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Canada's housing market both vigorous and stable ) N1 g. n9 i# i d
& |" F l7 |7 [( x$ o1 m- Country's market poised to show growth throughout 2006 -
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% J1 J( [1 `4 `3 A, V TORONTO, Sept. 28 /CNW/ - For most of Canada, the housing market, v+ N& N' f2 ]& U7 E
exhibited moderate price increases and stable unit sales during the third
& z# w2 E, O$ P$ J3 Z& Cquarter. Wide regional variances continued to be the dominant characteristic3 Y3 u" b4 x1 T+ z# g" A
in the market, exemplified by frenzied levels of activity and double digit' @% d! K/ M, L0 u" w" X
price gains observed in the energy and commodity rich Western provinces, and
) m6 [+ v8 k* D! W# L7 G- h8 |more reasonable sales volumes and moderate price appreciation in Ontario,9 x& l. L9 j' f0 ^ M9 A, T
Quebec and Atlantic Canada, according to a report released today by Royal% J0 Y; q( Y3 M ^$ G8 t8 Q% i: e6 B, a
LePage Real Estate Services.1 W0 g V: s3 P* Q* }2 _
c' a& L4 m6 Q" ~' @$ }/ E
Nationally, market trends established through the first three quarters1 r3 u" |* y( _" u
are forecast to continue for the remainder of the year. Robust economic6 p! @6 |# K9 M5 |
conditions, low unemployment rates, modestly growing salaries and wages, and
! G9 z9 l( Y/ U }sound consumer confidence contributed to the overall strength of the2 a5 {1 T/ b/ W* W+ G
residential real estate sector.6 _/ l0 @ g% `8 {, l
* c: [* k A+ K( S; ? Q/ t
Of the housing types surveyed, the highest average price appreciation& N. J8 J7 A4 U* }8 V6 |8 T
occurred in detached bungalows, which rose to $300,365 (+16.3%)
$ Q, U+ f* h! h6 ]year-over-year, followed by standard condominiums, which rose to $211,562
2 \) b ~6 ^6 b- c/ x1 s(+14.2%), and standard two-storey properties, which increased to $365,380
! v: U# P; |. V. }(+13.2%).
6 k9 Z$ f# S& X# @
, T9 f- Q$ K) i0 E& Q "Canada's sturdy housing market continued to demonstrate steady growth; c. M1 U5 N, ^$ f$ A3 M, G" b9 b
during the third quarter. For all but the west, we have moved on from the, B6 S# ?+ U+ o, h9 J) B8 G. C- O$ }
frenzied expansion that characterized the first half of this decade, and are
5 b8 y9 J) O; b; v% h9 D( Vpoised to show continued growth at a more moderate pace," said Phil Soper,; z) w# I/ Q2 ~- i4 i1 O
president and chief executive officer, Royal LePage Real Estate Services.
# S9 u# r8 S8 ?1 }* Q8 Z. t4 w"Gone is the sellers' market that we have lived with for some years. We
6 K7 N5 T% N/ r W* Ewelcome the more reliable conditions that are characteristic of a healthy
# ~7 P+ _4 T- P; l4 Z; `# B6 zbalanced market."! x1 v/ w( v; F7 q8 a: L
" f. m( o3 P0 e1 Q
Despite the double-digit rise in average national house prices,
3 O8 z" B( k2 K+ Aconsiderable regional variances were exhibited again this quarter. The shift
) H( Q/ N) J6 W7 Cto balanced market conditions, which began in late 2005, has continued: H+ p2 O4 F' |; z) K. q, S
throughout most of the Central and Eastern regions of the country. In the core# X3 d/ s7 K. [8 [, U9 e
energy producing western provinces, the combination of very high in-migration,# c; P: j) d* C6 a" H
manageable affordability, and a shortage of inventory has driven record# G' {: T+ V8 U( F8 }! @! L
breaking price appreciations.
; z& P0 G: c. x2 e
) q7 g5 `/ V" @ Echoing the second quarter and supported by Alberta's rapidly expanding
, V7 u! u( u- b' Z2 T, Teconomy, Calgary and Edmonton led the charge of Canadian cities with the4 j& p2 }2 d2 F2 C, L2 ^7 `/ |. u
largest house price appreciation in all housing types surveyed.
" I. E) F7 k, z* f4 r$ y# {
. ?. w& B: c+ s9 A3 H" ? In Ottawa and Toronto, growth remained steady, supported by solid6 f4 s8 V5 C, f
economic fundamentals, an increase in available inventory and strong consumer
5 ^, Y8 w2 C4 |- p a2 d5 W( y1 lconfidence. While the pace of price appreciation in Ontario leveled off
# P( j m3 C" a3 i0 Nslightly, the province's real estate market remains poised for modest growth.9 j: B$ G/ O( A8 j. Q5 v3 ? M' z
In Atlantic Canada, new housing and condominium construction offered buyers
4 Q1 p M7 Q$ B. e0 n8 Xgreater selection at more competitive prices, resulting in a slower rate of8 H6 |& I; k: p5 P5 j0 a) `" _1 Q E
price appreciation when compared with 2005.
9 v( r1 |% L, p$ y* x
- a m% {! K0 C q7 j# F While the pace of growth in Canada has slowed, the domestic housing. A5 h7 X: A, F) ]' |
market is expected to outperform the American market. The economic and
, D+ c9 {1 u6 Hfinancial fundamentals driving the residential real estate sector in Canada
0 ~$ @" g; a* e Fare markedly different than those found in the United States.3 O: @" d/ }+ Y2 I9 [ y: l
1 {0 @' q! G* N7 z5 l: r
Added Soper: "Canada's housing market is likely to outperform the
. _" {- Q; Z- Q$ Q7 H* r, ?8 PAmerican market through 2007. A number of factors are working in Canada's% h7 b3 W) |: A) @- i/ a& J
favour, including healthy personal and governmental debt levels, the
' s! m! x8 o8 ^0 ]: Nrelatively modest rise in interest rates in our country, and general
! I1 i3 n; r" e: \ ]! O; F/ m+ Aaffordability in our major cities. In addition, Americans are now seeing the
: U' a/ ]- r' ^downside of a tax system that encourages maximum homeowner leverage, and& w5 p7 W0 c) A5 L, M
aggressive financial products such as zero- and negative-amortization
! d7 ^% C/ y$ S+ B+ nmortgages that work only in a high price growth environment."
' [+ g3 L+ \! @, {1 U
& t) o8 b- ~* i/ S4 Q+ K! P0 r/ n <<
" G9 S1 G4 Y1 u) e8 |9 q: y REGIONAL SUMMARIES
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: s" j' ]0 A% H/ E7 u# ^0 B# G. K9 j3 K! k
Balanced conditions continued to characterize the housing market in0 b x \, c# C* y# X4 Z/ D2 J5 x
Halifax, as significantly higher inventory levels helped to moderate the rate
3 o: S9 N. j3 ~7 `' ]4 S4 ]! Bof price appreciation. Buyers were increasingly choosy, taking more time0 W, E# S- M5 j# ^* G8 J0 I2 D2 v
looking for newer, low-maintenance properties that were not in need of; Y) c& G) E1 Q0 U3 m
renovations.( c9 @, n8 Z0 Q, s5 o% f3 w
- e& G2 n/ b1 e1 |
The housing market in Moncton remained healthy and strong as a slight
' B1 b& F1 U$ ~% v+ Oincrease in inventory helped to moderate the rate of price appreciation) S1 ?; E1 G% }5 S; ~" @% ^
compared to the same period in 2005. Activity was brisk throughout August and9 N2 m. U& k, J' `5 [3 s% X+ A6 A
September and is expected to remain this way through the fourth quarter.
7 ~6 O: y5 _, ?! A! [% x! F0 j7 h8 Q" t) D/ ]* A' q# ~$ _
The housing market in Saint John underwent its traditional summer2 F. Q$ V" s6 n. M" N
slowdown in the third quarter, with activity picking up towards the end of the
' \& h) \* u) K7 f2 aquarter. The local economy continued to thrive, as construction on a new2 K% f* b# ?" f
600,000 square-foot shopping area has begun, bringing several new box stores( q7 w5 w8 F6 x( Q
to the area. Buyers have begun seeking less expensive fixtures for their homes& D! d/ M! f2 n8 a$ w
and are instead opting for more affordable housing options.
- \: x: h1 P, s# C9 b8 O7 N: z0 D5 \: A
In Charlottetown, the housing market started to move towards balanced2 J: b& g+ }2 e
conditions, as some sellers had to begin to lower the asking prices on their
, b6 R9 t7 } y" {4 phomes to make them more competitive. Activity from out-of-town and US buyers
' ^6 \. K$ ^6 h4 c: Rwas down slightly compared to 2005, likely attributable to the strong Canadian
/ }2 W S% F" F. W/ hdollar. Inventory levels began to creep up in the third quarter, providing
' F3 f5 o6 G. _% W' n7 v, I7 e( h; Ybuyers with more options when looking for a home.
/ A2 Y1 L; a5 G7 B. m6 {0 a f
* M, i( g7 E) N Activity in St. John's slowed slightly in the third quarter, particularly
- b2 J# W7 I+ b6 y5 lamong higher-priced properties, where there was a slight over-supply of homes& e$ U6 H* Z4 d! i/ B
priced over $200,000. Listing periods have increased when compared with 2005,
+ ~5 x# @0 ~; q/ j6 vas some of the pent-up demand that had characterized the market over the last
% a0 ~' l `% a. \2 Mfew years has been satisfied, resulting in more normal, balanced conditions.- t/ k! h( P( Q, q( r; o
; [" v9 h3 Y* H# Q, l9 ` Montreal's housing market recorded modest increases in average house3 ^& d8 ^! h& l. }
prices, due to a slight seasonal slowdown in the third quarter as inventory
5 r" P: P2 s+ ^% }( b0 @levels rose. Part of this can be attributed to the fact that many renting S" j0 H# v8 Y% v, D/ @7 w; Q
first-time buyers were motivated to close on the purchase of a home by July 1,0 g' w2 t/ A" e4 ^8 f/ A" \
when rental leases expire in Quebec. Once this date has passed some of the
" T% h' c9 S# R$ dpressure is taken off the market, allowing buyers to visit more homes before- i1 d8 G7 [, f/ o; W: b0 E8 d
making a purchase.
% z$ k5 Y$ v# L5 Y3 x: K8 K8 r
M c7 v4 L+ H Ottawa held its position as one of the country's most stable housing
8 y$ J% \8 }7 |" S* `markets in the third quarter, reinforced by a vibrant local economy and strong
+ q* j2 B. `- P7 P( tconfidence, resulting in modest increases in average house prices. The city
& |) ?9 _6 p2 B; U8 `centre remained a bright spot in Ottawa, with homes in this area attracting
y: D1 G' z+ R# n5 Qattention due to their convenient location and proximity to downtown
. y# K, A2 d0 N, Z& vamenities.7 I. O# y$ R: t4 R+ N0 L2 G. \ j+ w
7 j9 N- M2 h. X# E4 w/ y1 K The housing market in Toronto sustained healthy activity levels- U; U2 r( I# G% V& u
throughout the third quarter, as a strong economy helped to maintain demand! ]( p+ y1 i) Y3 i5 V6 i4 n
across the city, causing average house prices to rise moderately. Toronto has3 N e5 Q/ T2 B
continued to experience modest growth in average house prices, and has been/ h' V ]7 U9 v
driven primarily by purchasers who are buying homes as their principle
, p! g9 t! N. F8 e4 B; h! _$ Y. aresidence, rather than for investment. U; o j3 K2 ~, i% g
$ l% s$ w' @/ o' `- ?
The vibrant Winnipeg housing market continued to show its strength as
+ p8 b$ }2 D# `7 Dhouse prices rose during the third quarter. The booming local economy resulted' }( k1 x+ M3 O. y% J, ]
in a historically low unemployment rate, helping to bolster consumer
# P* u9 ?3 I, o Y& L) e9 }confidence and Winnipeg's ranking as the city with the lowest capitalization
3 F* P8 L( B! h3 Hrate among the country's larger cities - helped to encourage buyers to enter4 ]0 V. @) l, x e7 F' X. F
the market.# J; T( v# s% E, E
3 {$ T1 X0 H/ K& w
In Regina, the market experienced a slight seasonal slowdown through
# h: M9 Y* K6 R- ~' O, @0 d- jJuly, as there were fewer purchasers in the market due to summer vacations. In
* W4 L# Q9 S* F$ t$ \August, activity resumed to the busy pace previously seen in the spring
7 E- j9 y: e4 T Emonths, as the influx of purchasers made it more difficult to find a home due7 g. J, Z5 z$ l; B7 N6 X
to the shortage of available inventory.6 Q; m0 k$ F$ R3 K( i
! t0 D1 l6 l5 n Activity in Saskatoon remained brisk as the market maintained its
! S5 ~6 V' f4 r# a, ]momentum from the busy spring sales period. The economy in Saskatoon remains* e* s5 A o! I
vibrant, as employment opportunities are abundant with many businesses1 g2 [* c. m$ Q+ _1 f
struggling to make hires and having to recruit outside the province.* [+ k4 }# ^/ z% m. ]
7 e* f5 R( }6 T, L1 o) z! @* } Calgary's housing market recorded blazing average house price increases
2 L5 j) O0 j; c+ m% F: {3 w# nin the third quarter, in all surveyed categories. The burgeoning economy, low
/ R* ~) {" z" D9 [: vunemployment rates and low inventory levels remained the leading factors that* l8 g4 G( n3 G+ |3 x; ]% N
pressured Calgary's house prices upwards. However, regardless of the soaring
* X5 C, m1 S" kprices that characterized the market - even during the typically slower summer6 i8 j3 @: }: ~* e0 h6 C1 x. W
season - it is expected that activity will become slightly more balanced, as
- Z0 C* B" j5 F& gbuyers are becoming more reluctant to participate in the frenetic activity.
: s. ?2 S7 W" E. J4 ^
: U6 k/ g- b y" a" A; Z Edmonton's booming local economy continued to thrive in the third quarter
* x4 g/ @, d$ |: K4 i; H4 oas activity in the oil sands north of the city continued to flourish. Edmonton' @2 \# K, ^+ ^- X# t$ p- ?( |
remained the hub of activity for those coming to work in the oil industry,
; b* z9 w2 @ k4 pmaintaining tight inventory levels across the city, resulting in prices5 b' g2 C% H/ q+ g6 ?- k3 L
increasing at record levels. However, as inventory levels continued to improve
. V r W8 X; j* E- xin the third quarter the rate of price appreciation should moderate slightly
5 L6 {8 O9 W! k& m4 I, J* etowards the end of 2006.
) H% _& e! T- O. ~, O1 D- c7 o/ c
. G- _; X D v8 _6 }While Vancouver has seen a slight reprieve from the severe shortage of
* G- P+ e) E4 }0 h$ `# @, g3 ~: Hinventory that had previously characterized the market, supply is still unable) F. f8 @; g4 u+ O" O4 I6 O% t' @
to meet demand, driving house prices upwards. Vancouver has a very diverse
8 [; i0 V- A. [( k4 N. Mgroup of active buyers - from first-time home buyers to baby-boomers to
X8 t' X+ f3 Sforeign investors - all of whom fuel the demand for houses, placing added
[& @. p; s0 u/ u5 _7 Jpressure on tight inventory levels.5 |2 L, c- V9 l3 A3 ]) j6 t
0 o8 X0 @- ?, i) U Victoria's market is vibrant and supported by strong economic
- R( R* ^/ k; p) b! dfundamentals, fuelled by a booming tech sector and a migration of young people
* E. ]# v% k$ ~% s3 E4 }into the city that has continued to support the area's house price increases;! n$ I5 s! P0 f- O
while increased inventory levels have afforded buyers more time when searching% f/ G! ~1 c$ J$ s: m2 g
for a home, helping to normalize the market's pace. P- m8 w: d" a, g8 k& j. \
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<<$ j. `$ b+ c3 R5 g
Survey of Canadian Average House Prices in the Third Quarter 20067 y- A/ N# n$ W5 P
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) T& a# X$ L* L; c5 U7 I Detached Bungalows Standard Two Storey) j$ l' v: S( Q2 c# T8 K
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
' g! `7 v0 G6 y( p" w: O 2006 Q3 2005 Q3 Bungalow 2006 Q3 2005 Q3
& w! E8 g7 U4 |3 a6 w% ? Market Average Average % Change Average Average- U( M; s( C. [1 x9 a& e
-------------------------------------------------------------------------9 c4 f9 K5 S$ F' ?- h0 f
Halifax 186,333 173,333 7.5% 198,667 199,0001 F/ c$ o/ u$ s5 l H7 g9 L+ `
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
; r2 \: c8 e' s$ C( c9 {+ H8 t% l Charlottetown 145,000 141,000 2.8% 175,000 170,000
9 S1 o/ q- I0 K -------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 i4 m* B3 t# h$ A- ~$ @- u1 m Moncton 135,000 127,000 6.3% 129,000 123,000
4 x* _' i! Z' }* {9 Q' W( U( m -------------------------------------------------------------------------
) v, B E% {6 N W. D: a; | Saint John 141,200 142,900 -1.2% - -; V/ @5 T- K' h2 A2 ]) p
-------------------------------------------------------------------------) R8 @) J& o. g( A! m: t
St. John's 143,667 142,667 0.7% 200,667 202,333
1 h M8 y! ^* v/ K0 T -------------------------------------------------------------------------
# v7 N) D# `2 p: M Atlantic 150,240 145,380 3.3% 175,833 173,583
" k" O9 e+ g7 K" {/ w/ T -------------------------------------------------------------------------
_2 D! E7 @% i3 G, u3 J& Z9 j Montreal 213,691 203,500 5.0% 321,141 316,185- q! m4 m# _( m7 c
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
4 J% q, H' o h; d, Q: u& e Ottawa 290,083 278,417 4.2% 285,667 273,250
/ n. ?7 `1 H4 a: \3 o" j -------------------------------------------------------------------------# I. J( S$ J) F1 z5 @, c
Toronto 373,368 355,882 4.9% 481,523 474,766
3 h1 t0 w' @6 ?: y1 {" v: P -------------------------------------------------------------------------
9 D& z/ F3 k8 b1 e2 ^7 A x5 K+ p! m# s Winnipeg 181,579 159,860 13.6% 202,337 180,707
& A. c7 H9 ?4 g) K+ q -------------------------------------------------------------------------; }! r7 k$ p9 A+ m
Saskatchewan 170,667 156,083 9.3% 182,600 166,500" b3 c* X$ t: R7 [
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
/ Z- r8 s' `( ]# R+ v Calgary 395,067 252,411 56.5% 405,778 264,3893 B. Y' x! O- }9 F
-------------------------------------------------------------------------( q' r5 h6 |2 p; h/ G) r* e
Edmonton 286,857 194,857 47.2% 316,429 206,714% Q; J; T: s4 v) [ r; P
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
) F* m4 x0 D7 L# j Vancouver 704,250 601,000 17.2% 794,000 697,500
6 e- W0 \6 x5 P -------------------------------------------------------------------------
& q+ E7 }, D" Y$ P1 X" F% ~+ ] Victoria 375,000 348,000 7.8% 403,000 391,000
( _ |3 B" |3 F: v5 L -------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 X5 t1 `" `! u4 ~ National 300,365 258,202 16.3% 365,380 322,860
3 s0 c2 U7 v6 ]9 M) Q: R4 N -------------------------------------------------------------------------8 T. R. Z: c1 R9 O9 l
/ B$ t) R {. K* _0 v+ ?1 Y- N -------------------------------------------------------------4 t. ], A; u7 C+ [8 S' Y' N
Standard Condominium
, j; w0 B$ V: f: E4 k. m0 y# i -------------------------------------------------------------
. z8 Z$ P6 O9 Y) {/ f 2-Storey 2006 Q3 2005 Q3 Condo) ]; ^/ W: m3 A- P; \5 j
Market % Change Average Average % Change
H- {9 i+ a( r# d& l7 i) \ -------------------------------------------------------------
" n/ p% d7 I. s* s6 U! }) Y Halifax -0.2% 142,000 103,000 37.9%: Y7 G7 T' M9 Q2 X) M2 W! \
-------------------------------------------------------------
1 U- @+ y/ O" Y' Z Charlottetown 2.9% 98,000 98,000 0.0%
, p8 o7 A" k8 j3 U! ?; i -------------------------------------------------------------
+ ] B- q: ^' A' K Moncton 4.9% - - N/A) L3 Z% {( |$ g1 D
-------------------------------------------------------------: B- [0 A' Y# y" v
Saint John N/A - - N/A
( ^$ P5 E' g. e3 S6 N -------------------------------------------------------------9 @) i3 X" X+ c2 P+ }! S
St. John's -0.8% 146,333 145,667 0.5%! \4 s% a/ D6 V5 J
-------------------------------------------------------------' y Q+ H% M6 K9 s( Z7 k1 U; y- @! {
Atlantic 1.3% 128,778 115,556 11.4%$ ]. F) B- H7 B% B
-------------------------------------------------------------% H+ h) L3 I3 P& Z' v7 g6 l0 m
Montreal 1.6% 193,190 188,016 2.8%
2 x( |: i$ R, Z: L8 L, A4 B -------------------------------------------------------------
/ ~6 E! b3 ?/ ` Ottawa 4.5% 181,083 172,250 5.1%
) [# g* R, F8 ~" I* K, @1 j -------------------------------------------------------------
. W- d0 r% O' w9 ] Toronto 1.4% 252,088 242,918 3.8%+ o( r; A6 A6 ~5 W# g! U
-------------------------------------------------------------
, s V ?" x6 _0 g l9 E5 Y Winnipeg 12.0% 105,648 96,008 10.0% z: J2 a! {3 l3 E0 W
-------------------------------------------------------------# u I, M5 j+ h
Saskatchewan 9.7% 106,250 101,000 5.2%# q8 M. K8 r; Y' r. q- B2 U4 n
-------------------------------------------------------------' p2 d. ]8 n2 ?! @& m
Calgary 53.5% 245,844 153,867 59.8%
' l# Y- [0 s, P& o; V! \9 M -------------------------------------------------------------9 Z. P$ P$ ]2 q, i( Y
Edmonton 53.1% 200,433 131,500 52.4%
( e, K: l2 g! Q4 _' Q6 o; }! j -------------------------------------------------------------: E( F9 j9 z1 L1 C' Z& d A, s6 b) q
Vancouver 13.8% 366,250 323,250 13.3%+ V, l9 ?: T7 Y7 r* F, N
-------------------------------------------------------------
+ J; A; ^5 S3 G! ]0 h Victoria 3.1% 229,000 220,000 4.1%- t6 x. W/ i6 q1 \
-------------------------------------------------------------
, U( T n2 q" R National 13.2% 211,562 185,296 14.2%* ^% [) h7 }/ B$ H9 _0 ?* b9 `
-------------------------------------------------------------: J6 q' v* ?. c: s6 @) H Z
>>
& b$ Y6 d+ \8 M- m, K9 i1 z! A6 _( r6 `# S3 ]/ a' N0 n
Average house prices are based on an average of all sub-markets examined
1 M6 v, t) o7 T4 ]9 T5 oin the area, except for the smaller markets of Charlottetown, Moncton, Saint
" Z4 Y% ~& \2 }( b& x+ tJohn and Victoria.8 d! `$ a8 V) q. }3 ^0 Z7 K
9 v' y0 S8 U+ m; B) s' X7 S$ v
The Royal LePage Survey of Canadian House Prices is the largest, most: c" O' g, _, B
comprehensive study of its kind in Canada, with information on seven types of% |3 p( F4 }8 y' O: J$ v/ V
housing in over 250 neighbourhoods from coast to coast. This release
" C9 {' J1 a8 a1 t, Jreferences an abbreviated version of the survey, which highlights house price
( p8 T; Y8 }! R4 N5 C3 rtrends for the three most common types of housing in Canada in 80 communities1 ]! X7 h V; \9 e6 T3 \
across the country. A complete database of past and present surveys is
9 S& h4 S y4 s8 }+ A" Cavailable on the Royal LePage Web site at www.royallepage.ca, and current
# k' E4 c. R L" ~/ o4 s5 V1 t5 }$ Jfigures will be updated following the end of the third quarter. A printable
2 ^6 Z3 Z* C: u3 Tversion of the third quarter 2006 survey will be available online on$ C$ h J, U7 I3 \* c, y
November 15, 2006.0 j8 t# u# d% Q
Housing values in the Royal LePage Survey are Royal LePage opinions of# P" @3 v" V( {" n8 v: _
fair market value in each location, based on local data and market knowledge
* [/ r! G* V4 P3 aprovided by Royal LePage residential real estate experts. Historical data is
, z5 h) M% y4 E* savailable for some areas back to the early 1970s. |
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