 鲜花( 240)  鸡蛋( 18)
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发表于 2016-7-3 17:52
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THE METHODS OF NONVIOLENT PROTEST AND PERSUASION: a4 C4 w0 _) n6 I a3 P
Formal Statements
6 u" K4 U1 z, S) N2 Q7 Z- a 1. Public Speeches
* o J# i+ x' F! V! U+ Q 2. Letters of opposition or support
7 M2 p4 T1 u* T1 L' f5 v. F 3. Declarations by organizations and institutions
/ J7 E3 U1 a% Y+ s 4. Signed public statements* w/ ?6 `7 K+ s5 H8 P
5. Declarations of indictment and intention) h; S# \8 v/ {! K4 z) h
6. Group or mass petitions
. M/ [4 l7 s( j( m$ ?3 |( ~
- o+ j7 S& k5 \9 w5 W/ M7 KCommunications with a Wider Audience. d4 y+ R( `0 [) \
7. Slogans, caricatures, and symbols
" G7 I/ B- R6 R' M/ K& e" w% O 8. Banners, posters, and displayed communications! P+ q i4 C. F. `. O9 ]' ]3 Z! O) }3 T
9. Leaflets, pamphlets, and books1 p7 k/ y2 h" M. ~
10. Newspapers and journals
( M6 m$ O4 P0 c# s A' E7 T 11. Records, radio, and television
( \% c% ~6 [5 |+ [' y 12. Skywriting and earthwriting6 R0 A7 S9 P9 [$ u& ^9 L
( q$ Y: r" q9 O/ k# j( o
Group Representations
- |6 q, G# D0 u' H' X5 m 13. Deputations
8 v7 c9 u, k8 @ 14. Mock awards
- q- a C+ J" K, Q6 I 15. Group lobbying1 ?2 T3 p1 W( ?/ O- u6 ^* Y
16. Picketing; C( A& N0 b3 E! k; t
17. Mock elections4 S% s. Z, a) A1 q
2 m3 P. ^3 r: [6 z F
Symbolic Public Acts# z* ]8 w D: C7 M
18. Displays of flags and symbolic colors( Y. \5 b; p6 {
19. Wearing of symbols5 `/ B& N: ]2 c* I. R
20. Prayer and worship1 w% u+ C0 }/ V* r
21. Delivering symbolic objects0 Q5 f$ r* d+ S
22. Protest disrobings$ g9 v. Y+ C* M1 t$ J: v
23. Destruction of own property7 _, \6 _) d' M6 ]5 d; u
24. Symbolic lights
, H% T5 ^! ^, ~ 25. Displays of portraits. N/ T$ K+ U5 ]/ F& ]
26. Paint as protest' A$ I: y2 _* e3 t; t9 c) k6 o9 J( t
27. New signs and names% S, U3 v) j+ K( ]8 p
28. Symbolic sounds4 m% F7 `; _1 Q1 d4 A
29. Symbolic reclamations; C: v2 p/ c5 D
30. Rude gestures6 d2 u; B7 A2 [) ]4 f
) _- g; V( s( F$ xPressures on Individuals8 i9 ^7 ?$ U$ y; o. E* }
31. “Haunting” officials
6 l0 U6 F7 O/ H- } 32. Taunting officials
8 I. J. s! r5 g) }; W 33. Fraternization/ ~' j" I' G& y# ?' A Z
34. Vigils
- p5 v6 v: l4 N3 t$ y4 t6 T% k6 p- W/ \' N- W! _
Drama and Music4 y& z1 T! G# l# y8 W
35. Humorous skits and pranks/ r* K: Y, r7 }) I# |
36. Performances of plays and music: W4 m/ Y. Y5 F" Z/ {
37. Singing
H$ C7 B; i: T! V1 h! q, ^' s& ~# w6 R/ s
Processions: [$ M! ^; I4 b0 s0 W7 g
38. Marches) c8 c8 ]$ c1 w3 h# }4 V
39. Parades( c& L2 I' A- p
40. Religious processions% u- I+ P: t" U8 g6 V& L. N! ~
41. Pilgrimages4 G. J7 w5 u) C, v; W$ q6 ]- {/ C
42. Motorcades+ M0 {1 O: j" i) t
' H* k# D9 y) l( z
Honoring the Dead* X: T. p1 g5 r0 m: r4 N1 H9 ?
43. Political mourning% l# G* d" P6 l. V
44. Mock funerals
; K5 K9 u1 B. Z 45. Demonstrative funerals C* W3 h' ~; E+ Q a
46. Homage at burial places
s/ v& {' n9 q1 T$ F. l6 N
1 L0 o" L" d( f6 HPublic Assemblies; M5 m' P, O9 P& v% T! C
47. Assemblies of protest or support! @! a5 z( J. }8 m2 u. ^2 R8 ?
48. Protest meetings* F( e: p& p# J& ?
49. Camouflaged meetings of protest
3 S. }! a8 P6 S7 ]/ |' E: C 50. Teach-ins) ?6 `, u0 v$ M d$ Q
; \) m1 U6 a1 f, ^/ pWithdrawal and Renunciation6 u) L y5 U) a) |6 n, y+ u& Y+ s
51. Walk-outs
7 s6 ?/ N1 R7 F/ {! ^ 52. Silence
\0 B1 M% C! Q( {2 r' v 53. Renouncing honors
0 k7 W+ G8 t9 x6 o8 Q7 B 54. Turning one’s back
7 c0 |% w4 D' @
- r* c" N/ a+ h2 F; h1 H- B- F ? ) g6 b8 M. z. H& B* e9 b
! E0 t K. A2 c: l7 I
THE METHODS OF SOCIAL NONCOOPERATION
0 ?! o# A, Z+ e; A1 J! b" \( Q9 d* e5 m- e. k
/ _" Q8 {% Z2 z8 v
2 Y3 w$ X( F1 B% D. eOstracism of Persons* X5 x0 x. U6 J1 \- [* K
55. Social boycott
) ~) P( _0 Y. u% o& d6 k# J 56. Selective social boycott# A* j7 x8 A# s$ p/ q, f( I
57. Lysistratic nonaction
6 a. L0 D4 s0 Y5 Q7 a: B 58. Excommunication) D+ r$ M1 G# c+ C* x" @4 n
59. Interdict
3 M9 z* F" D4 Y5 D
) p+ o% K. }# F0 _Noncooperation with Social Events, Customs, and Institutions
9 B6 v" S F3 g! I: p9 j 60. Suspension of social and sports activities2 {& J7 f9 D0 i' v) F5 u0 z
61. Boycott of social affairs0 D( V5 ~, O5 g p- E- {0 K7 V0 _
62. Student strike) p9 v' J: Q# O* p; {. L: v' }
63. Social disobedience
7 }, _3 Q/ S6 i3 k 64. Withdrawal from social institutions$ R X! N# r6 W5 u4 N$ a' c$ A
8 \8 i9 N2 _2 G: \Withdrawal from the Social System
, r g7 W. W V* `1 e# Z 65. Stay-at-home/ ], Q3 ^) c/ l6 x4 d
66. Total personal noncooperation$ P! o0 k2 a2 V) s
67. “Flight” of workers* V! S8 K- a( X3 }- Y2 C A
68. Sanctuary
' B$ J% C: x3 L! C* K4 R; V8 z 69. Collective disappearance" @. H' O7 Q1 ~3 z# K; W; U/ R
70. Protest emigration (hijrat)! G6 @+ [8 L$ T8 l
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% h! ~! M6 ^& H- ?- q5 j8 o8 O( ?8 T* k6 Y% ~4 U
THE METHODS OF ECONOMIC NONCOOPERATION: ECONOMIC BOYCOTTS
" \9 Q8 T' a; T9 b, |7 ^8 n
3 }9 ]% e6 _' g * k% a3 N" z$ M0 B% o% v! ~3 [
Actions by Consumers
" X2 ~% U8 i; f2 I2 t 71. Consumers’ boycott
9 l( z8 ~! D% k' a* W ~8 w 72. Nonconsumption of boycotted goods
: T/ P: V$ {( ?" p! c 73. Policy of austerity
) b3 m8 T! C2 M7 t+ @ 74. Rent withholding3 }. v5 `! Z0 B, n* D8 V' \( ~
75. Refusal to rent
$ G. b1 a0 [2 u; O! @- o 76. National consumers’ boycott
5 H. l4 @' Y8 N9 C# g4 m. R! ^ I 77. International consumers’ boycott
s& }/ v& P: e/ P
) K" T+ g3 ^/ c1 e. w( UAction by Workers and Producers. f8 R# W6 V* r4 S
78. Workmen’s boycott
* I- ^ I3 V3 g6 o 79. Producers’ boycott* C* ?* g z9 U @
/ a) h4 _ j7 A1 `/ s
Action by Middlemen
7 D% p7 T( h4 ?& }+ W4 V( P3 s1 v! d 80. Suppliers’ and handlers’ boycott
; [, ?1 U% z' D9 J: S" o- ~( o" \ b$ @7 Q: K
Action by Owners and Management
# _; I/ U$ \4 K 81. Traders’ boycott
4 R9 Q0 ?. R5 V+ x% F( g; M, G 82. Refusal to let or sell property7 R* w) w0 C7 Y/ `) z! S C; u/ n
83. Lockout: B0 c# a. V2 L8 n9 U/ I9 @
84. Refusal of industrial assistance5 H+ t6 V/ z) s0 n+ R; f
85. Merchants’ “general strike”: u2 o; C2 D' {) H9 }* U- Y8 w$ J
4 O, C' j3 O) G* s
Action by Holders of Financial Resources
. F% Q. Q0 X9 w1 v) a# q 86. Withdrawal of bank deposits
, c+ @$ D! W" P7 z) [6 k 87. Refusal to pay fees, dues, and assessments
- ?( x& {2 T$ E7 o 88. Refusal to pay debts or interest- ?9 O$ S, S ^
89. Severance of funds and credit
) }5 |, {5 J4 Z/ M9 v+ O! D/ ~ 90. Revenue refusal
H6 u2 Y% @8 n7 x4 a 91. Refusal of a government’s money: e" z6 [, V: T4 w7 r/ z! C h
8 @; I" N5 E- @9 ^ g q4 [" V
Action by Governments
- G! Q' c4 S) C1 w# S" n+ s6 g4 w 92. Domestic embargo
4 S. r; C; X6 f# c+ t8 G7 } 93. Blacklisting of traders
+ ?4 R; A, j9 [; c! f 94. International sellers’ embargo
+ Q# \: S( P0 Z5 g6 U5 G6 l 95. International buyers’ embargo0 Z1 w; S) V/ h9 p7 W6 O6 P
96. International trade embargo6 P! H W* W; Q9 q# y" }! F l# |
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; c E/ S7 ]4 H5 |( ATHE METHODS OF ECONOMIC NONCOOPERATION: THE STRIKE: H$ e3 t$ O* \* ]* E
6 U7 h! c3 c2 y; v8 g4 L6 v* Z
. v' Y. L) l! v1 R- P: Q& VSymbolic Strikes: ^. }- T3 f9 H# k K( U4 D* [$ x( j
97. Protest strike/ Z/ T2 `. Q& i- O; @
98. Quickie walkout (lightning strike)1 E- V) ~8 V# v
& y+ W+ O' R2 [, O
Agricultural Strikes) j7 z+ D! c- S) R4 y0 `% q
99. Peasant strike
) T. M X y* j2 r5 N9 s 100. Farm Workers’ strike
+ _% E4 L' Z1 d3 ^. m$ |
+ f) m5 L. V- mStrikes by Special Groups
* d. o: E3 u4 q, }+ y5 k: O; k 101. Refusal of impressed labor
- x! w( d2 j& O' P5 ?3 D 102. Prisoners’ strike
, a/ @! d. o5 B0 c 103. Craft strike: J* D5 x' R9 K4 n
104. Professional strike
& w3 H5 V4 n+ |9 y
, e' }. O$ J; E. fOrdinary Industrial Strikes) z& T- L9 E1 n3 `* D
105. Establishment strike
, i% f j6 j! W% S# L) Y4 R: h 106. Industry strike7 B6 q' j, {2 B# ~$ R3 o1 X; a' _
107. Sympathetic strike7 C5 G/ h( R5 ?3 B( p. S( a
+ L( P R4 s7 I; ]7 N; }5 F5 ~
Restricted Strikes
! j) y8 l3 A$ P' b5 Q' {+ O 108. Detailed strike
$ L$ p6 H2 H$ h 109. Bumper strike4 ~. g' {! L! x- m' @$ G; F
110. Slowdown strike
2 X+ _5 P, L- g4 U 111. Working-to-rule strike
" ~4 }/ }& V2 S0 u: g4 O' K/ F 112. Reporting “sick” (sick-in)# ?9 L: x+ R+ Z) x5 g. A% ~
113. Strike by resignation
, b" j; k8 w8 e2 ]% I1 P0 @2 T 114. Limited strike4 ?7 g5 X- _0 t+ G+ R7 T6 O) R% Y" y
115. Selective strike
% u' u3 ]/ z# r5 {2 j; e0 }* Q+ f+ Q6 U
Multi-Industry Strikes
3 E& q: U/ f$ a& D& m" N1 \
* t' e$ E& h; |1 p 116. Generalized strike6 k$ O" V+ u' y$ X( \, s- s
* |9 f- @7 b8 _7 Y9 v( n$ q+ U
117. General strike
" `' e0 P" u( k& z7 B' A0 c
0 I! s5 n0 s. u/ ` K7 g9 C6 SCombination of Strikes and Economic Closures
) R1 J" H n2 f: t( H
2 V. O( Y; l9 f8 x 118. Hartal
0 D: b9 n; X; H& a' Z1 k1 J3 C3 P1 t" R/ ]$ S
119. Economic shutdown
2 D7 S- F; B6 F" _4 Q6 I+ w
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8 @. F6 M* z$ k$ i8 i6 S( K0 R
THE METHODS OF POLITICAL NONCOOPERATION
' N! [9 ~* a/ B4 X4 ^" V+ t4 L* K; |
# t7 O `3 R- _3 \0 M7 T0 Z8 X
" K9 {) n7 V- M% h' ZRejection of Authority9 F4 T0 y4 e4 @+ i
120. Withholding or withdrawal of allegiance
: j$ w* Q' s; r# V$ X 121. Refusal of public support$ ]9 M, Q1 ~: G& l% b% [7 {
122. Literature and speeches advocating resistance
: r% g) S9 V7 ~. e) Q
2 ^/ M+ h6 w! q$ F: M! I1 J+ Z3 ~Citizens’ Noncooperation with Government
0 H9 l$ o0 j, D: p$ A" ^, `8 | 123. Boycott of legislative bodies- C" D _! O, @$ h0 i
124. Boycott of elections; q* X: U$ g: I( P. w+ ?* _
125. Boycott of government employment and positions8 H9 b2 i# P- d D1 `3 {
126. Boycott of government depts., agencies, and other bodies
; Q& T+ V1 r: E D; k2 |; b: G1 G3 f* P 127. Withdrawal from government educational institutions
9 _3 C: J# i; M" E a/ q9 H 128. Boycott of government-supported organizations
) i& I# R6 t. Q' T4 R2 G 129. Refusal of assistance to enforcement agents' H! s1 G$ l5 B9 X/ o7 y
130. Removal of own signs and placemarks
+ _- P( g8 I" ?: I4 A$ j1 s' l 131. Refusal to accept appointed officials
8 W) ~+ p. A: f( ?) \6 { 132. Refusal to dissolve existing institutions$ q" v/ y1 _% i" j& c
& h! C8 @3 i# L; r& _% L" @
Citizens’ Alternatives to Obedience
6 z5 C, b* l( b8 v; V 133. Reluctant and slow compliance4 w2 M5 J- J% L. e% Y
134. Nonobedience in absence of direct supervision/ H. q' C5 A& I' ]
135. Popular nonobedience4 F, O2 h7 u6 g2 ]4 _
136. Disguised disobedience6 |/ X1 X. D* r' z( v8 d! \9 Z
137. Refusal of an assemblage or meeting to disperse
' X5 ~4 s5 J ?0 A 138. Sitdown) ~- g* {! C5 u z i! T
139. Noncooperation with conscription and deportation
4 ]2 O% r I2 r: i9 v( j9 ^, K8 E8 v 140. Hiding, escape, and false identities1 _0 ?" d' P. R6 {: O! Z8 T
141. Civil disobedience of “illegitimate” laws
% z) A" D. F0 l! Y8 n$ x6 r. C$ ~: @- ]$ P
Action by Government Personnel% }/ ~2 F* l" {7 F* S8 Z
142. Selective refusal of assistance by government aides5 i" r2 {3 w: \' Y* y& i
143. Blocking of lines of command and information
* @. f5 H" C* d' q7 V 144. Stalling and obstruction0 f, J m1 s+ }: k' M' m
145. General administrative noncooperation
/ X0 g( ?; Y: U
% |- S/ N3 Q: y$ |* Q) ^) j 146. Judicial noncooperation, d" H# w" D/ N# @" n% n- H
147. Deliberate inefficiency and selective noncooperation by enforcement agents, D5 @& y) `: B0 e) c6 w& Y
148. Mutiny
. h! ]9 V1 o) p$ D# `- ]Domestic Governmental Action
% b" Y% @- b9 k+ T$ @ 149. Quasi-legal evasions and delays3 `) E0 a) M0 d# ^6 n0 {
150. Noncooperation by constituent governmental units
5 g" A6 x8 t6 ]# U0 ^/ K& j! v3 P; h6 t1 k: N i& w
International Governmental Action& ?( s+ s1 j$ m& Q2 R) G1 b$ Y
151. Changes in diplomatic and other representations2 {8 e; m l. Z0 b
152. Delay and cancellation of diplomatic events
& e. t- ?! f+ _3 f 153. Withholding of diplomatic recognition) ^* M( e- `$ P: X& X" E" Y5 |
154. Severance of diplomatic relations
/ A9 C/ c Q* N) r9 q! \: l 155. Withdrawal from international organizations
. J( ]! X g( i) D/ x) l5 c 156. Refusal of membership in international bodies
) v5 ^3 L3 U: S, h: ?5 F 157. Expulsion from international organizations
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# K. I( T& t% x( ?
" {; x+ f6 }4 |0 I4 K7 pTHE METHODS OF NONVIOLENT INTERVENTION4 y( k0 q- i e; L
4 y/ G6 h9 E7 q [$ I+ b- ] e* p
2 J8 \3 `; r6 Y3 J0 G9 W+ c) j OPsychological Intervention$ a7 A1 N$ f8 a
158. Self-exposure to the elements
: }8 x: `$ z, e5 U3 k" l 159. The fast
7 \3 G- L6 o8 b% D a) Fast of moral pressure
$ M0 T4 K2 N( O9 B& D b) Hunger strike, D2 L, a: ^9 k0 O% y/ K" R- ], D2 A! l
c) Satyagrahic fast! W t! a7 @ a6 j% j4 a
160. Reverse trial/ Y9 ]3 G0 p+ {! z% [
161. Nonviolent harassment
! S/ Z- B' q: |3 P- k, `' O7 c/ m% P7 z) y9 a I9 [3 a
Physical Intervention( h# m3 S0 y" a! }* Y$ J- @
162. Sit-in
+ l- u# A+ e, p 163. Stand-in4 h$ ?( U* q6 C4 z
164. Ride-in
. j y: @7 ]7 C 165. Wade-in! b) f" N6 z& o% i- j V( w9 `( d, l) D
166. Mill-in
9 z/ z& P7 l; T* _5 a0 W1 i% y 167. Pray-in
4 q* A; r2 A: d7 S+ D3 k5 A: Y) X. K 168. Nonviolent raids
- r$ w. X1 y+ D8 y+ f& H# u 169. Nonviolent air raids$ W8 c: f5 t {8 r' s
170. Nonviolent invasion1 O" E: u$ j9 m% z `! m
171. Nonviolent interjection
1 i' R3 V. H: }9 G9 [7 e 172. Nonviolent obstruction
" Q) s8 h. k+ ?9 M* o7 ?8 c 173. Nonviolent occupation3 e2 J9 W" B! }
d( T0 M" _/ m* Q/ p! VSocial Intervention
/ J i2 M5 w* H$ U 174. Establishing new social patterns
$ ]+ \6 t# b4 J# p 175. Overloading of facilities
) O3 N' X x- ^: f% k7 i% Y 176. Stall-in) R3 H6 W0 O/ K( r* l. ~# V2 U
177. Speak-in
+ F M- Q+ z7 |- a 178. Guerrilla theater& e9 W& v- o- G4 Z# n8 F* V
179. Alternative social institutions
( [/ ?( \( R- u, v' c( L8 c4 b+ q 180. Alternative communication system
5 N- p5 C8 n Q* L
. k& O; p. b) A2 C& z% wEconomic Intervention" f# @+ y" x) n: l. o
181. Reverse strike
6 B# a+ c0 z+ K2 v! { 182. Stay-in strike
/ e: @ f5 Q8 Q# T5 `8 S$ [ 183. Nonviolent land seizure
: ^$ F3 W F& J9 `4 q8 U$ Q 184. Defiance of blockades
$ ^8 M1 S) b/ e4 e 185. Politically motivated counterfeiting
7 P8 F7 ?2 R8 Q5 u" n6 h6 L2 p1 K3 R 186. Preclusive purchasing
8 v+ m% J* r; Q. b 187. Seizure of assets8 X5 X0 b, ?1 i' O2 {& f: Z
188. Dumping
2 z4 D, ]& s( A0 P: s7 v5 T& j 189. Selective patronage
8 S4 s: ^* a) U5 P: e3 D7 M 190. Alternative markets
: u- \, P! d7 d: [, x- J 191. Alternative transportation systems; N7 z o, f6 w5 p7 ? R7 C- U
192. Alternative economic institutions+ i/ X; a) B; E! n+ B; i, P' S# U
/ Q% ~3 G' i# E! M2 F) b' u; G
Political Intervention
& r, E. |$ W t1 k% w! R% d 193. Overloading of administrative systems
" J' k5 \- C5 h7 n9 ^! u- _ 194. Disclosing identities of secret agents* u) }9 e( f B) X' b7 k; E
195. Seeking imprisonment1 L5 a/ Y7 F9 N$ ?8 _$ C3 R. f
196. Civil disobedience of “neutral” laws, X4 X+ t! ~% H. E& e
197. Work-on without collaboration6 }5 X* S- o% k% M
198. Dual sovereignty and parallel government" F% j( i0 m6 }1 Y, ^' J
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楼主: reneeqq
狗仔卡
显身卡
发表于 2016-7-2 18:23
发表于 2016-7-2 22:02
