 鲜花( 240)  鸡蛋( 18)
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发表于 2016-7-3 17:52
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THE METHODS OF NONVIOLENT PROTEST AND PERSUASION2 x6 M: x, \; P* e
Formal Statements
" G. X/ P, n+ n/ L j 1. Public Speeches
: x5 _3 R: M( B7 S 2. Letters of opposition or support
' H: {5 x* C2 s t% H/ {, |; E 3. Declarations by organizations and institutions
6 t5 E* w# \" L+ R4 F 4. Signed public statements+ Q& o7 ]' e! V% L
5. Declarations of indictment and intention# E4 m1 M5 C+ z( I
6. Group or mass petitions
8 g) [6 r4 n" J; W* A% w2 `7 O- N- l* n
Communications with a Wider Audience
; Y( m3 m0 n" b. f 7. Slogans, caricatures, and symbols
& s# \7 @; U H" j6 X6 G 8. Banners, posters, and displayed communications
+ v9 n/ p% \1 A 9. Leaflets, pamphlets, and books) g$ V3 b M1 `( B3 |& o6 I
10. Newspapers and journals9 ?* c P! s4 Z1 {( W3 S( p9 q
11. Records, radio, and television
$ A) B; u' V% T7 D% L 12. Skywriting and earthwriting s+ s0 z5 b+ `1 R4 ]
9 B% h* m; m+ b y1 F9 U& IGroup Representations
* K( g4 t V% L- S" [" g. g 13. Deputations
4 Y: k z' v4 y' G) | 14. Mock awards7 \. {: P0 Z: \8 Q# e& h% F
15. Group lobbying
% r; k+ o5 B: j 16. Picketing
1 t" E/ {- H# U 17. Mock elections
0 r' e( I1 u: j1 M$ V! J1 [9 ~
~6 L! ?) Y% p7 y1 h* sSymbolic Public Acts
# f8 M' _ s1 }* q- f( K# @$ F$ K; h, g 18. Displays of flags and symbolic colors6 U' N3 ?6 y+ c" K) W8 x9 l
19. Wearing of symbols
- g1 x2 m. R& t$ {% P 20. Prayer and worship# o* {) S# E0 A. D
21. Delivering symbolic objects1 |! Y# Q$ T3 W- y
22. Protest disrobings
+ {' |/ \! K- p+ o 23. Destruction of own property
% I+ z. m' v/ B7 w! s6 } 24. Symbolic lights; x! C: N: q6 W3 ~! c3 T
25. Displays of portraits; p2 c3 J i0 M0 z# A9 n
26. Paint as protest
) j3 ]# w9 G; ~/ {, e# d0 j" D 27. New signs and names
$ O# Q2 G5 _: F) u% a" B8 |( Z, W4 Y 28. Symbolic sounds
+ ^) A' c% D* u- Y 29. Symbolic reclamations
% c1 |% P1 U' B; |+ h0 l 30. Rude gestures
5 ~4 I8 m5 }) a. p; r1 C: |3 U+ O2 W+ t+ h
Pressures on Individuals) c$ E" D4 Z0 q+ I
31. “Haunting” officials. m8 z! u* X; }% C5 _
32. Taunting officials
; L/ a% Q, J, p0 ^& P7 r( o 33. Fraternization4 |) y1 L4 P; Q8 |# G
34. Vigils
+ L# t$ W3 D& |7 L
0 r/ k& q# Y% I8 p! EDrama and Music
1 N8 @+ _' ], H( U6 M* F3 X 35. Humorous skits and pranks
( S6 \8 x. J# B0 k 36. Performances of plays and music1 c* N" a. D+ ^( s, T( N
37. Singing
5 R- }7 E% G. T6 i: T; K7 ^6 S" }; a
Processions7 Z5 h7 n1 p5 `, X
38. Marches
2 e# l3 e0 w! I* O- }9 a 39. Parades
d6 C& x3 ^, ]" w& S4 [ A 40. Religious processions+ w$ m2 C0 c( N/ ]& |
41. Pilgrimages
7 b3 F4 {. x- z7 b 42. Motorcades) m2 H4 N# k5 {3 _$ S( J2 \' ]
0 v0 e% ^. E9 K3 e: M- BHonoring the Dead
" X9 e/ o. Z8 b- M6 |" `9 M! O 43. Political mourning) P6 u0 K) Z; `3 z. M( p
44. Mock funerals! q+ ?' L6 O8 _# n {! v
45. Demonstrative funerals
% [; z/ `. W9 {& n' t6 P( N1 ` 46. Homage at burial places
+ @7 G- w* D7 F7 r/ i) q U( j
5 p2 E- \1 T$ [5 N) Y6 j9 QPublic Assemblies# Q1 S) b5 s3 C/ K! Q @
47. Assemblies of protest or support( g2 D4 [' p! v" Y( c3 H
48. Protest meetings1 E( A: {1 m$ u* }. a2 K* N R3 j
49. Camouflaged meetings of protest
' R9 Z+ R0 v) G: ^8 A3 g0 V 50. Teach-ins
6 V- D! W7 s* J2 h2 B+ V
" S5 Z6 ^) N( f0 b7 D# t+ lWithdrawal and Renunciation& K p" Y( a( A- g& e( P" ]( @
51. Walk-outs
9 M4 H7 f1 A9 c. B* t0 k* M 52. Silence
k7 x4 u' n4 o; H& r+ j 53. Renouncing honors. E x# K C( x6 n! e% H
54. Turning one’s back. A8 p* u) n, @( Y& _$ u: M( `$ f
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& j! m: n3 ?5 |0 K3 z
8 K$ x& M2 ^- S% bTHE METHODS OF SOCIAL NONCOOPERATION
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L7 M( f+ T, j: z! W! U0 EOstracism of Persons
" \6 H+ U3 |4 [/ |3 l& T3 p 55. Social boycott
: t z1 f% v) n. l 56. Selective social boycott) T1 j$ }0 ^6 p# r3 k
57. Lysistratic nonaction
5 i# u" O: e0 E7 y- D& Y3 r 58. Excommunication
4 e+ e+ w( m- ^% m# d4 q% b9 Y% Y" } 59. Interdict0 ^- K! r% m: H9 ^! D* f) E
! q9 u8 T2 J. e+ m( _# e
Noncooperation with Social Events, Customs, and Institutions
$ _" ~: @* K( l6 O 60. Suspension of social and sports activities" M1 w# g& k' s* p
61. Boycott of social affairs( [- W! ?) E0 s- x
62. Student strike( Y. m- Q F" w+ Y2 x
63. Social disobedience
U; l% \( r" C+ V( K+ e( K 64. Withdrawal from social institutions
2 |6 D$ K# s# P7 I! U8 x ?. D) I0 q$ _! @, C, I( R! E
Withdrawal from the Social System5 L ]9 D- S4 m" v
65. Stay-at-home
! {+ E( |/ M, v: V1 s5 X5 [3 c 66. Total personal noncooperation
' p6 q# V" y h- {+ a 67. “Flight” of workers
( F3 t# {8 b- R5 E1 g 68. Sanctuary
- L4 l; I& w9 ?3 u 69. Collective disappearance5 j4 y; X \ |8 h
70. Protest emigration (hijrat)& l% G* s) y4 m4 z
: ~4 q6 L ~; J6 A
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& @4 S) O5 J. k4 |" n6 O$ fTHE METHODS OF ECONOMIC NONCOOPERATION: ECONOMIC BOYCOTTS5 V0 K+ o b5 @2 x5 J
' A. v; d! E, G9 i
+ \2 _% e8 I" U8 EActions by Consumers
: R' I2 y7 q* l" m 71. Consumers’ boycott4 P2 p! M3 y9 q7 a* C: ^
72. Nonconsumption of boycotted goods
0 |5 y1 [ T# Q8 o6 o* c; \" V 73. Policy of austerity
! c$ j3 e( d7 t5 e7 W 74. Rent withholding7 e- n- ? ~' g3 d E/ C6 L
75. Refusal to rent4 d4 a: `* X4 r0 K- ~
76. National consumers’ boycott
$ s% E+ W5 C' u- l- \ 77. International consumers’ boycott
# C. m: _5 }! _2 b2 [) v6 X0 N. C0 J- w7 f, W' ?, n
Action by Workers and Producers
9 X2 |8 I" y- v; ?: `. [! ]% T 78. Workmen’s boycott
, b$ H2 K& R7 ?. m" w1 E 79. Producers’ boycott
# A5 D& w& c3 e; X/ m2 B6 V l3 f1 B
- W1 q3 a, b1 v0 \* VAction by Middlemen
& Z. a, o5 s9 ^- J- h! b 80. Suppliers’ and handlers’ boycott2 |/ ]& l2 p- L: E% i: O/ U
; ~9 n6 ?, g& T$ B- F/ gAction by Owners and Management( X+ e( f' Q7 N$ x7 \; `% S
81. Traders’ boycott
9 P8 _. ^! E" d' J4 d, e" _: U 82. Refusal to let or sell property
+ i5 w3 o( Z C: P& p1 Q 83. Lockout
. d& J* C- x( V# j 84. Refusal of industrial assistance
. W, }. b' e* E, K 85. Merchants’ “general strike”6 z6 U) r( k" k) H* d% d5 O- L) X
0 |! ?' `( ^& G
Action by Holders of Financial Resources# z5 w: T" o& A. [# g0 x1 y. E
86. Withdrawal of bank deposits
- p" V' a, V% x3 [: e8 F 87. Refusal to pay fees, dues, and assessments
* J( T& c+ v5 b9 z3 F 88. Refusal to pay debts or interest% n. `+ }# {- D' C7 r. ]
89. Severance of funds and credit
' E8 C" `4 o' N9 P/ o% t* @8 { 90. Revenue refusal5 i% M. l; h' l5 B: E
91. Refusal of a government’s money
W" B. }" |% I4 C9 C: [/ i2 H+ j% }) f8 W$ o
Action by Governments V+ p* U8 B0 a1 a
92. Domestic embargo
+ V! F; a$ v0 @4 P2 V 93. Blacklisting of traders( B, m2 U% ]& R4 g1 i
94. International sellers’ embargo
# t9 M5 X0 U& C* z: [" U9 Y 95. International buyers’ embargo
* C6 v0 u" U' O8 Z 96. International trade embargo
' _6 [( O1 M* r. l8 F- y& [' R5 D9 B- q4 V3 n
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THE METHODS OF ECONOMIC NONCOOPERATION: THE STRIKE
$ B9 Z3 C4 T2 u( X6 l1 N4 x
2 }) H% Q; x" |' ` : [$ d) G3 A- F' F; A4 y) U
Symbolic Strikes
6 v* K. ~" c% p, T6 u6 v 97. Protest strike$ t9 g* e( P J6 j) q& ]: z4 @
98. Quickie walkout (lightning strike) l) x8 i5 @ f! R; R: l0 T( k
# g3 f% n p0 w% F2 q- ~7 d, ]Agricultural Strikes" t& \; Z% w- h# F! F
99. Peasant strike
+ i( r/ B/ n) y; H5 V2 T# f* e0 Y 100. Farm Workers’ strike
6 x/ u. U2 c1 K) w! z% b; H, x
# }9 e9 `1 C: `, yStrikes by Special Groups
/ M0 y# E8 | V 101. Refusal of impressed labor
- M0 Q' I! q+ |) L( r 102. Prisoners’ strike x& M* z6 h" _" u# z! u/ D H4 N
103. Craft strike# u3 ]3 C! O5 |2 G- q
104. Professional strike
! m1 M0 L6 ~7 ]+ ~) \9 K( j- ]4 v0 o1 Y0 Y! l3 Q
Ordinary Industrial Strikes
4 D8 @8 k% i6 l 105. Establishment strike
7 A7 W) o& \9 S" X$ B4 l2 M 106. Industry strike" W6 I! g8 ^5 U9 `' y* u
107. Sympathetic strike' N+ @8 }: J* X/ _0 M
7 k# ~9 [) M" F' d% J# S
Restricted Strikes% ~+ H; ^( d$ h8 z
108. Detailed strike
+ y4 }3 G/ H/ R6 M6 c! E 109. Bumper strike
) w( h# i1 Y; [+ A 110. Slowdown strike) s& i- x5 g s8 Z$ J. A, _
111. Working-to-rule strike
9 j o: k0 A0 C' @& K 112. Reporting “sick” (sick-in)0 @) \) n+ Y; o: X) J
113. Strike by resignation: J6 x: H$ @: @5 B. ~
114. Limited strike
4 \( L7 c/ P) w 115. Selective strike
' F: @ [7 \4 T' T& c# P* ?
E3 [& c, R LMulti-Industry Strikes
1 d/ @4 b3 @ z! `2 @& u: o- u; H3 y8 _# E- f/ d9 K
116. Generalized strike
. b- l% C# @/ R* P' }
3 @8 I( I4 a, @$ g' X( M 117. General strike4 _4 O; z# C* ]. t. s. I5 B1 f
$ U- u8 I3 l- bCombination of Strikes and Economic Closures6 U+ ]' d8 ?# Z% ]; P3 D) p
4 N, C7 U- `! \% U8 `4 a7 R 118. Hartal
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119. Economic shutdown
|) ^. h. C7 U. i
! M7 T9 J3 f1 ~# d " c& ^4 p( q5 F1 S- S4 u
7 P" T/ V+ f' A" P- K6 {THE METHODS OF POLITICAL NONCOOPERATION
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1 @4 I1 V+ ]2 uRejection of Authority
5 X$ T2 M' l; S( Q* J# W 120. Withholding or withdrawal of allegiance8 [# E8 Y1 ~# ]6 T; N) P
121. Refusal of public support( D: `1 S/ |1 w
122. Literature and speeches advocating resistance
, V: S- ~7 m$ W! ]) g1 ]8 `3 E. v4 d. X; d8 K/ q5 _4 {
Citizens’ Noncooperation with Government
% S' L% O0 X6 s' R+ y 123. Boycott of legislative bodies
$ U3 h8 }: ^+ ?* H 124. Boycott of elections* j" g! v4 h% y$ h1 C& K
125. Boycott of government employment and positions
6 _7 m/ b) y8 x0 }* \8 r$ V 126. Boycott of government depts., agencies, and other bodies1 ^/ _/ T5 y1 A6 M2 U$ G, ]: R. m
127. Withdrawal from government educational institutions
2 C+ R( M. v% F0 x 128. Boycott of government-supported organizations6 k+ u9 n3 Z5 v7 {" |$ s
129. Refusal of assistance to enforcement agents) m) P. i* [6 A Q* U& s9 C* `
130. Removal of own signs and placemarks
5 b. W, O+ ?* `$ C9 P 131. Refusal to accept appointed officials2 m- _) { n7 O! m) I+ z
132. Refusal to dissolve existing institutions
- g! e' X# F g: w
/ d* t% [4 v' v" f) H7 GCitizens’ Alternatives to Obedience
; ~2 t$ C: b2 w# a 133. Reluctant and slow compliance% o2 ^7 N# p/ q* D- X) k
134. Nonobedience in absence of direct supervision; }. z ]! M8 N9 c
135. Popular nonobedience
- z L* |8 n" p1 m 136. Disguised disobedience3 m# Q! g3 N, A! V7 E8 e# ~
137. Refusal of an assemblage or meeting to disperse+ c% f4 I A3 r
138. Sitdown
- d' t1 N3 o4 N/ d! v8 z t1 n8 m! } 139. Noncooperation with conscription and deportation
4 ~& ]1 G: n; ]1 c( d$ y 140. Hiding, escape, and false identities
( A7 d& D2 U* ]& k" y6 G 141. Civil disobedience of “illegitimate” laws
6 R. n4 x7 I0 p5 Y* N& F0 \& w c1 [
Action by Government Personnel
: C- D0 U1 z" s 142. Selective refusal of assistance by government aides) x* ~& H/ w/ W$ U. i
143. Blocking of lines of command and information
; v# c& Z% j2 d* o 144. Stalling and obstruction
! K5 e; L7 A6 _4 u3 E/ Y 145. General administrative noncooperation
7 c+ k9 w* g# p; ^5 a4 v7 [, k5 {: p4 l: C0 X! \
146. Judicial noncooperation
. ~0 y g. C$ ?0 D3 E5 G1 B 147. Deliberate inefficiency and selective noncooperation by enforcement agents7 a1 d" e5 [: k" Q+ m7 J
148. Mutiny
% H7 J2 W' [ {) F* B* [, R. ~Domestic Governmental Action
) Y. m$ O* |( k- H 149. Quasi-legal evasions and delays
; w9 H2 e0 o- ~; R$ t }" f 150. Noncooperation by constituent governmental units+ G' H& z3 h- y
1 q; ?# A5 q) C/ |2 |. v: V9 XInternational Governmental Action
" M: h5 [8 Q$ i/ K5 u9 R 151. Changes in diplomatic and other representations0 k4 q; D- O) o- m9 e3 C2 V; F, Y
152. Delay and cancellation of diplomatic events W5 P+ _5 Q4 Q# [: ~
153. Withholding of diplomatic recognition# K$ d) ]2 o& ?# {' w) x! A
154. Severance of diplomatic relations$ K* M! D2 _* u
155. Withdrawal from international organizations
+ ` n1 P* J8 [' U& E7 h0 e8 i 156. Refusal of membership in international bodies7 m' ^6 \( U6 d, d$ y/ e, u
157. Expulsion from international organizations
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THE METHODS OF NONVIOLENT INTERVENTION0 B5 u. j( O4 D* h7 w
+ g8 Z3 z% B- a+ ~. v% ?3 k ]2 r- ]) N$ X
Psychological Intervention
+ N+ j' q8 ~8 p7 i3 K5 e D 158. Self-exposure to the elements6 B9 C3 K2 l7 G% n# S) B+ K: o
159. The fast
A$ l2 L5 F( v" x" I1 A a) Fast of moral pressure
, K' ^: z7 r. \) G- c b) Hunger strike6 O* s. ?2 Z$ Z# Y9 K( ~
c) Satyagrahic fast6 s" q; n, s! @. _
160. Reverse trial
$ ^" s/ {3 M1 I) w( p 161. Nonviolent harassment
3 B* W$ d( M" o/ Z2 F( t2 I" {% Z: l+ U) o. C
Physical Intervention
2 X; u4 v# f) n3 P 162. Sit-in |" V/ C" E- ~) {, ?; S; ~
163. Stand-in
8 m6 U% Q2 s$ Q. X* b 164. Ride-in
1 Q* ?' ~ g N 165. Wade-in- A, I {! N/ h9 |7 `6 T, n
166. Mill-in
5 s3 h5 D1 n. R4 W 167. Pray-in
5 s3 W4 E4 U8 o& U& C V! e 168. Nonviolent raids2 Q, E# Y3 x- A' W
169. Nonviolent air raids% S% r# Q- X9 Q7 F
170. Nonviolent invasion6 h& ?; f( ~- }7 A( Z
171. Nonviolent interjection( ?. d. P* k6 A: K% b7 ?
172. Nonviolent obstruction
" T8 f# t7 v( i0 c$ h" O' q4 r 173. Nonviolent occupation
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Social Intervention2 [/ r4 ?0 f9 c* {/ D% A
174. Establishing new social patterns
. \; d2 _4 k. E6 w; N 175. Overloading of facilities
2 S8 F/ S* j* j+ ^" b: u 176. Stall-in& |' H; o* h1 w1 Z0 A
177. Speak-in
3 f* d9 s ? B& L B 178. Guerrilla theater6 w. E) E8 {4 F6 d' E b( z5 U, r4 k
179. Alternative social institutions
2 u9 w5 W. n |/ S8 F5 ?8 F 180. Alternative communication system; ]/ o5 P1 I, I: E5 N0 X1 p
/ I8 Y# [- S+ i& iEconomic Intervention
" V* S& ?! M: V$ u& }# q 181. Reverse strike
. ]" N8 n; {, \7 E! n& F% @ 182. Stay-in strike
t" P" c0 a5 h6 D; O- E3 _ 183. Nonviolent land seizure. H! R1 z; T3 c z( S+ e5 a
184. Defiance of blockades1 s7 f6 V# l' d. S7 A0 l0 `, ~
185. Politically motivated counterfeiting0 d$ f/ T% i' I; ^4 [
186. Preclusive purchasing7 B: H3 G3 \. u; |& @' C
187. Seizure of assets
5 P" F6 T: C- }) ~ 188. Dumping
+ l2 |* z% a" v. h1 w: n- y1 ~ 189. Selective patronage
8 ?# ~+ t4 Y3 Q8 Y' i b 190. Alternative markets
5 ?- p; Y& o8 p- Z 191. Alternative transportation systems
! n$ K T x5 z- n; v 192. Alternative economic institutions
2 `2 Y2 K" `3 b$ J' r1 ?/ [4 s. S7 `1 F9 g8 u
Political Intervention
) I/ G; b/ k" d/ Q" f; K) h3 d 193. Overloading of administrative systems
% W- C/ ]( E' @& q; U 194. Disclosing identities of secret agents$ q$ C% f7 i* G, A7 B/ h) N7 I
195. Seeking imprisonment, f$ T6 U) o& ^7 |
196. Civil disobedience of “neutral” laws
! H8 M% ]; \1 ~& J: P3 e% v 197. Work-on without collaboration- f+ l0 V/ X% }2 l' f
198. Dual sovereignty and parallel government
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楼主: reneeqq
狗仔卡
显身卡
发表于 2016-7-2 18:23
发表于 2016-7-2 22:02
