 鲜花( 240)  鸡蛋( 18)
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发表于 2016-7-3 17:52
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THE METHODS OF NONVIOLENT PROTEST AND PERSUASION
: L* W5 O2 T5 x. E6 R/ U8 fFormal Statements: b% L8 Z: M' Y" v! ?" {
1. Public Speeches
$ ` R0 X( y% M+ }; O 2. Letters of opposition or support
/ a% \* ?+ }0 w! e3 ] 3. Declarations by organizations and institutions" D; \5 W2 B" m$ y4 `8 z6 }
4. Signed public statements6 A+ L% v+ R; G" _' s
5. Declarations of indictment and intention) Z- i8 J( u9 z% R
6. Group or mass petitions
0 V8 j/ p$ h- {3 x) o6 G9 U# {8 B8 }: g) @# C/ I* ]
Communications with a Wider Audience# s9 u5 l) s5 a
7. Slogans, caricatures, and symbols v& j; m8 M) Q. f+ h! Q6 q
8. Banners, posters, and displayed communications
" |. w d, K) _( C 9. Leaflets, pamphlets, and books$ ^0 y8 ~* A6 X0 D- @( c4 J8 I/ H$ A
10. Newspapers and journals7 F; d T, a4 W4 ?2 {& @
11. Records, radio, and television
! |# y# t- c: }) K) ^1 l 12. Skywriting and earthwriting7 W+ E- D: d- D( [# b! o
# M# a6 D2 s c+ M n% |Group Representations
, _( ], ?, |: t( g! w6 D 13. Deputations
0 ]6 H8 o8 X( `- m- d9 ]3 F' V 14. Mock awards" T; _0 o, [) y. g/ L6 W2 e V
15. Group lobbying
! [. s G, `" P0 @' h7 H 16. Picketing
6 }, n9 g2 c6 x4 ~( ?/ z! w$ c s 17. Mock elections
5 ?- i+ q) K. F, u' ] Y: ?$ h" O( J
1 y- n' A- \; h0 \Symbolic Public Acts# S% }* ?1 p) K' _; |
18. Displays of flags and symbolic colors
! J* A( Q: K3 r% W5 S+ g 19. Wearing of symbols: k" P2 b# z- z5 c7 P4 q
20. Prayer and worship0 t& }8 `% u4 c8 D
21. Delivering symbolic objects
4 f$ D' e+ c) s3 E' A- A: F 22. Protest disrobings# T) X; H: {" {- ~0 J0 O
23. Destruction of own property
1 k& R" O/ j! [ O- u6 P3 y 24. Symbolic lights
8 S9 t2 E% o) s5 G1 ? 25. Displays of portraits$ j7 L- c+ a8 o) D! j
26. Paint as protest$ j( _# ~+ D, h2 } }5 p
27. New signs and names. s- f* ^3 Q8 L1 B3 L4 O
28. Symbolic sounds& N F; b6 k5 J; }9 b
29. Symbolic reclamations- N U- J8 M0 Q# A8 y0 B' ]; Z1 i
30. Rude gestures' K: e4 O" M5 ^
8 w. B8 w$ D6 b- R! M
Pressures on Individuals
' e- i# {/ V3 M0 q 31. “Haunting” officials# N2 F( z% B# Z: x( W$ j5 j
32. Taunting officials; ~- E- @2 k1 {( j! Q" n
33. Fraternization% S4 M* O1 w, s" m h: c
34. Vigils0 S! c& ]: j, j' i
2 a `3 ~: n$ q9 D l. G1 X9 q8 R- ^6 a
Drama and Music
7 }% j, n$ o4 a" i 35. Humorous skits and pranks
i v. f8 _: n; a/ b! O 36. Performances of plays and music
2 p W6 I# R6 z$ | 37. Singing) N) w. h: g" c
) @ r1 F1 h; ~. gProcessions6 o# Y( Q T. ^0 X, p5 E& P' M
38. Marches
+ @7 s" N R' N* i# M5 K1 W" f% a 39. Parades" a8 c3 O$ S7 S. H
40. Religious processions
4 e* ~# a; E" }1 d) G; _/ C 41. Pilgrimages/ `: D8 z) R2 b& K: ?
42. Motorcades
1 ~/ P1 f+ f) Y. N. Q% d
) C0 j( j* }3 a" W" B- O& m9 BHonoring the Dead3 {( b( I2 [% ~. I3 e3 I( S: f
43. Political mourning
# @: N0 b' u2 [ 44. Mock funerals
9 j- O* c$ P8 U6 |+ g- ? 45. Demonstrative funerals
0 i: q6 B. @0 M, B3 l/ N1 m4 G0 P T 46. Homage at burial places' P/ X& f0 X8 J9 |" Z# l5 c! S
/ ]: z R% y; F' o9 T
Public Assemblies8 y+ \! ^' j, w& e: o h
47. Assemblies of protest or support. j. p; k; o- G! M
48. Protest meetings( V/ ]' l) q v4 x5 p' b
49. Camouflaged meetings of protest* M; j; D% s7 X U, P) G. {& Q
50. Teach-ins3 L2 |% o" I: @& o
& ~; K! `7 a; A7 ~$ ~Withdrawal and Renunciation
0 D! X# b2 p( L4 I/ I. _ 51. Walk-outs
# D3 U3 S% V0 P/ k+ L; T( b 52. Silence
$ P) y0 }- c3 k. x2 I! j 53. Renouncing honors
6 C) E2 @ |) l 54. Turning one’s back
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E$ _- B, V2 x# r" b" |4 P* x0 W1 }0 [/ T
THE METHODS OF SOCIAL NONCOOPERATION
8 \) @; d) s, q+ ?) |, d$ O
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, l% Z4 C& F/ _. ^7 @* e( |0 i
Ostracism of Persons
. o7 t# r# m2 ?, a: f 55. Social boycott5 ` _0 l6 |0 H: E0 {; `
56. Selective social boycott$ a9 f* R. V! s* d: d* u3 u. M
57. Lysistratic nonaction7 I: v6 U; S0 a* g$ }
58. Excommunication
& c3 B/ x; G. v, C# U0 g+ r& u) W 59. Interdict- M5 \8 @) ?, `# @7 ]
. j! I% J# \; F: ]: Y# B8 O- lNoncooperation with Social Events, Customs, and Institutions4 G. u* L6 {& m" O# C- N' t6 a
60. Suspension of social and sports activities1 G3 R( E1 x' [- J q; ^1 e8 N' ?
61. Boycott of social affairs) F. R7 o1 y" y3 \ c( y
62. Student strike
. H3 k8 N& T w c 63. Social disobedience
$ s6 f8 Y( h5 @0 D7 l 64. Withdrawal from social institutions
( m2 O1 n3 S+ W( Z" R9 o% I+ }. T9 Y
Withdrawal from the Social System q4 f. X% h6 N
65. Stay-at-home5 a3 |& f& W- m1 T% d8 b [
66. Total personal noncooperation' R* m$ x$ H: a9 \0 u9 Z
67. “Flight” of workers
9 ~- i: ?+ ^6 j9 K$ Z i) S 68. Sanctuary
7 E% N5 N3 O/ q1 p, s 69. Collective disappearance5 B+ i+ M5 N" {) ]
70. Protest emigration (hijrat)
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6 i6 w7 P! b" _1 F
0 E8 a2 {: @4 X$ c, h% L5 ?( \THE METHODS OF ECONOMIC NONCOOPERATION: ECONOMIC BOYCOTTS$ t8 {$ A; L8 e, J
$ f( Z" v( A, x B# N4 a* [3 K) _ - V( O0 I, D+ m; ?7 P. b5 A& W$ U. s
Actions by Consumers
/ z9 k+ ~% @, E' g 71. Consumers’ boycott% |* r* ~% j/ @/ N+ U8 c/ w
72. Nonconsumption of boycotted goods9 Q$ Y/ n3 t. ~6 s
73. Policy of austerity
/ [, Q8 G( B+ } 74. Rent withholding: B& B- }3 A& H& a. B8 S) M
75. Refusal to rent
4 d. s' N" L7 v' r$ } 76. National consumers’ boycott! i* y. m8 a) A+ h1 k+ l8 r. b# ?
77. International consumers’ boycott
D* Z+ ^& E' s+ U" o/ `4 l8 j/ f
9 V! O( G; [6 I' |" t! H0 l: mAction by Workers and Producers' j" ^" q/ A6 \( \ Y/ T0 G
78. Workmen’s boycott* t( H9 P/ H% c3 Q
79. Producers’ boycott
6 d5 a, q1 K& ^& H/ o
" T1 F" u b* u% ]. Z: l) `Action by Middlemen
1 g; x! c" d0 o" X 80. Suppliers’ and handlers’ boycott
: W+ L3 |$ y y H2 |3 \
) F# @2 A4 t N& h/ s) `# ]; ?Action by Owners and Management
2 Y4 ?* R- {. |; C 81. Traders’ boycott
6 |- C, P% @- i6 A+ l3 z 82. Refusal to let or sell property
' o, O; G; Q" \0 { 83. Lockout }! l% t' J3 @. f" J2 N
84. Refusal of industrial assistance
! A4 ~4 Z% s9 w9 x7 E, Z4 E; {( E 85. Merchants’ “general strike”
6 g; k; w5 W3 q$ r4 p5 C0 O8 h2 e) D
Action by Holders of Financial Resources( t' E; p' p) W
86. Withdrawal of bank deposits
1 R0 T0 L7 f" ]4 s 87. Refusal to pay fees, dues, and assessments& H; Y8 M3 Z5 d
88. Refusal to pay debts or interest( A: n, y& ^" c+ ^2 @7 `
89. Severance of funds and credit
: P' l" o% {1 |$ [2 x; p! d 90. Revenue refusal
) O. r/ D; {3 E% D& E. d 91. Refusal of a government’s money3 i5 c) k- R+ l2 A
4 X8 ?" n' I) c, y+ f7 G$ x
Action by Governments
5 F, ]7 L7 E7 d" [8 _: I# Y 92. Domestic embargo f( ~ C$ R @% D" a6 g/ e
93. Blacklisting of traders
' a5 ~8 c* p6 b8 u2 ~ 94. International sellers’ embargo
( N5 [* |0 V Q4 ^! ^) f 95. International buyers’ embargo B- g6 Z: Q) c' E9 C* V4 V& }
96. International trade embargo: c& o$ @+ G) j& t/ c3 x
8 }! p+ p C3 a+ i6 d 1 z: h& \$ x2 d
1 ]: i* W# b. K
THE METHODS OF ECONOMIC NONCOOPERATION: THE STRIKE
% U0 F+ L' R6 g3 O; }
4 w9 U3 m* N0 L- z2 g % Q2 w; }9 x" a* \' }: x6 \
Symbolic Strikes
g( z/ s9 P7 C1 H' A6 U' A 97. Protest strike. h6 p+ ?# O4 O$ \+ A
98. Quickie walkout (lightning strike)
( J5 ^6 ~, n4 i3 z# u0 X( n6 o Y( m6 J# W+ [& v, G
Agricultural Strikes
" H9 N- p) z( v7 t6 P 99. Peasant strike
* O2 v( ^- F$ P; L1 o 100. Farm Workers’ strike
( n2 n( {- x( h0 Z( {7 }! z. C& M2 E
Strikes by Special Groups3 Z* }: J& i; p+ q' s& F
101. Refusal of impressed labor
1 x2 E& Q5 j+ \$ Z0 u 102. Prisoners’ strike0 t) U! c- ~1 s% a% M5 x. o
103. Craft strike
! R# O/ T! u/ J1 e# q6 A; |" _ 104. Professional strike
( z) I) N/ l2 I* M9 T4 w* k: ~7 ]9 l. d
Ordinary Industrial Strikes/ z! r, {, q9 q
105. Establishment strike
& b2 z' C% G v- H6 k 106. Industry strike0 q+ N1 ]( q. c6 q/ z1 c
107. Sympathetic strike
+ a1 N2 j3 {% N3 S- o4 n& O
9 @2 b; G8 N3 ^4 gRestricted Strikes
" J& v; H' p: m' H1 K P" E 108. Detailed strike
* [3 v5 T% ?9 L 109. Bumper strike
5 K/ K. Q8 j+ O/ t4 R" W4 E" _1 s 110. Slowdown strike" T% s, z9 c% i
111. Working-to-rule strike9 i& O2 Q6 e$ W* e- Y
112. Reporting “sick” (sick-in)+ I7 M& N7 t) X" B
113. Strike by resignation
) ?' [2 V( ?3 K' ? 114. Limited strike
! s, P% l% _+ P! W 115. Selective strike4 A, ^/ X& D6 ]% G
$ v/ R4 Q9 F" r% r5 N2 N3 F
Multi-Industry Strikes
1 i) ]7 m V @2 r, _1 M9 s6 ]1 \# h" b+ L3 m: j, `4 Q: U. K
116. Generalized strike* |5 C5 k5 e3 s2 \7 o; q! G
, v2 P# I% W% a0 A- y' ] 117. General strike" {9 }2 F7 i+ O }, M# Y, P) z
. m1 f- o3 d7 ~8 z
Combination of Strikes and Economic Closures5 a1 I7 \2 g( |7 z, m. o! n
+ W2 g; O5 R- |3 B& u3 ^: O
118. Hartal2 Z: G9 [# O1 ?! r5 o5 y
7 n; n, Y- D* d# ?* Z" B 119. Economic shutdown, m" @7 ~& U3 e( b! p
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, `+ D% I% V" n" E4 j0 |' mTHE METHODS OF POLITICAL NONCOOPERATION
5 ?; B% N8 F2 l4 R2 O L% j& y4 R0 t7 \5 ]$ B# B% k# X8 u q# r! Y
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Rejection of Authority' r! {2 O1 G- r" u/ t, e
120. Withholding or withdrawal of allegiance3 t/ K, n# S3 r5 U* V
121. Refusal of public support; x( _8 w0 t8 M3 D
122. Literature and speeches advocating resistance) p2 s$ V; d5 i: M; r
! ?) V5 k0 u# _% g7 U3 Z% w% j/ x
Citizens’ Noncooperation with Government* L& q k) ^; m1 P9 V
123. Boycott of legislative bodies
9 D, k; _2 [6 G+ s$ R- D 124. Boycott of elections8 O0 j) z! G' l" i
125. Boycott of government employment and positions
+ \# w/ X3 [- g y4 g& e! O, j 126. Boycott of government depts., agencies, and other bodies
$ t! ~; y5 D& g2 Z% ^* x, D 127. Withdrawal from government educational institutions/ Q3 u8 ` I0 b: H8 L' `
128. Boycott of government-supported organizations+ E- {* E+ v1 O3 L4 i
129. Refusal of assistance to enforcement agents( @+ A4 @' @& r- v0 K" q
130. Removal of own signs and placemarks I% ^0 h7 v+ y" Y2 ?* p5 q
131. Refusal to accept appointed officials. ~7 n2 v( }$ ?& b
132. Refusal to dissolve existing institutions
( W, S5 }- W; e% P& ]- K6 x
/ F: V7 J* H N, L) lCitizens’ Alternatives to Obedience
) H7 F7 `) c8 _% g5 v# _% `3 [ 133. Reluctant and slow compliance& N- r S5 _5 {; A" L# R8 X2 ]
134. Nonobedience in absence of direct supervision
+ w( i8 p7 A! Q4 j) h* k/ | 135. Popular nonobedience; u$ A1 K! i& F# r- W4 H( ^
136. Disguised disobedience( X+ Z1 g% T/ y. B3 X% Q! c
137. Refusal of an assemblage or meeting to disperse! L! Z8 j) J" H( v7 h/ Q
138. Sitdown
4 l( t6 Z- T# l+ B$ P M: Y 139. Noncooperation with conscription and deportation
/ V w. q& ^1 ^7 P; U- D 140. Hiding, escape, and false identities
; r w& P) Z, H/ t r. H 141. Civil disobedience of “illegitimate” laws
9 E+ Y1 S- L/ V1 I* G& K2 Z3 m2 d' S' ~
Action by Government Personnel
6 a% ^; I9 {0 Q5 o& N# K, B 142. Selective refusal of assistance by government aides1 k6 Y* y% X5 P
143. Blocking of lines of command and information: M9 k) |8 ]1 y1 b2 [! T
144. Stalling and obstruction
1 D6 I0 D3 p- @- E. V3 v4 k1 g 145. General administrative noncooperation
0 ]9 y( D5 N# g/ j$ w; U, A# {" x8 {5 [) h, I2 O- n4 u2 D! `
146. Judicial noncooperation3 n; ~' o$ R- r/ V9 {, b* h$ j
147. Deliberate inefficiency and selective noncooperation by enforcement agents) r% s7 L0 b, }) Z8 A
148. Mutiny
8 Z' X3 g4 h1 `6 q d# RDomestic Governmental Action
+ Y/ E0 u' I/ A- v 149. Quasi-legal evasions and delays$ k" z$ @% A: o* L7 T. L8 `& D
150. Noncooperation by constituent governmental units
! H' H- }8 ?3 j9 q9 C! q) S- b: ^; F$ }
International Governmental Action
7 h5 j. z P( n* } 151. Changes in diplomatic and other representations9 V. `7 P7 ]% g3 h& a
152. Delay and cancellation of diplomatic events
* x9 M8 B9 i) i3 j- b6 N9 v; I 153. Withholding of diplomatic recognition
4 }2 L/ p# B$ W2 w9 }& u4 g+ p 154. Severance of diplomatic relations
" |! u: ]4 A X- a7 G6 u: \# t 155. Withdrawal from international organizations# m M e7 b5 Q1 h7 E! D+ \
156. Refusal of membership in international bodies
: \$ W0 s. ]; m# ]$ Z) J( @+ j+ J7 [ 157. Expulsion from international organizations4 ^! ?+ H% F+ m D& G `. L
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( m0 O( w8 R9 I+ }& b3 VTHE METHODS OF NONVIOLENT INTERVENTION. T# A' q' r8 t% G. a9 F$ E
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! g3 g, r# m! ?* b2 TPsychological Intervention
9 N( u6 q# o4 o8 l4 M 158. Self-exposure to the elements
: B3 i# e" Y' c* y# _# X 159. The fast
+ S0 F) w' I+ n6 P' X# M a) Fast of moral pressure8 Z+ ~8 Y$ m5 |
b) Hunger strike8 {$ }* D7 [; N. k
c) Satyagrahic fast
7 {7 N4 O6 [& Y$ ? 160. Reverse trial
! ?+ U* m, M* s. ? 161. Nonviolent harassment
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8 x. n, y O3 j5 S/ xPhysical Intervention
! {3 {" p& A% w 162. Sit-in
" P7 z6 e* n8 e* q, s0 l 163. Stand-in
1 }1 h8 c9 N* C4 {& Z 164. Ride-in# b) |7 d+ t p N* C' J+ u9 X
165. Wade-in5 ~* w) S$ A& k' M% e
166. Mill-in
0 r7 {4 h' R( F. C8 h* h 167. Pray-in B! B% d% L( v$ ]* _& ?( A; _6 _
168. Nonviolent raids
/ N* @& o$ W' U8 p, c/ Q4 Q 169. Nonviolent air raids9 p% \9 M8 g$ {: d% `: t o" ~
170. Nonviolent invasion- [; C E! \- P6 V
171. Nonviolent interjection
& w5 P% z$ c9 y( j 172. Nonviolent obstruction8 b# F1 S9 R' U$ ^4 y$ L5 n
173. Nonviolent occupation
7 x" I. c3 P" x0 d s6 u. q
9 v# r& ]8 m2 N# U g; j4 qSocial Intervention6 @* Y) u2 F5 m+ o
174. Establishing new social patterns
. F- u5 z. K6 c, Q* P" o; r 175. Overloading of facilities' T5 ~: f' y5 h( F* \0 y
176. Stall-in
, f. P2 E' `. c7 O$ Z/ d 177. Speak-in
( K# W& t) {0 u3 b6 s1 N6 h 178. Guerrilla theater
! T5 N ^$ Q& `% f( b) d 179. Alternative social institutions7 `& B3 G- w- k8 c0 s
180. Alternative communication system
# v+ N" Z% e# P+ w+ ~9 f
0 H3 V7 y3 {- vEconomic Intervention
5 b; ]! @4 i3 O' u% M 181. Reverse strike8 _3 F5 L6 G5 w4 T; q3 t
182. Stay-in strike. y. o( }% |% @/ [
183. Nonviolent land seizure( s) }4 N( O0 l3 S: V
184. Defiance of blockades, w* S+ w: I" J# J
185. Politically motivated counterfeiting$ H8 M5 z5 k7 T( M
186. Preclusive purchasing o: F( G, e. h7 X$ K8 a
187. Seizure of assets
% ^+ F/ N% x4 t/ P- z& @$ T 188. Dumping
8 q" p( R1 z6 _: H" \4 t5 O 189. Selective patronage
; h- z1 ]! {8 L6 u2 Z/ p 190. Alternative markets1 K3 h% R& Q1 Y* [2 ~- \# ~
191. Alternative transportation systems
0 s- ?6 e/ f5 L2 f0 X) ? 192. Alternative economic institutions: `: g2 ]2 k% X2 m3 t% P# S/ w3 x- Z' x
+ A5 F* ^* W. J/ X8 L2 V) t0 z
Political Intervention
; A% Z5 {1 M4 A8 Y+ i 193. Overloading of administrative systems7 O/ C1 v( S6 ~
194. Disclosing identities of secret agents/ [2 K) T1 F1 `5 E# k8 G6 \
195. Seeking imprisonment
# N0 r' p4 X4 ~3 o- m6 d" d/ ` 196. Civil disobedience of “neutral” laws1 I& D8 W$ v1 L w
197. Work-on without collaboration
" _( y- x5 `. N6 l 198. Dual sovereignty and parallel government
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楼主: reneeqq
狗仔卡
显身卡
发表于 2016-7-2 18:23
发表于 2016-7-2 22:02
