 鲜花( 240)  鸡蛋( 18)
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发表于 2016-7-3 17:52
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THE METHODS OF NONVIOLENT PROTEST AND PERSUASION D }3 q% K! t x+ q" O
Formal Statements
) v* q+ t; F8 n0 f, K 1. Public Speeches2 N' _# q+ i3 ?" ]0 P
2. Letters of opposition or support
4 o3 z/ }# h: w4 X' n8 D 3. Declarations by organizations and institutions
2 v4 u: k/ A2 {( C" v$ F4 w 4. Signed public statements
. `! M( \6 O/ o2 [/ c' c7 F" [) s 5. Declarations of indictment and intention* P/ C3 t& {9 H+ [7 b
6. Group or mass petitions2 V. `0 b4 {" x7 O% f
2 O1 _! g! ?+ d7 |
Communications with a Wider Audience
: o0 c2 P7 n5 X8 m& |+ @ X 7. Slogans, caricatures, and symbols
. D, P, @/ c9 |. c! _4 d 8. Banners, posters, and displayed communications
/ s5 B% P6 l# }' W' V 9. Leaflets, pamphlets, and books
9 @# Q0 y/ u) j3 b# X0 E 10. Newspapers and journals) h' q: k4 E% P" s/ C* a
11. Records, radio, and television0 m# v2 f$ Q4 P8 t
12. Skywriting and earthwriting
& |/ y7 L5 W% O j& a8 w5 n: C/ a, D+ b0 I6 n/ m4 _2 f6 l) {
Group Representations
% Y% b4 F' ~4 t1 D; M3 P$ w 13. Deputations" a; Z) N& \: q4 r D* F3 I# ~
14. Mock awards
. ]0 x) l; D3 J; E- v* L2 Q- I 15. Group lobbying
8 [) Q: [$ w+ F) q* e 16. Picketing. e/ K$ Z0 R: _
17. Mock elections
3 O( U& N% { M! p$ C: }1 T! Q4 I+ z/ z' ~+ C
Symbolic Public Acts. ?9 V; M8 K; H1 ]# i$ |
18. Displays of flags and symbolic colors
4 f7 h7 K T$ h: n 19. Wearing of symbols3 }$ l6 g* j* x: ~$ T, ~+ r* t5 Y. y
20. Prayer and worship
; q9 | q# m. ] 21. Delivering symbolic objects
/ y, J% m$ |5 q) _ 22. Protest disrobings! s. c0 }* C6 ]5 l$ m; V
23. Destruction of own property4 p% B1 w0 w. s k+ d# D& g
24. Symbolic lights
+ U: o0 k1 A; q0 V; h 25. Displays of portraits
3 `4 h! o+ R+ o 26. Paint as protest; y, ^+ y; ~$ o1 z; @+ X" X
27. New signs and names8 h1 q# ~3 G$ K4 W1 f
28. Symbolic sounds8 e, u8 W# [' n' K1 C
29. Symbolic reclamations
, j- r" S! b, C9 w; ?. e. P1 z- @7 Q/ O 30. Rude gestures
9 ^ U. ?: ]( U! k" M d1 C. b' y# A, s" w7 r
Pressures on Individuals
0 F6 L+ ^, B) \9 I( Q( t/ D) j 31. “Haunting” officials$ x9 N- u, C% ?! z4 d
32. Taunting officials
: L3 ^# J! }$ ] 33. Fraternization
0 n, D# K% S1 w 34. Vigils: }9 R% F% p3 J" E4 ~& J
) i7 g G2 A' h2 s! P. U/ nDrama and Music
* B+ W- N# h! g# U: g 35. Humorous skits and pranks' Z8 s2 O( \6 L [7 b8 d, S8 {& e) V) s
36. Performances of plays and music
* f5 d1 @8 R% U! H' m' P 37. Singing+ i& X' s/ z7 a! r; \4 f. }
: w6 I# X3 }! C5 n }
Processions
4 u5 f. n- _0 I8 J2 Q) i' S 38. Marches( U3 e5 |" P$ p3 t: q
39. Parades
, q# L' q5 ?0 X 40. Religious processions$ S2 ]: D! s, v) ?9 N
41. Pilgrimages3 i, ^$ `7 O! y/ V
42. Motorcades
! z6 b3 O7 a8 p, ]8 q2 G! c0 C+ q. a! e, o
Honoring the Dead
( v0 o8 z( c' ^. b7 O 43. Political mourning: U3 g, J3 W) ~4 M1 R& ^
44. Mock funerals% ~/ r5 S+ s" W) N0 L; K
45. Demonstrative funerals6 q" d1 c) ~4 @; p9 a: S
46. Homage at burial places# f7 {0 Y$ D6 P' G2 X- m e1 f
' {8 N8 `- W1 T4 Y) Z
Public Assemblies
/ N+ l, l; g, e4 u( c 47. Assemblies of protest or support1 l$ ]9 R v" R' R4 f% {- m
48. Protest meetings' A- g% [6 T$ q! r) F* l! i( H
49. Camouflaged meetings of protest
9 ^" S6 D# D6 ?- H8 Y4 j( B3 v 50. Teach-ins
1 h! y2 N8 ]* d9 y! ]
6 x( d5 D, U. P. m) H: _Withdrawal and Renunciation' v9 y, y. O& t$ J* F
51. Walk-outs/ j6 B- P* ]) W! Q6 I
52. Silence
3 z1 t5 h5 ]' ] 53. Renouncing honors- T2 j2 v7 D, V1 J
54. Turning one’s back, p2 f' b, F, a9 X7 ]
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) q9 d3 s4 x1 y0 u8 n4 b: A/ _. y
. x! @# u4 T) U# i5 x( ETHE METHODS OF SOCIAL NONCOOPERATION" s3 H7 r2 S: k {; O! D7 W# \ m
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c$ `6 [# i- I4 o% N o3 t- O
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Ostracism of Persons6 {0 x* E* a% V6 N
55. Social boycott3 E! z7 l2 ]7 v0 x
56. Selective social boycott$ e7 y2 Z& x9 z n0 F7 `
57. Lysistratic nonaction, S6 Q" a! W3 |5 z3 } v
58. Excommunication7 r8 D& `4 a4 I
59. Interdict; g1 n$ @, j$ V7 W; ]
) ~) W7 w: \7 |0 iNoncooperation with Social Events, Customs, and Institutions
& U$ @/ h) S' ~+ R n 60. Suspension of social and sports activities
' D. P I5 J; c$ b% V5 ^- r 61. Boycott of social affairs
. N* G& t$ w C( ~- e( F/ g2 r 62. Student strike8 s% z1 o) {( r4 o X1 G: D) [
63. Social disobedience
- x& {" S3 \; t5 _2 }! M3 s 64. Withdrawal from social institutions
9 }6 w; S- c: B$ }9 ~+ h1 c0 H Q
Withdrawal from the Social System
/ ?" j4 V3 @6 s3 u+ W+ k- U 65. Stay-at-home
% s8 {* h* e& s 66. Total personal noncooperation. }# S1 |$ ^0 n U/ b
67. “Flight” of workers. q! a: Q5 D, |0 C% d c
68. Sanctuary* J5 U# S, J, y
69. Collective disappearance) { ~* U3 [* a% d p8 Q& `
70. Protest emigration (hijrat)8 U8 e, E2 K3 w0 {0 }3 m3 w
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, ]2 s# O! m3 q; n. G6 Q& X& E: Y1 l
. [1 S5 ], Y" V7 O& ?% [7 y7 mTHE METHODS OF ECONOMIC NONCOOPERATION: ECONOMIC BOYCOTTS) p9 q6 ~! B0 A" {& K
x4 e; M$ O: Q/ m2 j3 U3 C# x# ` ' V3 j' X- a% @) a' Z- k
Actions by Consumers0 W& D- X- ? t% x0 L/ ^
71. Consumers’ boycott
/ h0 \# K, C/ Z8 }! j 72. Nonconsumption of boycotted goods
" o) k/ T# A. |" l9 C8 m d5 u7 | 73. Policy of austerity
* _: M% o0 b. |4 o9 j1 V 74. Rent withholding
" g! E/ C% ^ G) G, J 75. Refusal to rent
& A% i/ H( B4 D 76. National consumers’ boycott8 m: V/ Y- g3 {( |
77. International consumers’ boycott# Y; M& ?& S) l z0 H) Z
3 W/ I. t, K) ?% I% o/ v' T, m) bAction by Workers and Producers, |) k/ J! W, E. f
78. Workmen’s boycott
* D; c* N$ P0 d2 r i 79. Producers’ boycott' G" O& |1 q+ Z! q
( J' ^! |$ N- g6 C8 ^Action by Middlemen
' n M% `$ V. p' D 80. Suppliers’ and handlers’ boycott
$ H q# S. j5 ~3 L5 S
+ Z% z, F# r& n) I6 K6 A! {Action by Owners and Management
: @- D: h& Y I! P! f. |* ^9 ^; l' f: N; B+ r 81. Traders’ boycott
& ?9 f9 ~7 s7 ?) L7 d8 |4 F7 o 82. Refusal to let or sell property
5 o0 J8 I8 L& L0 L, z" E 83. Lockout2 x& p! ]6 Y I. r7 c9 W/ T6 l
84. Refusal of industrial assistance
* G, |8 Y+ {0 @. t# c+ r 85. Merchants’ “general strike”+ k/ {5 X H- v* m) |7 R O" Z
+ w7 _& J. z4 W4 x N/ i5 m" C
Action by Holders of Financial Resources
( d9 H0 {- l3 u F- [ 86. Withdrawal of bank deposits: U$ o* w- K" F$ g; b$ a8 p
87. Refusal to pay fees, dues, and assessments, [3 Q! s9 l4 r
88. Refusal to pay debts or interest3 P: j& w$ q8 f
89. Severance of funds and credit
- i t9 ]( ?* B" x- q1 A# _ 90. Revenue refusal$ C0 v" r; ^6 y
91. Refusal of a government’s money- {+ ]5 e5 v" l% [0 E8 G6 O
, c5 G- M% O, r- d5 C! D" m0 E1 B- S
Action by Governments6 S- h5 o- ?0 [) G
92. Domestic embargo4 n+ E4 t' ?* X7 {: b- g
93. Blacklisting of traders% k3 ] L6 E, k! _/ E, @" Y8 q& |
94. International sellers’ embargo: w$ S7 K7 s9 R9 {; g4 ~3 L
95. International buyers’ embargo
4 x9 r* X- \0 J 96. International trade embargo$ |+ s; N. D2 v9 k
2 Q6 S5 h5 Z4 B: e/ r1 ?' H
4 g* F7 ^! a9 _; s' W, O0 S5 B
9 B- p1 y) ?- H# j$ v
THE METHODS OF ECONOMIC NONCOOPERATION: THE STRIKE$ E* \& T9 k6 M; x' y
3 e9 i* A" T$ N/ l, }( R5 U9 Y5 Y1 v
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Symbolic Strikes* u7 P& M5 N$ [, W: Z A( n
97. Protest strike
3 L2 m- I; J; o( W* r 98. Quickie walkout (lightning strike)
- o% ~7 o d2 p- Q+ `
+ A* \- Y# Q) z8 O& hAgricultural Strikes
$ d$ l2 I3 o6 k) @( C1 b+ X 99. Peasant strike
: ?6 X- p& U* d5 y( l3 x 100. Farm Workers’ strike8 y% i7 ?" l& y; A1 |& r6 E
6 l2 d1 L9 D) t* J9 H6 ]
Strikes by Special Groups G5 O1 L H: D, M4 d
101. Refusal of impressed labor
7 Y5 G3 r# n, S7 q 102. Prisoners’ strike L. v, b% e" ]% x' b
103. Craft strike
7 w! C8 {! _- e 104. Professional strike+ R0 D( a! @- `- p8 w7 ^8 b1 w5 b9 f
5 d0 W6 N2 ~& I J B3 R" b
Ordinary Industrial Strikes
7 O; b! p: D- L% ?. C$ c$ O 105. Establishment strike
6 W2 P+ n- B; g 106. Industry strike, T+ H$ i2 |' G7 k, ~7 d
107. Sympathetic strike& Y. c3 ~* e3 V1 x3 J
( e& Y) L7 |- F- L/ V+ I* G
Restricted Strikes% y6 m" _9 H9 I+ q: v0 L
108. Detailed strike
0 c' i: k! G, J+ \1 [4 P0 J 109. Bumper strike) b2 D# P8 u" A# g0 E4 W' l" h# ^: [
110. Slowdown strike
) d/ ]6 [9 _' j0 ]" r/ [: T3 t0 X 111. Working-to-rule strike" r: Q( J: Q c9 \: [! ~% o
112. Reporting “sick” (sick-in)# |) n+ c1 ]* c( Z
113. Strike by resignation2 E6 a, V' H: {/ [ r) o/ u7 Y
114. Limited strike. e$ s# k4 l: m- a8 R; d6 k. U9 o
115. Selective strike
) y1 `+ a0 W; F7 @5 ~4 M% K2 f, Z2 Z) k8 H( z6 }
Multi-Industry Strikes
/ G9 X3 M, |& v7 w ^' } j" b+ `$ _4 g$ n. |5 p1 T
116. Generalized strike
1 d! M$ _( m& Q$ c$ j( |, F
) I8 g8 C0 e5 B% c! Y 117. General strike
4 w' L( K, K8 Z) e! j; n# [6 N' l# W* G$ `/ Y2 ~2 Y
Combination of Strikes and Economic Closures1 T: `) k( q8 |: ^) c/ a
8 N, r3 G( x8 }6 g9 N. d 118. Hartal
2 o# o7 S; @: x8 t8 t& a! U8 p+ F/ [" }' _; i4 X) B
119. Economic shutdown1 I2 d1 _' j" \' N! y2 S& ?
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/ O9 m; E; j" x; B$ O% K* `+ OTHE METHODS OF POLITICAL NONCOOPERATION
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% M2 K; I; @+ V/ a2 J+ m" ~9 bRejection of Authority$ v* O- F$ [" Q) h9 ?4 l8 @% f
120. Withholding or withdrawal of allegiance# @# G# s. v' i$ t' V+ T) j
121. Refusal of public support- { }2 q j! H1 L4 Q
122. Literature and speeches advocating resistance7 J" }- c5 ^0 [+ f9 h& |
' B8 B8 n8 T9 ~- x1 x/ k) ]: jCitizens’ Noncooperation with Government( g8 n! N- Z+ a- k' }7 L
123. Boycott of legislative bodies0 k7 \' L9 \' U" {- n
124. Boycott of elections: {" Z) z3 E6 A" z6 A
125. Boycott of government employment and positions
, [+ f; E8 G2 d+ [$ H 126. Boycott of government depts., agencies, and other bodies% ^, u+ e$ z* k5 q: j0 N
127. Withdrawal from government educational institutions' |0 I# A6 b5 j: ^' ?
128. Boycott of government-supported organizations5 N$ P5 p6 u) Z, R& s0 Q8 L
129. Refusal of assistance to enforcement agents
6 c& V7 X3 a6 E, m! }5 T 130. Removal of own signs and placemarks
$ g1 D* x6 p* f e 131. Refusal to accept appointed officials
8 x; @" {5 }, U2 r! T; b 132. Refusal to dissolve existing institutions5 h/ H0 e1 {; W0 t/ N
6 e$ r9 r4 Y, F3 F0 P% a; u' _
Citizens’ Alternatives to Obedience0 ~- g' h7 P9 x' S* Q
133. Reluctant and slow compliance4 K) J5 o& k# i! e9 n& x% q: q
134. Nonobedience in absence of direct supervision
/ c! h* m) d3 | 135. Popular nonobedience
, a: J, Y7 A0 D8 R 136. Disguised disobedience$ {; O" E% z. g/ P9 Z% ]- m2 {; f% X2 n! k
137. Refusal of an assemblage or meeting to disperse
( N9 E1 {) y5 I. Z+ x 138. Sitdown5 S* O" _7 C. O- P! a+ b9 j! s! X7 T' y
139. Noncooperation with conscription and deportation0 ?! G4 L: d7 @7 p9 ^
140. Hiding, escape, and false identities* `$ O& r$ b& r7 Z5 R$ D; ]; |
141. Civil disobedience of “illegitimate” laws' P- |, q8 n, Q; S H' E, ~
6 p6 g/ O' @/ RAction by Government Personnel8 i& v2 j; D, K i
142. Selective refusal of assistance by government aides
, T7 q \" c7 T" F+ Y 143. Blocking of lines of command and information' a& e! V9 K! G( p: h! l$ ]
144. Stalling and obstruction! u' h4 D, V" g3 y( j
145. General administrative noncooperation
( c+ _3 D, B0 Z0 B" w7 N
) x S. c% k. W. {3 t( u 146. Judicial noncooperation/ J' h" l2 H+ Z8 c9 @& `
147. Deliberate inefficiency and selective noncooperation by enforcement agents7 e* F3 a4 ^. j" c' U
148. Mutiny
i9 P* F, t7 N3 n" P4 VDomestic Governmental Action9 k9 @# o0 ?$ O% C
149. Quasi-legal evasions and delays
9 D, N5 J, ? B9 G6 P 150. Noncooperation by constituent governmental units
. Q7 v# ^, _1 ?+ X& h9 j' s5 ~" F9 M/ d5 ?9 j7 H$ l+ U# ~" w
International Governmental Action
; o4 q) D% j4 I+ I6 X6 I 151. Changes in diplomatic and other representations$ C* _/ D% k6 l3 O, i3 [7 h* R0 W* H, H2 y
152. Delay and cancellation of diplomatic events4 ]% V0 Y: M: n! d
153. Withholding of diplomatic recognition
* y9 i* f. }3 t1 t- ? M: {$ V 154. Severance of diplomatic relations7 C7 p3 E" I7 D) c( F; F0 z
155. Withdrawal from international organizations
% j5 I1 z1 X% z$ t2 D' L 156. Refusal of membership in international bodies
4 G( a8 J6 i& m8 l- e k 157. Expulsion from international organizations' x$ @6 G2 Q: N) Z) g
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THE METHODS OF NONVIOLENT INTERVENTION9 a( u- K: o: g2 u
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Psychological Intervention8 k4 _4 B9 I! n: F/ L
158. Self-exposure to the elements8 b: ^; F1 @3 Z, v. U4 L a
159. The fast
. B5 A; _! k% ]2 ?; [ a) Fast of moral pressure$ c) m: B* j6 D
b) Hunger strike+ }/ r+ A: g) ^% H
c) Satyagrahic fast
$ t2 K r( @ F' |: r/ j; P9 W 160. Reverse trial7 ]" _# N+ ^% S# b& L
161. Nonviolent harassment
% ?# q2 D) x7 W% A
9 X) K" M8 q9 VPhysical Intervention
: A4 l& j1 j N3 ]7 G 162. Sit-in
/ @: R/ B5 q7 ^ E0 V 163. Stand-in
! F0 r* R% _5 K0 e) Z& \6 N 164. Ride-in2 Y2 S/ U' t' z* _
165. Wade-in
5 @; q3 T: `* P6 `% ~8 Q 166. Mill-in
7 Y6 l% P; F8 t 167. Pray-in
! s+ u, q1 F% d 168. Nonviolent raids+ h, Q- s, j7 p1 h( D( j2 q5 }
169. Nonviolent air raids
1 G- d, u# s$ X9 U" |3 {$ _$ a; V! X 170. Nonviolent invasion
3 g$ B8 Z5 s, f& c' F5 O; w 171. Nonviolent interjection
8 G( s, C8 K, v9 h 172. Nonviolent obstruction
& U2 C9 s5 y: F1 n9 F! d2 X 173. Nonviolent occupation
8 }; g! ]: _$ w0 i' N/ O( E( K
Social Intervention% a) ^' {0 `4 m' D
174. Establishing new social patterns8 r, X% G' }- i. T5 I" B1 X
175. Overloading of facilities
; N( e( {, f$ l5 S- [& p) W; f# a/ f 176. Stall-in
& u1 c7 p: A; C 177. Speak-in
% `" f7 O3 }" W 178. Guerrilla theater0 L- k' `" Y! n2 b
179. Alternative social institutions
6 f1 O9 i4 e" D/ X 180. Alternative communication system* y3 y8 g$ T$ t# x5 c
% {2 y6 k! t& p6 [Economic Intervention D6 ~( m) D0 ^, i/ l
181. Reverse strike4 O3 x' y1 X* B* c) X& ]
182. Stay-in strike
. G( T( C: [; s+ g4 Y4 z2 o1 b 183. Nonviolent land seizure
% @! h# u" C, u1 J2 I 184. Defiance of blockades
! X8 B2 Y4 ~! {2 G1 o 185. Politically motivated counterfeiting
: C! A+ ]5 A- @8 f 186. Preclusive purchasing
. g2 U: C, \$ u' l' [: M 187. Seizure of assets1 F2 r: D% x4 X% v- M4 p
188. Dumping6 s F9 b0 L# o2 |9 j
189. Selective patronage1 _7 W6 R( m: x) k: F
190. Alternative markets, J4 s% A' ?* Q- X# w( A
191. Alternative transportation systems+ ~$ B+ _: j; {3 B! s2 g- a2 J
192. Alternative economic institutions. {7 U) S* \2 L( H$ ?( ^8 Z! e
* U; T8 x# ^& V/ f( xPolitical Intervention
, K+ `" `' \- I9 u5 w" e 193. Overloading of administrative systems. M0 n4 A0 X" B$ V
194. Disclosing identities of secret agents! r8 u% e+ B3 R, \
195. Seeking imprisonment
5 U8 v8 M) |) _: N- Y 196. Civil disobedience of “neutral” laws s8 c' U$ n! r' M
197. Work-on without collaboration( I. Y2 m& W8 a1 l
198. Dual sovereignty and parallel government
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楼主: reneeqq
狗仔卡
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发表于 2016-7-2 18:23
发表于 2016-7-2 22:02
