- u8 l1 v+ x
2 `: h9 d7 b' f& b% G5 {5 o' TAction by Holders of Financial Resources7 z# j1 N, A X2 I
86. Withdrawal of bank deposits5 L4 O: U0 \; L9 J7 I( c
87. Refusal to pay fees, dues, and assessments
" ^0 A; ^ t& R' p i" R 88. Refusal to pay debts or interest
+ z8 g! f) P6 T 89. Severance of funds and credit
4 ]: r/ u* K7 F% E1 m 90. Revenue refusal
' u; z- _6 _* W8 S. H" ~. D6 K3 Q 91. Refusal of a government’s money7 E4 C D7 s8 L* x
3 P8 ^8 r& `. D0 {) j
Action by Governments
% M6 }$ t: u. }. b; ~3 j0 L+ Q: c& f 92. Domestic embargo
& ?" Z4 `9 h4 p- I 93. Blacklisting of traders
* D4 V }5 \! ]* c' Y9 z+ @ 94. International sellers’ embargo1 `: W: Z, u6 E2 u$ K- l# U! z- g
95. International buyers’ embargo
, |4 g0 a8 y, C) w, _ 96. International trade embargo
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0 o; p% w7 v5 }& g- W9 i3 i+ Q2 iTHE METHODS OF ECONOMIC NONCOOPERATION: THE STRIKE$ Y8 M# I. `) d
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$ g8 u& `! ^; Q* ^5 z: H( _
Symbolic Strikes4 }( T. ^% x5 A) X2 b7 |
97. Protest strike
* I P# j" o+ [! j& u% t 98. Quickie walkout (lightning strike)
9 j& _# \+ v. V. |& U8 C, E/ i4 A7 v/ A1 F
Agricultural Strikes$ e/ |1 W5 p8 W& _/ }) r
99. Peasant strike9 @; j9 t9 u8 D; h" N
100. Farm Workers’ strike
9 S7 ?( F4 s" K6 @. e2 R6 d$ w: J1 `4 i8 X
Strikes by Special Groups
|7 j4 s3 _; [0 ]( o 101. Refusal of impressed labor
. D& ]3 `: J$ M1 @+ | 102. Prisoners’ strike
$ v8 D& k5 X% o: ?* l9 Q 103. Craft strike
- ]4 m7 d+ M: z/ q a# o 104. Professional strike
5 k! P& Z& H* Q, r
2 I m* V5 }# ?( MOrdinary Industrial Strikes
6 S. v9 q3 O. v7 {, K 105. Establishment strike
" d; g/ b" K, M; v$ n x: a* [ 106. Industry strike
: o( y: D1 [) Q 107. Sympathetic strike
" I+ S. }: S$ l% u- B
$ Q- E+ ]1 E' u4 H% ~Restricted Strikes
6 g5 l' y T$ U" n 108. Detailed strike, A N, T. S9 g. V( y
109. Bumper strike, L- Y: a" i6 Q) \3 U
110. Slowdown strike5 F6 R- t/ W/ [0 X# F
111. Working-to-rule strike% H: ^8 ~3 ^9 M& M0 x9 L
112. Reporting “sick” (sick-in)
1 m9 L2 E0 D( X% _6 }$ ` 113. Strike by resignation& h* O* T1 ]* e, `' E
114. Limited strike
* H y) a9 Q; |2 A- x7 o 115. Selective strike
1 u: {7 s n9 M$ B+ K4 ~7 U% N% Q8 p4 V7 y5 W! M
Multi-Industry Strikes
5 n, O w& v/ P, s
}' |" ?8 E5 b5 ?; B! h 116. Generalized strike. i* r4 a/ w* Y+ J' A9 B' z7 t* E
4 J) g; p" J0 v4 C/ ~" M$ `" L2 ?. I8 y 117. General strike7 v4 U: o0 i, P
; h! T. ?+ N% p0 s( _
Combination of Strikes and Economic Closures
% F2 b) c: m, U1 R! X( B& @
q0 w' G0 o7 ^1 q# q9 h2 T( A 118. Hartal
* w3 v0 a" c! Q& V# T# b# h+ [7 m n' t8 }
119. Economic shutdown" Y2 p5 m6 A( y& a
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THE METHODS OF POLITICAL NONCOOPERATION
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U. u5 |& _8 oRejection of Authority
9 ?5 v: ^/ I; }& J+ ^ 120. Withholding or withdrawal of allegiance5 a6 L+ r+ d- @) I- A7 Q' O
121. Refusal of public support
/ V+ l0 H7 C0 a0 D( [9 x: B 122. Literature and speeches advocating resistance `9 a, L1 R/ m
4 t+ K' e2 `- @4 Q: `7 R. J. R2 ECitizens’ Noncooperation with Government; ]3 l2 i5 ^$ J0 O1 `/ i* k0 e
123. Boycott of legislative bodies3 m* W9 T9 U2 D$ Y& f2 }
124. Boycott of elections
- L5 R3 r( K7 T% g/ z8 e 125. Boycott of government employment and positions
/ g1 e7 F! O/ u" X2 {# a 126. Boycott of government depts., agencies, and other bodies; c r" E' w8 q: D5 z/ V
127. Withdrawal from government educational institutions
4 J( h6 j( Z6 I( Y 128. Boycott of government-supported organizations
a2 @$ J7 |4 g 129. Refusal of assistance to enforcement agents
, g( R1 D% ?% v# Q 130. Removal of own signs and placemarks
7 Z o4 h) M/ p: t4 { 131. Refusal to accept appointed officials7 e( K7 q; g. \3 d' Z
132. Refusal to dissolve existing institutions
% z$ _: F' y' a* A: [/ O- V+ G. r; V9 K) O$ [+ @9 E' `: V
Citizens’ Alternatives to Obedience; e. x% \6 b# K' [. J9 z% A
133. Reluctant and slow compliance
. a7 F: @4 J* g( x 134. Nonobedience in absence of direct supervision& L' J* P, t& Y% n7 G9 U% O- T- C* z
135. Popular nonobedience
: e! X" {( p. q0 i" n, a 136. Disguised disobedience
' r: ], D$ {1 o3 u* e' H- B 137. Refusal of an assemblage or meeting to disperse5 x& D0 ?2 Y% d; I) A
138. Sitdown
4 ?* `& \* o! p. r0 v( \1 K 139. Noncooperation with conscription and deportation! N9 o9 Q8 Y2 @& P) k
140. Hiding, escape, and false identities. W$ H. Y% k0 z" C6 \% ^
141. Civil disobedience of “illegitimate” laws
L6 f, b" }3 E5 V$ ]3 x3 l3 V
& V. u2 u9 L" z% E0 h" _/ j6 p1 wAction by Government Personnel& R7 c+ i! M5 v, ^' |% z: I2 v
142. Selective refusal of assistance by government aides
( g* @. d* R9 w2 j 143. Blocking of lines of command and information
; ~9 e7 h' \) n( H4 m# }! Q9 m 144. Stalling and obstruction; t( [" k8 d/ x& Z
145. General administrative noncooperation
3 R7 [3 z2 m# v) z9 l# A( K# B4 ]: r& p
146. Judicial noncooperation4 |; F$ P7 I; ]9 Q$ h# O
147. Deliberate inefficiency and selective noncooperation by enforcement agents
F! A/ W7 R" D: f5 ~ 148. Mutiny
5 E% c5 R" j) m8 I5 b: ]Domestic Governmental Action9 F/ {$ o$ {$ }. E2 c6 M2 B
149. Quasi-legal evasions and delays: E7 }: q: a3 s
150. Noncooperation by constituent governmental units$ \" y$ w" L# l* }: [6 S
. ]5 {: |9 \9 D4 q+ c
International Governmental Action( O# F0 {9 e' B0 s/ }" C
151. Changes in diplomatic and other representations1 L+ o. O: r7 ^* g
152. Delay and cancellation of diplomatic events- F9 s4 C; H4 c7 B
153. Withholding of diplomatic recognition
5 W/ p9 f/ ?: x7 R6 T" c0 f6 v 154. Severance of diplomatic relations
6 K, q5 s5 c& r6 C3 c 155. Withdrawal from international organizations! w, o4 [1 {6 }# X' R0 | B9 o
156. Refusal of membership in international bodies
% _5 Y+ b3 K+ k3 k/ u$ b2 j 157. Expulsion from international organizations
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THE METHODS OF NONVIOLENT INTERVENTION3 s% k( t# F' R- [4 I* A4 t" U
* e* F# p& j( A. }5 ^9 K1 i6 n ( }" z3 T; O+ M3 ]) D% k
Psychological Intervention: F0 _9 T1 l- p& `- S
158. Self-exposure to the elements* V$ Q/ ^- }" Q, ^
159. The fast
y. i$ _7 X( [+ O) a6 a a) Fast of moral pressure% t, B! e, \ N7 ^
b) Hunger strike
6 u$ } N6 U% e; U+ `' z c) Satyagrahic fast* X6 I, @+ I4 G- ^5 U
160. Reverse trial
r0 Q* U4 U' f* a1 n 161. Nonviolent harassment
6 I7 N6 z6 T2 {3 J- {( C% q i! I$ Y! q
Physical Intervention
1 K: h7 U* R; H 162. Sit-in
1 H& r$ V. V7 z* X% T2 x; D 163. Stand-in
! h; a$ M3 z2 F% [1 D; G 164. Ride-in {. s9 Y7 |- e5 ]
165. Wade-in5 g$ I3 Y# J/ H4 ^8 J( m1 q3 k/ B" f# Z
166. Mill-in! I: Q$ r' B9 @- _
167. Pray-in/ t. g( u% U5 w$ j
168. Nonviolent raids; v5 N. ?& \8 ~( u6 @
169. Nonviolent air raids
. |9 V/ g4 m1 V4 [ 170. Nonviolent invasion& O. r" K, [+ R# e
171. Nonviolent interjection/ H6 x! H* m3 ?3 S8 K- H
172. Nonviolent obstruction
# F& d0 H9 u' s& `2 L& P 173. Nonviolent occupation( h' l* V" g7 h% @
4 |5 A8 ]: Z& tSocial Intervention
. r' `9 s) k' V- l 174. Establishing new social patterns
) b C5 r/ Y7 y- y$ r% w/ } 175. Overloading of facilities! f; O7 }' k" p1 h- v/ D7 ~$ Z
176. Stall-in8 L8 _4 Z g8 @3 B8 H! l, l# ~
177. Speak-in
/ @3 a1 N& `7 v. A! W3 s+ y 178. Guerrilla theater
. M9 P, V% t5 @8 j9 { 179. Alternative social institutions
: W8 R" x" ~5 _: V 180. Alternative communication system
* Z4 E* h) @. P( w2 W3 @" g3 c5 S
Economic Intervention
; V+ C+ e1 D4 H. {% R; F 181. Reverse strike
' C1 D5 ^1 M, t7 `2 y; R 182. Stay-in strike
0 [6 T" G- Y, ]. o6 ]2 C) T 183. Nonviolent land seizure
4 T2 d6 @8 Z& Q$ ~; z 184. Defiance of blockades" S( A' M' s0 \" P5 y& F
185. Politically motivated counterfeiting
. i( O1 F! h* \+ _8 ~/ e z, Q9 f 186. Preclusive purchasing/ V1 k& F& P7 {1 u2 w/ B
187. Seizure of assets, R I$ Z" a. A
188. Dumping
2 h1 j" l7 W# I* p 189. Selective patronage
- Q3 f7 O/ h% ~0 l9 [ 190. Alternative markets
% b9 H% T+ y2 ?$ B 191. Alternative transportation systems
; H3 r1 W6 h* o9 k4 l! G 192. Alternative economic institutions- {- Y& M# _* @+ R" i9 Y- u! U" |( `
/ `8 ~7 E- O1 w z. P1 q
Political Intervention
% A7 o. F8 |) G5 d2 u 193. Overloading of administrative systems
. T. Y9 v6 X9 H% j7 G 194. Disclosing identities of secret agents/ ~# N( H: r' T; W0 { Q
195. Seeking imprisonment: ~* X2 C! G9 J' O
196. Civil disobedience of “neutral” laws
. {2 g- g: Y6 c- \, s% O$ c 197. Work-on without collaboration
2 `& [* h6 C7 q) a9 r$ @! n 198. Dual sovereignty and parallel government
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楼主: reneeqq
狗仔卡
显身卡
发表于 2016-7-2 18:23
发表于 2016-7-2 22:02
