 鲜花( 240)  鸡蛋( 18)
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发表于 2016-7-3 17:52
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THE METHODS OF NONVIOLENT PROTEST AND PERSUASION) y, K8 n+ ?: \! o' d: q" z
Formal Statements
: f1 z! D$ R7 `9 M 1. Public Speeches: J) q% R. W( D& a) t
2. Letters of opposition or support* M1 D6 ^0 y, k3 B* F
3. Declarations by organizations and institutions
0 {' L% e) G2 K/ h% }5 P 4. Signed public statements5 t+ z5 X" M; l. G: ^+ x
5. Declarations of indictment and intention( f( _8 \0 [! Y# M+ w$ q
6. Group or mass petitions9 w" |1 [5 q, o# m: F7 I7 V# I
0 u5 a/ p& i& R. H9 {5 o2 R
Communications with a Wider Audience$ v0 A6 k( q4 H1 b
7. Slogans, caricatures, and symbols' I$ n, G. Q. r# o+ G# K4 e) k
8. Banners, posters, and displayed communications
2 ~+ Q# m7 \; d8 k7 ^; L- m 9. Leaflets, pamphlets, and books9 V' X% Q- x% m y. s
10. Newspapers and journals# K- q) f# p/ Z, J% h
11. Records, radio, and television! [! R7 ~! q% @1 n# z
12. Skywriting and earthwriting3 ?% }) Z+ l- X! y
$ w1 {% V' [) g; M' I( bGroup Representations0 m3 m' D4 D1 W3 D7 p5 B, U! N
13. Deputations- g- Z W2 K7 t+ i
14. Mock awards: L* b7 P" A1 g D% p
15. Group lobbying: ~, Z8 O% e4 j
16. Picketing+ d- o4 E6 r9 t) N, \. v; c7 m/ y
17. Mock elections5 u H- V+ M* [, m# h
/ o9 f/ E8 j9 m3 E$ v0 D
Symbolic Public Acts# \; T# O$ m7 o& N4 ^+ y
18. Displays of flags and symbolic colors1 p% G i3 f3 Y% S$ V3 _3 t) g. }+ K* a
19. Wearing of symbols9 j; V* H& e3 g4 q% e7 i9 v
20. Prayer and worship4 h0 h% s" {8 J
21. Delivering symbolic objects
" `- N7 D( ^$ [* d 22. Protest disrobings- e( L& C& D$ I# O( [. F& L% H
23. Destruction of own property+ R) \7 {( E3 h3 N
24. Symbolic lights
2 m; N+ ]# M7 E) i1 V/ d 25. Displays of portraits0 s, u) q2 g2 Y
26. Paint as protest+ r! H! X) A% K8 s5 X
27. New signs and names2 C0 \, m& k6 E2 ^1 @* U! F
28. Symbolic sounds0 x8 Z5 [4 G' ]& N* u+ A
29. Symbolic reclamations) Y- [4 L6 Y7 w7 B1 |
30. Rude gestures
, H4 \+ M& y( T* D! u3 p9 t# x O' O
Pressures on Individuals
+ O% I% m6 w: r& R( t7 E: f7 Z 31. “Haunting” officials. \2 E; W( @# Z X3 U
32. Taunting officials8 H! i2 t) H/ E' w5 V% S, g
33. Fraternization. j$ } o$ l, k2 e2 Y3 n$ ~8 E+ P
34. Vigils# E& ]2 D0 A+ j D8 v% ~, k
$ [3 Y% v- M) @9 z( J7 f6 G/ Y
Drama and Music! C3 z0 u" `0 S7 R E! t$ `6 q
35. Humorous skits and pranks
# [; k$ t( r; b 36. Performances of plays and music7 u$ }0 J4 Z( m, A
37. Singing+ V" y9 f/ l9 g) P0 }. h/ T
6 `. }& l; P7 c1 tProcessions, W; M K g7 H1 |- t; \, U0 X& q
38. Marches
5 A5 i2 V, @" n6 h+ Y4 v 39. Parades9 M% A& O6 l9 p( z2 S7 F
40. Religious processions
( }+ @! [& O/ T7 t5 |; I 41. Pilgrimages8 a) Q* w& ~1 w4 b5 B6 }
42. Motorcades
- I1 i f6 K4 A- B- O& G. T, H
3 V, _3 Z2 P$ a5 XHonoring the Dead
0 Z: x" p/ Z+ f( V& k 43. Political mourning
& V$ _3 I* i; L3 a: e 44. Mock funerals
& S. J( H; y1 n# S! _ 45. Demonstrative funerals6 e+ M7 Z' L7 [( I* O b" }) }$ j2 k
46. Homage at burial places
) [2 Z2 [2 w, \" \8 {& G% ]# I! j" I5 K' o% \6 _* \/ R; I1 N ~
Public Assemblies
# n) ?& `$ K' l# [ 47. Assemblies of protest or support1 l+ X, x8 }8 x$ h( ]: u- U3 Q
48. Protest meetings" ]% }2 @" d) O" e
49. Camouflaged meetings of protest
+ ~; U9 g& e, j& n4 F 50. Teach-ins
5 ~/ {- M) G: u- C
5 L8 T% D3 f6 X; y3 nWithdrawal and Renunciation
" c4 O/ `; K( m: Z/ s 51. Walk-outs
0 Q0 y% @8 u$ }9 g2 A 52. Silence
. C* C9 b6 V( ~8 c 53. Renouncing honors- o3 O* P3 u, ?- q& y( r U
54. Turning one’s back: T6 F5 P, @& M" ]1 k ~ q4 r
$ {" W! ^7 C# ?+ X1 U; ?
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% z3 \3 ^; ~/ b
THE METHODS OF SOCIAL NONCOOPERATION
' Z3 e5 Z- ^. c- @: ~5 m. \9 x
P$ b( a7 D8 t8 E
1 x! s/ [6 B, L& k5 s9 M$ }Ostracism of Persons/ S4 ?; U3 S5 }7 E; |
55. Social boycott2 `: v+ m( y; r* ?
56. Selective social boycott
4 W6 J: n+ Y; E$ q% X, \6 l/ U 57. Lysistratic nonaction
8 ^$ C8 A. }# J: f* i6 G- } 58. Excommunication
$ K$ b8 P: V3 Z; Z8 ]( x5 ` 59. Interdict
x6 X0 s% f6 g2 }# s9 v8 {9 ~4 C+ @" D2 w& |: c/ Q5 Z8 k
Noncooperation with Social Events, Customs, and Institutions O1 ^. n I2 `4 k1 [
60. Suspension of social and sports activities
4 o: o" G9 t) |; e x 61. Boycott of social affairs* f" @# V* `- G( v4 m7 H- i
62. Student strike0 r2 H8 e: u( x0 ~4 G5 L
63. Social disobedience# A+ ]/ q9 \& U" @
64. Withdrawal from social institutions8 s8 O9 F2 z. t3 g! e; Q
1 ]* o/ k3 v2 ^3 p# r- O2 n; vWithdrawal from the Social System
' K/ B( N) H+ y# p# r/ P 65. Stay-at-home. P- M2 e- b0 T2 \! o u3 @
66. Total personal noncooperation
" a* T" o/ T, i4 F5 [' T' { 67. “Flight” of workers
1 |: Q T- |9 \+ T 68. Sanctuary
1 w1 S+ @) n8 p4 v 69. Collective disappearance
& |& d+ p, H4 j6 P7 P, w1 { 70. Protest emigration (hijrat), f+ O: j8 W' m5 U- R5 Y+ r
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THE METHODS OF ECONOMIC NONCOOPERATION: ECONOMIC BOYCOTTS
5 C. |' C* k9 X* U8 g# O; x) `# b# G3 \) {8 }( E
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Actions by Consumers5 S2 w) ^1 T! [" S0 H7 o$ H2 }/ V0 X
71. Consumers’ boycott$ `% U6 f# h( y8 T1 c# |
72. Nonconsumption of boycotted goods/ \/ L! J; y- G2 X! a6 x
73. Policy of austerity
. I* }& z8 |9 I7 C# C8 |5 s# o4 Y 74. Rent withholding
! C# z! ~6 m' q 75. Refusal to rent: [* [+ k9 }9 p1 z7 b( `
76. National consumers’ boycott" a6 h5 b2 g# x1 i
77. International consumers’ boycott
( h6 v) Z# i/ I+ j- M* T, I& `) H* K2 P
Action by Workers and Producers' M j$ K6 f+ K- S
78. Workmen’s boycott2 f& h" L& j& P* ~; [7 V9 S
79. Producers’ boycott
+ k" b3 P( N+ g3 u+ M
( J% A' m9 [) D& t* QAction by Middlemen0 Z; \2 Z" q* R
80. Suppliers’ and handlers’ boycott
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Action by Owners and Management( I1 X: [3 z$ b, N& N5 `
81. Traders’ boycott
; X6 E" q6 }( J3 R9 D 82. Refusal to let or sell property
6 G4 n% T4 Z1 _" x0 i4 w 83. Lockout8 T6 L; H1 x& D t
84. Refusal of industrial assistance
& a* R) o G; l! c" F3 g 85. Merchants’ “general strike”
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Action by Holders of Financial Resources% o7 s0 B% {7 e8 s) u& o
86. Withdrawal of bank deposits2 L M* L- U, ]0 k7 i
87. Refusal to pay fees, dues, and assessments
( _# c* Q# R% i8 ?) Z7 M" I2 }8 G 88. Refusal to pay debts or interest- z4 I2 y/ A1 v4 q/ J: B9 o
89. Severance of funds and credit
# z) |7 J8 E3 ~' w0 ^" u 90. Revenue refusal6 W4 h7 W1 t: I
91. Refusal of a government’s money
. J. B0 b3 O1 d0 ^6 r; K
% d$ T4 ?2 x# a) b* U4 QAction by Governments2 c% G1 L( K# O" ` C4 J! X
92. Domestic embargo
: _/ k8 `8 o8 q' E ~3 v7 m 93. Blacklisting of traders% `- y; L5 u3 Y* Y* \
94. International sellers’ embargo: s, e U: [& v& i
95. International buyers’ embargo
: j7 d+ s$ Q6 V: {4 s( ^& ^ 96. International trade embargo" G! s" N3 q4 C& Y h. R" j
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% M6 j, n6 e- Y+ p7 H" `7 I8 eTHE METHODS OF ECONOMIC NONCOOPERATION: THE STRIKE3 n5 m w9 f9 h
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Symbolic Strikes7 i; ^4 ?# ]3 D" l |1 ?3 T
97. Protest strike
D3 p5 b* P7 A" O6 z 98. Quickie walkout (lightning strike)$ w5 W# i. s# n( E0 o
/ |; a" b4 t9 I# \ N
Agricultural Strikes
' x$ F& Q6 [( u" L& A8 N 99. Peasant strike7 q- n ^/ C2 }
100. Farm Workers’ strike+ c! X5 N7 g" \: F1 j& |
. I0 ?. D( ?" xStrikes by Special Groups* I8 p" M' M4 S! k0 V
101. Refusal of impressed labor& L% p) W" c3 v# k- {( Q
102. Prisoners’ strike
r e: \& s3 } 103. Craft strike
0 h; Q4 H0 A7 J$ B" D! ~$ f% D 104. Professional strike; U# k, l. H+ I
6 x- ~3 J$ C$ N3 D: _7 TOrdinary Industrial Strikes
3 a3 @8 ]6 y6 j! h3 C* J 105. Establishment strike
. K9 b6 r* F, x) t( M. }6 N; d. P 106. Industry strike
( n" z# }. B9 k. t( `( Y, R 107. Sympathetic strike$ Q R6 z+ Z2 l0 m6 H6 x6 G2 R! A2 O
) `; i+ T4 e4 o* Y& U9 O& @, k6 dRestricted Strikes
1 u, [/ b$ t/ U2 G 108. Detailed strike9 W, W6 {5 o/ O$ D1 X# H
109. Bumper strike
! [! {! p$ O+ Z 110. Slowdown strike
4 l0 r0 V) h% u Q4 [- Y4 i$ y 111. Working-to-rule strike
% \ j5 w+ d" M$ `4 B0 w! ^ 112. Reporting “sick” (sick-in)3 M$ F7 i0 m+ o8 Q5 _
113. Strike by resignation3 N/ _2 w# P, N" ~- ~; ^5 Q
114. Limited strike
* S! e$ `, a& I# H3 E 115. Selective strike
! F- O. }# [6 y: l
' Q, _8 h, a- P8 jMulti-Industry Strikes% f9 E# ^3 R$ I; l, G+ h- M
7 H7 N+ i- s4 m* v* X& X
116. Generalized strike
, Q0 w4 b; N5 @, ^! a1 t$ J
/ _! I$ E- q# t 117. General strike
, z6 y2 F- e) G7 f
; O3 U# e8 p* U9 w; T3 z3 ^5 gCombination of Strikes and Economic Closures: c. H# E5 r) z* r( x% T4 s% _8 ?
5 w( ^! H6 d- k, N) z5 p7 D
118. Hartal
+ F, i1 r) x7 G) X V
& |9 y2 I: `" B0 } 119. Economic shutdown) m& \' ?2 R- G8 X5 y; K
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THE METHODS OF POLITICAL NONCOOPERATION5 f( j6 c8 O( {0 ?/ d% j ?( w
7 K9 l1 w6 a. W E
; v) ^6 y: z G" [- b4 GRejection of Authority
# v5 u# L# B, ~) t/ Q, X 120. Withholding or withdrawal of allegiance
1 s- q2 m9 [& g6 N# i; M8 Q 121. Refusal of public support
" o. v6 ?& w8 K6 j! n) u 122. Literature and speeches advocating resistance
2 l: A4 f! e& j- V% u5 L/ R; ~% G: E4 F8 ~
Citizens’ Noncooperation with Government* M- J( S4 B4 Q8 b) ?/ {
123. Boycott of legislative bodies/ g R5 t, ~: I5 x9 t
124. Boycott of elections" ^9 x: D% x! R
125. Boycott of government employment and positions2 b/ r) x" F b* [: z" u
126. Boycott of government depts., agencies, and other bodies
; Q; k% o3 S' _( k3 v7 w 127. Withdrawal from government educational institutions
/ l0 y% `( z3 B7 \ 128. Boycott of government-supported organizations3 Y: }: ]0 l1 p. F4 p
129. Refusal of assistance to enforcement agents
& w0 r% X8 e- U% o; J* Z 130. Removal of own signs and placemarks8 q2 ]( u/ e6 C3 m. K& B
131. Refusal to accept appointed officials" V1 l' |% x: i2 I/ ] S
132. Refusal to dissolve existing institutions
/ [5 D8 u$ \& q& i- }$ c
d/ ?3 z- E" mCitizens’ Alternatives to Obedience
! U( p! u: U( e, R+ C 133. Reluctant and slow compliance1 n8 d+ W/ s( ?; a7 L/ ?) G: c7 N
134. Nonobedience in absence of direct supervision
) o+ k; q$ E7 L+ d( s2 B' ^' M) C 135. Popular nonobedience d: C# J$ Q9 e/ z5 ^4 I: l
136. Disguised disobedience7 b; t; C% Q+ ]. j2 I8 u
137. Refusal of an assemblage or meeting to disperse
* z! s4 P1 p' |& R, l 138. Sitdown8 A/ i; X/ t" O0 `6 v. m
139. Noncooperation with conscription and deportation
; G% N( a. ^0 Y+ j 140. Hiding, escape, and false identities
) {: L. M; S- p: w: J4 V 141. Civil disobedience of “illegitimate” laws4 `* T. Q6 F+ R+ _2 y; Z: c
/ K9 A" w& R6 U
Action by Government Personnel
5 j3 d7 Z( i2 E) Z! W8 G' Q* K9 Q 142. Selective refusal of assistance by government aides
+ x7 k, O* O) x8 b; ]2 J# E' o 143. Blocking of lines of command and information, k7 N% I. k/ u4 X2 D# p. i
144. Stalling and obstruction$ `: S% ~* m8 I0 Y; B' ^! V
145. General administrative noncooperation
/ G( M K1 N7 p& N/ @6 w# {+ h. B6 M. n3 q' R4 c# b" v5 L W, B" K
146. Judicial noncooperation
: n6 e5 z/ ~& g# h, a6 D! @, h 147. Deliberate inefficiency and selective noncooperation by enforcement agents
7 [" q9 N f; ]- u 148. Mutiny
8 G. f7 p/ _; F5 BDomestic Governmental Action
$ z" }8 }# W c" S+ s! r* q0 ]8 q 149. Quasi-legal evasions and delays
! Q1 g0 [ l% n2 j% A* S) L 150. Noncooperation by constituent governmental units
# S. q; H" ^3 v8 _; {& F* I" D, F6 E" C8 e* [ S
International Governmental Action" q9 P L! J% v7 N4 T
151. Changes in diplomatic and other representations, Z; f$ K0 A( N
152. Delay and cancellation of diplomatic events
9 M+ n3 \: E- Y1 I 153. Withholding of diplomatic recognition: i+ W' p/ `5 S
154. Severance of diplomatic relations, g6 e% a9 }$ U% M [& W
155. Withdrawal from international organizations) L% Y& H: P; S6 ?
156. Refusal of membership in international bodies
* i$ | H% ]: T: ~1 J0 m! Z 157. Expulsion from international organizations" t7 c% y& A+ {, k: V; d, |" ^, `
6 `+ Z# E/ R+ b
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THE METHODS OF NONVIOLENT INTERVENTION; F5 x' \' o- E
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3 l, f7 q1 Q" J: X8 kPsychological Intervention
- q& k1 }) E( L* I7 ] 158. Self-exposure to the elements" m. l) d8 z. H3 E9 j {$ I
159. The fast1 C2 ^1 e# q( o( v0 i
a) Fast of moral pressure z5 ^ Y1 U9 O* b( h5 s
b) Hunger strike7 X9 v6 }% P/ a0 n9 |( G
c) Satyagrahic fast6 S+ O5 }7 Z* R! r8 S, P2 z& C
160. Reverse trial
: ~; z, T4 g. {8 [$ F) K 161. Nonviolent harassment# b- r X( X: A( M& V) D. |
$ E! |* @. ]5 h; K% P! A+ rPhysical Intervention u, B! y. ? Z. j/ L5 P" S8 R
162. Sit-in# n2 a* h) ]4 Y2 {* J0 b9 O2 U' e
163. Stand-in. D) P6 e& N( U2 M( w- P0 M' B
164. Ride-in
' O- V) S: r: c9 K' D 165. Wade-in& t3 q1 D- {6 V* F3 y0 h) }# b8 T: W
166. Mill-in; X Z& [$ Y) U/ l$ o# |, ]0 D- B1 _
167. Pray-in
; H6 ~! q) f1 P" u 168. Nonviolent raids
# a" x0 e% u( s 169. Nonviolent air raids
2 c* n4 O3 F6 [3 A8 A/ l+ _# f& A 170. Nonviolent invasion1 _2 p0 p* F0 [5 C4 @1 z, i
171. Nonviolent interjection
5 e6 t8 f) u- R 172. Nonviolent obstruction# ?8 Q- R. P s: a6 Q* v# n; o4 s2 U
173. Nonviolent occupation
3 r7 \; H) P+ w, @) I
; R8 \" y1 f+ K0 _# c( o) [Social Intervention3 f# L: A+ m' o$ b. y$ k
174. Establishing new social patterns. l$ {4 P, C: C
175. Overloading of facilities
2 D X1 G6 A9 g5 ]3 n% ` 176. Stall-in
6 h; Q* _1 D8 f* R' h1 g 177. Speak-in' X2 c1 i0 u9 f1 N A d5 h
178. Guerrilla theater, b! ^# _2 G" ]9 S' @
179. Alternative social institutions
$ _# `7 K- e" |7 e) R 180. Alternative communication system0 }; `9 q" O: d, S! K+ `% \7 ^
Q; W5 D: @& n& R. v/ k" aEconomic Intervention
( m( r. W+ t) J" P. F+ y3 z 181. Reverse strike
3 u, d6 D" T+ U' u e 182. Stay-in strike
6 A0 a I% c( { 183. Nonviolent land seizure
& C$ N! N! u5 r1 h$ { 184. Defiance of blockades
- d( I& Y9 Z) C- @ 185. Politically motivated counterfeiting
, s; f0 g% A2 | 186. Preclusive purchasing+ |2 J H4 Z9 T0 R
187. Seizure of assets
: V7 b+ ~& c! j) l( G2 ? 188. Dumping
! O& g0 u T$ e u; `# I 189. Selective patronage5 B5 Z6 g$ D3 y8 R* A& b
190. Alternative markets& N0 g) Z" z5 ^) N, T# e# p
191. Alternative transportation systems
% Q# A Y2 S+ }% u3 ^ 192. Alternative economic institutions
) _4 b' N1 [' W, O, t/ p. P
2 ]5 w: j5 \3 @Political Intervention* j- z, \4 S8 s/ T
193. Overloading of administrative systems
* ?* x1 u$ o# } f* V 194. Disclosing identities of secret agents
z! \+ w4 A, } 195. Seeking imprisonment
' \( a! K f' z& s& I0 v 196. Civil disobedience of “neutral” laws
1 C% u/ [$ V0 G% O$ k 197. Work-on without collaboration
R4 T3 O- L, l) b, I/ ? 198. Dual sovereignty and parallel government( g$ m# t4 r7 l* ?
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楼主: reneeqq
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发表于 2016-7-2 18:23
发表于 2016-7-2 22:02
