 鲜花( 240)  鸡蛋( 18)
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发表于 2016-7-3 17:52
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THE METHODS OF NONVIOLENT PROTEST AND PERSUASION B: x, D* R0 q; H A8 B
Formal Statements
0 t* f2 x, a4 U 1. Public Speeches
( Y7 \9 v j) x& o, V2 U, o4 E! X 2. Letters of opposition or support3 R, ^$ d3 V6 _- p4 [- l
3. Declarations by organizations and institutions
8 K H3 G ^7 O- O$ D5 i+ m" d1 l: y 4. Signed public statements( d! g2 r1 I# S, k
5. Declarations of indictment and intention8 P; n$ d: m/ x, u! U8 ]
6. Group or mass petitions F. I( W b) ^( {% i
, ~, } O. Z2 k3 P) K# O
Communications with a Wider Audience
4 A. i) x; d& S* v& i% Q 7. Slogans, caricatures, and symbols
8 w3 M! b; z& m0 T 8. Banners, posters, and displayed communications
2 `) b) ]" ]" Q$ m9 E, f. [' e( `0 | 9. Leaflets, pamphlets, and books
5 j$ H0 a& U- f$ A9 z; Y' q, K) T: E 10. Newspapers and journals
% i7 i# Q+ K' |. u z. }; ^ 11. Records, radio, and television- {: Q5 D/ o5 A4 D: U# V6 q% e, [/ {
12. Skywriting and earthwriting
6 M$ S) r+ k S/ N6 b
9 O9 o+ e1 f* w7 B% ZGroup Representations
6 z+ T* Z! |9 a& V 13. Deputations
' V; n9 P7 D k# l7 k 14. Mock awards6 a5 ~9 q4 L9 q5 }4 m1 k- G& b! Z
15. Group lobbying
3 t" ^% ~3 u, K1 g 16. Picketing- R( X' C' s4 F/ w# g: H6 U q
17. Mock elections
+ `2 Y( T7 f- Q7 O8 t" q( @4 G) @! s2 O9 g
Symbolic Public Acts9 s O" E2 o0 [8 w6 U1 }. Y0 G
18. Displays of flags and symbolic colors
7 q( ~2 l+ z2 D 19. Wearing of symbols# R9 g) F# @( V4 }
20. Prayer and worship- J* c+ @% K5 d6 z6 W
21. Delivering symbolic objects
8 }$ {& @: F$ q- N 22. Protest disrobings' b' P2 b4 k, a. O: f$ W+ J# L
23. Destruction of own property
5 C; r+ z) J, y' o; @/ p 24. Symbolic lights) v; W4 y6 o! h/ ~
25. Displays of portraits
' n, M; k3 u5 |9 h& h 26. Paint as protest
; W( |* _- k2 b$ B! L5 c: [/ k 27. New signs and names
3 o+ B' r/ F- ~& C& |7 i- ~ 28. Symbolic sounds
, Z% B2 h2 v: L" z+ v; j4 { 29. Symbolic reclamations2 a, s3 J) e% m: @+ ? Q
30. Rude gestures
H! k* Y9 u: H1 c0 Z' ~- C0 B5 V: e# Z v& h9 e% K& G
Pressures on Individuals+ o& V7 ^ N# f( a7 P
31. “Haunting” officials7 _3 Y. x& Q! P; R9 B( E; g7 U
32. Taunting officials
% s, U1 k5 j$ U$ c( |' l8 @ 33. Fraternization! ?, }) v, K. p3 O
34. Vigils- E6 d5 U4 g7 a9 m
& H2 r! p: ]6 z* P9 W1 f5 UDrama and Music
6 N! O0 X& U3 m" g# b 35. Humorous skits and pranks& i6 J, }6 B: C5 C$ m5 m
36. Performances of plays and music
8 t3 u" J- p- b; v 37. Singing
5 @+ |9 i6 o5 w6 ]/ D
3 Y) L- A# j/ x" G6 C2 ?3 S8 o$ ^/ SProcessions+ d2 w6 H5 Y) W( F
38. Marches
! \; Q* R- l d& @8 J 39. Parades% I# j' G8 J9 T* o6 E; E/ P6 Y; M
40. Religious processions
; { |, F: Q7 F. q 41. Pilgrimages) v4 `/ L" o. N
42. Motorcades
- X3 C& Y& z9 W' ^
% r9 F0 M w, A# E) ~Honoring the Dead% \8 f( C6 M0 Z& i$ E d/ Q$ V
43. Political mourning
- W8 M1 w, F* q' K( i7 W( v 44. Mock funerals8 e% T: f" \) E- R5 Y" S, c
45. Demonstrative funerals
# W9 T& r& T# d: I 46. Homage at burial places
. a$ h' p( V; ^$ B4 F- E: c# c. K$ m1 n9 V+ l2 l/ s# ^1 P5 O
Public Assemblies( t! K$ }- U5 A% z
47. Assemblies of protest or support3 J( m( S5 {( F2 e
48. Protest meetings
0 Z8 q( r1 t2 i( Z) g2 {% S: T 49. Camouflaged meetings of protest& _. b4 u, w6 I8 P" ]
50. Teach-ins9 Q6 h$ T" T) D1 q% L
2 I3 Z n6 c8 s; Q1 N
Withdrawal and Renunciation# K/ `* `" ^8 Q$ ]/ y
51. Walk-outs0 X8 X' r! N8 A X* d! m
52. Silence9 t# N: \! |; E
53. Renouncing honors
& Y% T0 F3 H+ C2 j" ^ 54. Turning one’s back( s! j) l) M$ d0 i& D' |
9 k% d; s$ I, O0 t( n9 L , H/ E- A5 I' a$ L2 z. d
8 K" @; ?4 L! M
THE METHODS OF SOCIAL NONCOOPERATION
) A# P C- e* Z# F8 ? y
3 _" N. B D! v# \- e
6 i. P# O& X7 | T: r4 r7 F, A/ ^6 X5 ?0 d9 ]& p! S
Ostracism of Persons
! _' ?- v5 k3 I) y; J 55. Social boycott3 H! H' P2 Z9 I6 u; ^
56. Selective social boycott
: F- I# z1 A; U5 N' M1 F0 t 57. Lysistratic nonaction; E3 c, |1 {4 i' |
58. Excommunication; l0 b( d% j \/ [ p$ O9 m: w H
59. Interdict& r) c$ u+ k/ r' T; I
( _0 R% J4 \) A4 d1 w5 G1 jNoncooperation with Social Events, Customs, and Institutions
% }& H" N" @; | p' ~! Q 60. Suspension of social and sports activities
3 b# I; `! c N+ C& X0 j. t 61. Boycott of social affairs; ?% t; K9 p. Y5 i+ ]
62. Student strike: d$ N0 D1 l+ j! r7 P
63. Social disobedience% o! }6 L9 x1 ~$ V) ]' M9 J
64. Withdrawal from social institutions
J# D& H) q. q1 u& f) d6 o8 L8 Y8 f; p/ r7 b
Withdrawal from the Social System/ g; ]2 E1 l; h6 s- E: W
65. Stay-at-home
6 q, u+ [( Z6 Z' Y8 ] 66. Total personal noncooperation
6 W4 p) Q7 l6 s9 l( _1 x' t 67. “Flight” of workers
& W: n; `7 ~6 R6 T6 e6 O. D0 x 68. Sanctuary9 H) ]7 }4 d5 \8 Y1 d
69. Collective disappearance
0 b5 ]" ~0 k @7 ^4 [4 K 70. Protest emigration (hijrat). a, n1 w3 _$ ~* E
3 ~( `: t& Y% M& C1 `* h* | R 0 k( h# v( y6 i& v
6 x4 b1 u+ X0 u L1 R5 ~3 FTHE METHODS OF ECONOMIC NONCOOPERATION: ECONOMIC BOYCOTTS2 w$ w C+ Q( v2 ^4 X2 i
( t, k @* H* ~( \( a
9 }) O2 ^! I0 f- v: SActions by Consumers
0 Z5 G; }% F1 |8 \1 r! M 71. Consumers’ boycott0 x" d+ ]5 i$ r- r/ x3 H1 j" R
72. Nonconsumption of boycotted goods" d" ^. Q n/ z
73. Policy of austerity ^. s- X- T# Z
74. Rent withholding Y" L T% k. U. n
75. Refusal to rent: d' P1 N* [" r1 i
76. National consumers’ boycott
7 G/ O0 U5 m4 q! X" Q 77. International consumers’ boycott
R5 `" G: F1 I, U: K
9 a* m2 j& y3 R% `+ G( xAction by Workers and Producers
+ u6 ]" b3 k! _6 O9 D3 A3 W4 H 78. Workmen’s boycott
5 h9 A. c! G7 F6 l 79. Producers’ boycott
! P8 u, K3 T3 y- z3 {/ S/ j- z( N/ l4 O: E y* S3 d
Action by Middlemen
9 e$ T# \4 J0 `& K$ @ 80. Suppliers’ and handlers’ boycott& q! z% L/ n5 f" V
9 H7 i8 V! Q9 T7 [2 A# t j
Action by Owners and Management
: t: u: q* x4 J* Z' h" m 81. Traders’ boycott* ?$ Y# f% x: i) q, Y
82. Refusal to let or sell property
. ]8 y4 E; T0 Q; c 83. Lockout
+ a8 W) x8 ]% I$ Q# n/ v 84. Refusal of industrial assistance: v. E" H' B- g% L
85. Merchants’ “general strike”
' H: k" h/ [. m; j
/ G5 J! y1 ]) A* L3 wAction by Holders of Financial Resources' @2 W+ N5 S T. U( A3 I, W
86. Withdrawal of bank deposits
/ v6 q# \* w6 l) f+ n H7 S 87. Refusal to pay fees, dues, and assessments
4 G G& g" u3 Y" o3 f. E# w! O5 ~ 88. Refusal to pay debts or interest5 f- F1 n! @1 `1 X
89. Severance of funds and credit
( h) K9 G) a# M+ R! M 90. Revenue refusal* W8 k; I8 e) m
91. Refusal of a government’s money' R4 ]: j9 D9 n/ b
! m6 R4 @7 k3 p* X) U4 S- @6 z) p
Action by Governments: Z: |" O6 @" C# N( L
92. Domestic embargo
- K. c: d2 n7 q, @' \ 93. Blacklisting of traders. |, Y* b$ X* x
94. International sellers’ embargo# J+ b. c8 _5 d" e0 `! X2 F/ z
95. International buyers’ embargo
8 Y$ a7 Y2 A- j& q s# U 96. International trade embargo- h! r# z( o# I/ B" P M
" c1 R! g$ y$ j8 r+ L; [5 I# Q
" W3 ]3 d0 L' R! B' _5 `; e: z. q/ w
THE METHODS OF ECONOMIC NONCOOPERATION: THE STRIKE
% C+ b5 V! _& \1 w% ]2 |5 l7 v2 u3 Y& E" ^; x6 |/ n o3 Y
7 N- a7 F$ h& G/ ]1 \% X
Symbolic Strikes
. ? e$ ]2 m$ x1 ? 97. Protest strike
2 b5 s- {1 z. Z Y/ G 98. Quickie walkout (lightning strike); O4 x1 w" E5 k" e; E/ M: z
6 N8 c; H2 p- z( @Agricultural Strikes& A& K; v. N4 H' v% j* T$ \
99. Peasant strike
( W% I8 _% `! Q1 ^$ e0 N 100. Farm Workers’ strike& w5 V0 T& F- }4 h) U+ q
# s* }( g; F v0 QStrikes by Special Groups* u. o8 k0 G' M: p2 B7 ^9 x% s
101. Refusal of impressed labor
4 t; U* L1 {- N; n3 W 102. Prisoners’ strike
; P& w& a' x6 m% N; v* N; Z( A 103. Craft strike; r! v$ u+ u7 w2 C( x- q9 G
104. Professional strike; [, |3 |/ N5 }
6 o1 h) O7 |, e# o' e
Ordinary Industrial Strikes
% `0 U2 L) R$ Z' c! C6 ^ 105. Establishment strike. G# [$ V1 C' ]8 i& X
106. Industry strike
) [. W, @! ]. t+ t( ]5 K 107. Sympathetic strike/ z6 J2 J) y) L" z; |
" x. D$ X) \& ]
Restricted Strikes
6 G( M7 _" E+ a* [* _$ x 108. Detailed strike
0 y/ V4 ]. j4 J o2 @- ~" ] 109. Bumper strike
9 J8 V) X: R: X+ z+ y4 u 110. Slowdown strike! @6 {' n7 b' l: ?* a! R
111. Working-to-rule strike
& e) h$ I5 U: {. H* l+ W 112. Reporting “sick” (sick-in)
7 ?+ F# u3 J/ E- Y F' c 113. Strike by resignation; Y$ G8 v( b9 m/ k/ z1 R
114. Limited strike& Z# [: B7 H' N [. ^2 E6 ~
115. Selective strike
. u& `$ v H! h; \$ T0 u
, g u7 c- T: j$ zMulti-Industry Strikes
1 S2 s6 b1 p, u/ r' m- _" o4 ^' f
116. Generalized strike
. H+ X% V: S. Y6 d+ P8 E+ H8 M( T3 P; [# L% e& R0 a. s( e M1 Z# ~/ u
117. General strike' a+ ^7 X; }; N- e1 _$ P0 A
! g& d( I2 n# j; L/ m6 {Combination of Strikes and Economic Closures$ e0 ~: @% h6 _; d L
( F3 k. r: b N
118. Hartal& a6 V( ]* R5 L9 I3 l
$ w3 T2 G h, K3 V, B1 W 119. Economic shutdown& p, Y( m& E$ n. M6 b
! M* K. r9 w- o2 U
3 B8 o/ `2 f# Q1 N; W. j/ \$ z+ ~: |& R: d
THE METHODS OF POLITICAL NONCOOPERATION* ]" `! M/ C7 S/ D. V+ t8 D* V. ]) ?
' l$ o$ {) Z; \( R# ^6 f; m9 C
/ K* U5 F* `& n4 f# _2 FRejection of Authority
3 a# u4 \- I& R 120. Withholding or withdrawal of allegiance
" r6 @$ t: x+ ` c' m9 T. Z8 _ 121. Refusal of public support5 L4 G' i0 o# K. o$ p$ m
122. Literature and speeches advocating resistance
, B7 x6 b* [' Q/ ~& {# Q3 h" {' m
$ \3 q8 D8 ~6 v6 n+ c; }4 f( V1 OCitizens’ Noncooperation with Government
8 r, }" c L) L, E1 X: f6 R9 X 123. Boycott of legislative bodies
+ r. y; z( e, f5 ^* |; ^ 124. Boycott of elections I" H% Z9 q' b X- O1 \
125. Boycott of government employment and positions# C# o- B* w6 P& g0 S5 |
126. Boycott of government depts., agencies, and other bodies. \ [) l* O9 m' c
127. Withdrawal from government educational institutions& r1 j! p2 v8 V/ ^
128. Boycott of government-supported organizations7 V/ l! w1 |7 f- a8 L& I# A
129. Refusal of assistance to enforcement agents
) V" x& v8 W( w) z/ F9 O8 g9 k9 ] 130. Removal of own signs and placemarks2 s! C/ B) f: w7 E
131. Refusal to accept appointed officials; \$ q3 U0 X( n( T# @5 c* j
132. Refusal to dissolve existing institutions
+ E" I. V- x7 |! j5 E- t( [* W3 M( Y* N( {5 a2 N
Citizens’ Alternatives to Obedience5 w& @& O- t( E
133. Reluctant and slow compliance/ _1 I4 i* m/ K3 v; R! n
134. Nonobedience in absence of direct supervision2 i- `# r) R* J' E8 m! U8 h
135. Popular nonobedience. X4 J3 q4 Y. [3 Z
136. Disguised disobedience$ t& p7 u2 G7 W* r' C2 R2 y
137. Refusal of an assemblage or meeting to disperse' v; Q9 J* [1 {5 a+ ^$ {) O
138. Sitdown/ _, h( Z7 j2 T! g9 N( @' Y
139. Noncooperation with conscription and deportation/ ^" q; G; t& W0 w% N6 T/ m; ]
140. Hiding, escape, and false identities+ }6 I) W1 V/ b$ R) J
141. Civil disobedience of “illegitimate” laws
/ f) u) Y5 w2 X; l6 g
0 E2 ]; r/ X. V$ u' y: Y5 z! o% QAction by Government Personnel4 L' z8 X" Z1 ~ d" E- I
142. Selective refusal of assistance by government aides
9 U9 J7 H- J" r+ R' C. b 143. Blocking of lines of command and information1 F! b- X+ n: B2 j W
144. Stalling and obstruction. }$ `8 y" U; Q |; [5 W% O
145. General administrative noncooperation
% c1 \. |% ]: t0 o
1 ^: H3 x+ v4 B% p! K: L0 r 146. Judicial noncooperation
! h( N; W$ R9 U9 b) N8 P 147. Deliberate inefficiency and selective noncooperation by enforcement agents
. _( O( Q+ E: ] T8 z: x+ W$ W K 148. Mutiny$ q% L X3 E# y# I! t9 r) d" {) [# E& ]
Domestic Governmental Action
! u6 ]) n" O" K. O r4 g 149. Quasi-legal evasions and delays
* ^# s/ _4 E3 { 150. Noncooperation by constituent governmental units% @9 A+ v) F, X' N5 z
2 {- e9 b. D" i$ B3 gInternational Governmental Action
0 M' P; C4 h$ \( {( P0 I 151. Changes in diplomatic and other representations8 h# s0 l+ y3 [6 }9 r/ I
152. Delay and cancellation of diplomatic events- q5 X1 U c4 E- k: L. v( o
153. Withholding of diplomatic recognition
- n+ P7 N' a$ C# t6 `+ i 154. Severance of diplomatic relations! ] I$ W9 G. v
155. Withdrawal from international organizations" [8 V( F" Z# N ^# P, h2 e: m
156. Refusal of membership in international bodies
. a Z. r; s6 \% | 157. Expulsion from international organizations
& P3 ~5 `- ~7 X& ^, U; a t, a1 w# F6 | w$ |
0 k0 n5 P& H% ~& B+ s
! c$ V4 x+ P* y6 sTHE METHODS OF NONVIOLENT INTERVENTION
: H0 ^4 h' v. O5 y" _. E: X% R. v7 H! i5 |. D: G6 Z+ F
, ~5 J, ^1 i- z" t, [Psychological Intervention
6 i$ B' a$ S# w) d) `' s 158. Self-exposure to the elements1 D; J7 q+ t9 s- e/ y9 Z
159. The fast. f0 C% ~6 Z& W8 v2 r6 y: R/ A( X
a) Fast of moral pressure6 z# b3 z ]% j$ I) Y) G. q; ~
b) Hunger strike
A5 E; Y O/ ?8 T: x! _ c) Satyagrahic fast( v- h$ ~0 M. h/ _
160. Reverse trial
, w$ e) h! \6 t 161. Nonviolent harassment P( p' k, v' a1 `! Q, G, l
% r! f" }& F' v% W7 G
Physical Intervention5 k) Q' ?% b: p- r" }5 T# R
162. Sit-in6 r' @9 H( b9 a3 }1 o
163. Stand-in
) S0 A' J/ J# R/ G 164. Ride-in1 L" c3 M; X0 m2 o3 }1 Q- C
165. Wade-in
* o$ |2 H" M- U o4 N( g 166. Mill-in( F# {" E' ]+ I" c# C/ G2 G
167. Pray-in4 z4 Q' L5 |5 x1 F0 Y1 Q7 ?! o4 T
168. Nonviolent raids
8 g' b) u1 z" P6 T0 b% z) x5 U 169. Nonviolent air raids
/ `$ z* J0 V w! T: B0 l 170. Nonviolent invasion
" J2 O. e8 c8 u3 A5 {/ u3 g3 u 171. Nonviolent interjection4 e' z2 c" x* ?
172. Nonviolent obstruction [8 s6 N+ H0 N: c! x4 U. |% ?7 m
173. Nonviolent occupation$ r# v. F, _$ _( f# s" b5 A
7 z+ _: a! ]5 T4 o7 X5 d$ D8 a
Social Intervention `. [, r+ Y+ c% d7 g) d
174. Establishing new social patterns
1 T/ _8 C! @; x' U5 \' x 175. Overloading of facilities
& \' m" ^2 V- V" W8 H 176. Stall-in
6 X- v8 I' i+ S9 K1 h 177. Speak-in
. G6 j1 h7 T5 ` 178. Guerrilla theater
) _0 N9 M2 W6 Q. D 179. Alternative social institutions
6 ?! r) R. {+ n6 J 180. Alternative communication system6 @: ?/ q* p9 {
& k V: e6 N6 i
Economic Intervention2 N$ J* I. g$ A% c8 m" x
181. Reverse strike- S5 R3 q4 b! {% d9 z/ C% _
182. Stay-in strike
/ V7 Z( J- c" _+ r 183. Nonviolent land seizure
/ u R3 J8 H3 v! k% \- r 184. Defiance of blockades
$ \3 N" n3 b, F7 w* S6 T: C 185. Politically motivated counterfeiting
+ [+ Z/ V' I' N 186. Preclusive purchasing
$ v3 L+ J# ]) Q) ^4 t3 W/ u4 Q 187. Seizure of assets8 f7 f/ r4 @, V( p
188. Dumping
! a- N# R/ B- u) h" F4 A' i 189. Selective patronage
) m2 E% q6 R- L( Z8 A' X' m 190. Alternative markets
: X6 l W3 L, @- }- M V( f 191. Alternative transportation systems* h+ _; A: T# h6 E0 p0 |$ ]/ r
192. Alternative economic institutions
" U% e' g2 w- [1 D% C. }/ [/ |( w
9 y1 w1 Z, }, W6 u& i9 p0 l! aPolitical Intervention0 W! r' k$ g' R* N; f6 w( g
193. Overloading of administrative systems1 G) i; r% t3 y( f
194. Disclosing identities of secret agents
9 O, K0 t* m: h3 o; n" @ 195. Seeking imprisonment3 [) ?* o1 J' `% S$ N9 }
196. Civil disobedience of “neutral” laws
: e2 @+ [( |3 ~0 v 197. Work-on without collaboration& ^1 f/ w6 R3 ~0 s- e) s
198. Dual sovereignty and parallel government
+ d$ H& }+ ]+ n8 G7 C4 M6 [ W& ~- G$ t7 l/ r
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楼主: reneeqq
狗仔卡
显身卡
发表于 2016-7-2 18:23
发表于 2016-7-2 22:02
