 鲜花( 240)  鸡蛋( 18)
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发表于 2016-7-3 17:52
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THE METHODS OF NONVIOLENT PROTEST AND PERSUASION, ?" j6 I7 v5 o& u! ~0 t1 l) d. d
Formal Statements# B) g4 o' B, p) c+ N
1. Public Speeches9 Y! {9 D7 ]! a7 g% f! G2 Z: v) X
2. Letters of opposition or support+ Q. O0 U0 _. e l( X& ~
3. Declarations by organizations and institutions `1 W( S9 f, C- x# e
4. Signed public statements7 b/ y V- V9 ?% K8 m% `& |
5. Declarations of indictment and intention
7 \1 ~$ {$ t( x% r T 6. Group or mass petitions- p6 T4 }: Y; X$ K! }+ k- D
) J$ R$ F1 l! j2 E( }/ {# _Communications with a Wider Audience; f* Y5 a. i0 T2 ~7 M
7. Slogans, caricatures, and symbols
4 G0 C' S* P% @) @$ ?" l 8. Banners, posters, and displayed communications* E2 l o* s; k
9. Leaflets, pamphlets, and books
# q3 s5 ]- D3 U- ?$ ^3 V( s 10. Newspapers and journals. _1 ]5 T2 w# c- ~- ]
11. Records, radio, and television# n2 G5 c% U6 t( ^6 n
12. Skywriting and earthwriting
3 Y# Y& A6 d, w0 Q1 ?* ?% b1 S+ C y0 S' ?4 J( A" k3 @) y
Group Representations
0 R' a% h3 k1 R( D 13. Deputations" i2 x4 L$ d3 S0 _4 s
14. Mock awards
2 N, E' }) X8 l 15. Group lobbying3 X* M8 }7 p- t3 p
16. Picketing
8 x c$ l( S' M4 i& g/ T 17. Mock elections0 P) V6 \$ e& Q9 r- y, u
) Q. B! X& u: w( x$ t; n
Symbolic Public Acts
0 l. c7 K6 N$ d: c 18. Displays of flags and symbolic colors
: \* L/ E: y( ~- i) s5 |( \: u 19. Wearing of symbols! C* l9 x$ }1 y" I2 L
20. Prayer and worship
7 W% |% s! h' U. t/ |* D 21. Delivering symbolic objects
. \6 Z7 x/ q/ a O) I' U 22. Protest disrobings, w" g4 b$ B5 h( R8 ^
23. Destruction of own property5 l2 i$ P8 [- g# a! g. C
24. Symbolic lights2 X4 c( [6 ^( ?( k) n! H5 K( K6 w
25. Displays of portraits7 M) X# D* J' H, N
26. Paint as protest
/ p" h+ q" {# j2 q/ | 27. New signs and names9 X- t' Z/ f) j2 W; o+ s
28. Symbolic sounds/ [' h, G& E* q% P, h
29. Symbolic reclamations8 P$ K+ [0 `- Q* h" W7 X$ @1 z! ]
30. Rude gestures
3 ^1 M- s1 I# z X7 k; r! e# m. j2 Y# ?3 M6 B3 `6 X& c
Pressures on Individuals9 \5 ^, W: k1 A( c4 N/ N1 J
31. “Haunting” officials
" N. h j r/ q5 g1 [7 v 32. Taunting officials0 K K H9 A- N
33. Fraternization) ^' s3 u; q* n1 b- L7 V
34. Vigils
' @3 b& m* j5 R% l. x! m
. \) U8 d8 K) n6 V( A' O1 E4 SDrama and Music
: K* b2 @7 @6 N 35. Humorous skits and pranks
/ q+ {% N0 q. G; H 36. Performances of plays and music5 K4 Q! f1 N, }" C( B- @4 z! m9 x
37. Singing
% @( ~% U8 t& t" t9 @ p/ k8 f- A
Processions
8 Z" I5 O5 P3 P+ k 38. Marches
. J U2 T5 s5 ^* E K% g 39. Parades$ S) k& ? F. V l: A# I
40. Religious processions- O; m( N. v3 j5 T
41. Pilgrimages6 N# k; O( e, e5 P8 K
42. Motorcades5 A8 t3 u, x1 o( Q
) |7 d U5 I3 x9 H/ R
Honoring the Dead
& O; W O0 ]8 m$ a, Q2 X" ]1 Z- `' ~ 43. Political mourning
) A+ i' E' M3 }& @; Z* L 44. Mock funerals
8 @4 W5 O( A4 ]6 G% m 45. Demonstrative funerals
/ m% J4 X/ O" s( C 46. Homage at burial places
5 @' g8 Z* A: \6 x) q8 T2 v$ }0 B2 z. U6 p( a* Q- Q T3 |
Public Assemblies
* |: K- D7 J& Z6 ?& S: v 47. Assemblies of protest or support
# X% G4 V) _3 o/ g6 I 48. Protest meetings
& t( g& b4 s8 K& r 49. Camouflaged meetings of protest. D" h. o6 g) S$ j( f/ B6 N% ~
50. Teach-ins/ Z) |* R. O" x. n1 q: P- C
- _, U4 c# J* i) N- A' ~, m6 \
Withdrawal and Renunciation# `. A+ c2 h5 |* i/ u0 J0 {; L
51. Walk-outs
! {. ?7 e2 H3 @ u5 F 52. Silence
% S+ _) g0 r# V) i4 {. Y 53. Renouncing honors/ k4 a' O8 ]3 d7 S F. q9 q
54. Turning one’s back/ E% h& ]2 D3 e4 X i' Z; z+ `
- x7 X0 h) k/ O 1 O* u7 p" H4 ~. I* s
( }, U3 U* @9 G9 C( |% D$ \
THE METHODS OF SOCIAL NONCOOPERATION
3 Y% _! a0 o& X* B$ R; U" H! Y0 v5 d6 h# H3 e
# ~) e6 E. G, R
: M6 \" B, t: f. L) y) \7 c" M
Ostracism of Persons8 k1 q) T& g8 R* d; f
55. Social boycott
: Y3 s! a' z& M0 S0 k0 A 56. Selective social boycott
5 }; r5 J( t6 [$ c4 X 57. Lysistratic nonaction
+ y U4 q8 h0 @- b 58. Excommunication
3 `8 b9 b3 T- _! }& D 59. Interdict4 a8 H8 e! R$ T- | d/ R9 g, y
7 o4 c: j9 _: n
Noncooperation with Social Events, Customs, and Institutions
" H8 H2 Q5 B; G* _! w9 J. y 60. Suspension of social and sports activities8 h/ V& p3 ? o& `( P1 o
61. Boycott of social affairs; `8 y% L3 Q; Z5 z1 a( V
62. Student strike; Y: x* g( P" u' W
63. Social disobedience
, \& _- e N+ ~* V" E 64. Withdrawal from social institutions# X. l D* l/ y$ h$ I7 W
4 X! b: p# U+ y8 U9 hWithdrawal from the Social System8 e3 G; g, Y3 [5 H
65. Stay-at-home+ U5 b+ U1 ]3 ^) i5 g/ R3 S1 ~5 d
66. Total personal noncooperation, D* y) ?- s K+ K3 _1 K
67. “Flight” of workers' ~+ x5 b9 I, d! k
68. Sanctuary
1 r% E9 v; ^! n3 _+ y6 b 69. Collective disappearance* M* S* q. C4 J/ {5 k- |
70. Protest emigration (hijrat)
. v4 M$ Y2 d+ @9 R" k+ }! }6 r( ]; M+ C8 Q. ^+ s
, X: R; n. O$ h5 k: W. N' \
2 r( F% M$ E! B# S5 hTHE METHODS OF ECONOMIC NONCOOPERATION: ECONOMIC BOYCOTTS; o/ c6 D) G& @* F
. k: K# j' C; f& V- H9 x
9 Z. K% k2 ^" C: ]# v
Actions by Consumers
6 V6 A. v2 E1 c 71. Consumers’ boycott
! e# f- A. n' V# [1 F* D9 q 72. Nonconsumption of boycotted goods
0 S" }) M+ |; _% s 73. Policy of austerity5 z# R1 S& k+ G) M- |2 U* \
74. Rent withholding
* t% d; w# M4 L+ @- V 75. Refusal to rent& O# d. u6 V; l/ S
76. National consumers’ boycott9 j0 x1 p) Y+ ?; Q* y
77. International consumers’ boycott
; t5 |5 _# e. l( n6 i4 P4 u& k
4 X$ O9 }$ {8 p% P9 S" LAction by Workers and Producers- ]/ [! U, N2 n, \: x6 T% G4 B
78. Workmen’s boycott
" S) b i" Q1 U/ E+ l; E* @ 79. Producers’ boycott
! l$ d# C' [; Y; m0 [8 q- {$ M" ?0 Q4 \2 x' k X( p0 i& c7 L: J- O; f7 J6 W7 W
Action by Middlemen0 T' Z) J/ ^! A) h u
80. Suppliers’ and handlers’ boycott
4 u9 @& j- Y9 L7 \2 |# w) T. Z9 O, i |
Action by Owners and Management6 Z1 c0 \9 W8 Q2 P, h5 d/ X
81. Traders’ boycott
" B+ R- K% h9 j( N6 F( V3 U 82. Refusal to let or sell property1 n( u4 s4 V# o/ N9 F
83. Lockout2 Q5 t) ?) G4 p
84. Refusal of industrial assistance
% R! V( H- W& v4 _# y; T 85. Merchants’ “general strike”
7 D8 o# v2 m# ~. m3 v" T3 c
3 C7 l+ [4 V. f3 Y2 ^& gAction by Holders of Financial Resources
8 b& U- m0 D l+ _ ^$ ~ 86. Withdrawal of bank deposits
4 \" _ M1 J4 S 87. Refusal to pay fees, dues, and assessments$ K0 f9 s' K, T
88. Refusal to pay debts or interest
& O; b7 g/ g* \ 89. Severance of funds and credit3 ~/ t4 ~$ \! q% \& T" d
90. Revenue refusal
. k7 `3 ^" M9 L7 e4 b5 Q. ~ 91. Refusal of a government’s money
, F6 r+ s7 T* b& I% ]
% k# J' ~6 p3 l0 T4 U6 n5 p- DAction by Governments+ R6 `2 w( M, }, `& Z& A* H
92. Domestic embargo0 S. U' v+ ~1 g& l4 Z* p. p
93. Blacklisting of traders
3 g7 D* a! ~8 ?* @7 K0 @: }3 B 94. International sellers’ embargo
$ r2 M1 Y; p) o" q 95. International buyers’ embargo6 |* Y. Z* D6 Q
96. International trade embargo8 j# y, y8 K( U( h8 }7 o. q( N
3 n1 w# t% N7 y" Z! l ! {* e2 ^' c- I$ |4 \# o- V2 p
/ O6 ]# s5 M, d: t5 M- VTHE METHODS OF ECONOMIC NONCOOPERATION: THE STRIKE' N d! E. [) ~: r* ~7 h- N& [: |
% o) f. ], z2 c. u" f. ]
$ o% w! Y# H# {* \) M" J
Symbolic Strikes
: J; W& s* b7 \6 Y 97. Protest strike: z( u D+ }4 U4 y( e
98. Quickie walkout (lightning strike)
* {0 R p" O! P
5 |, @* ?9 Q& Z7 F' T* \4 a2 g1 ?Agricultural Strikes3 P0 j4 {* N( Z
99. Peasant strike
$ N' a' L' W" Y4 _: p1 T& h 100. Farm Workers’ strike4 s( a9 i b) U7 X. c
1 B7 e3 P. \1 S, p M7 zStrikes by Special Groups
( j4 [6 Y% x3 K! j) b 101. Refusal of impressed labor
1 N( M* f% N: X! b 102. Prisoners’ strike
0 p/ p0 [+ a7 I8 r/ G& g 103. Craft strike5 Y& k( U s& G' W; l2 T( ] ]
104. Professional strike
% k' J- ?$ _$ a! w6 ?3 j' O& b. r* u7 P7 B- [; h9 _9 e
Ordinary Industrial Strikes0 O) m+ h7 K' P: R- B* ]
105. Establishment strike
; n8 O0 A; l1 x# x, |/ c4 b 106. Industry strike, ^0 N; ]( ^+ C c9 n7 r
107. Sympathetic strike
! C7 q$ {5 h# e, p3 @, @
9 j8 p I! F. p" u7 pRestricted Strikes
( G) r8 I, U, M1 G 108. Detailed strike
4 z$ F6 ?, w/ M, N9 K- n. ` 109. Bumper strike
" i0 k" h0 g# T( Y3 l9 } 110. Slowdown strike' A3 T( p( r8 Q# [$ G6 g. i
111. Working-to-rule strike
# H9 A- {6 w- }" X% z7 h 112. Reporting “sick” (sick-in)
2 V9 t# A5 x: T' F 113. Strike by resignation
( G$ _1 A( {$ Y9 o1 k& |- q 114. Limited strike
$ ?- `) B: F X% \4 M 115. Selective strike
9 ~4 P: B0 o) b# L' n: N {2 W7 f4 u& g& W- s
Multi-Industry Strikes
, v( z5 u9 @3 h
9 `, D! c+ T- `9 J& { 116. Generalized strike7 a6 e" W) t8 c
0 k9 k- I B; w; a 117. General strike0 u- Y; l' T% a" {5 h% L) v
+ U2 ]0 }' p9 RCombination of Strikes and Economic Closures
6 r& T+ F4 X+ t1 V z/ F$ l' P1 R! e
118. Hartal) q5 i! }: ~/ e* E4 J
: i2 W) o4 k% w' `& f 119. Economic shutdown
2 ]& F# A: ?% X) r* W7 k7 L6 ?5 |$ E, X4 K
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) g* o u! S" r5 k* I, ATHE METHODS OF POLITICAL NONCOOPERATION
J4 m! y R# o( n! v% N! }1 ?' V) D- a% E4 j8 ~: N3 G7 h' @
3 u; b t) @/ R3 mRejection of Authority0 x* ?: w8 V" _, f; {# A, p* R
120. Withholding or withdrawal of allegiance, W! a" C* O& V. W+ l: z
121. Refusal of public support
% d$ V |: T& M' l, n- I 122. Literature and speeches advocating resistance j1 u2 ]* t5 S- B! c9 g2 F
K5 x- q7 R+ ?6 S8 K
Citizens’ Noncooperation with Government5 X) ]+ ~3 Q( @, x% I" B
123. Boycott of legislative bodies
& E; n+ _; ^: G+ `3 O* D 124. Boycott of elections
, A4 T8 r O; E( C& Q0 q9 a) @ 125. Boycott of government employment and positions
, s% {$ U& j$ ~( O8 | 126. Boycott of government depts., agencies, and other bodies, N; }1 O: A! b9 j2 t A0 ^. W! C* N
127. Withdrawal from government educational institutions
: X1 c d0 G o: M0 Y$ V! ~ 128. Boycott of government-supported organizations
$ p3 C$ Q+ L, R F9 e+ m @ 129. Refusal of assistance to enforcement agents
; S8 O5 r) a" s: f, s7 Y* r L 130. Removal of own signs and placemarks2 H0 g! K2 E M- H8 k }* n* ]
131. Refusal to accept appointed officials- ~) A* l0 E5 B' H
132. Refusal to dissolve existing institutions! S& Z5 e r6 ^' w3 g3 }9 K5 u; z
7 @6 @ G6 w8 e1 s! `; F: y. VCitizens’ Alternatives to Obedience/ O! M( u k' `: l, q- |
133. Reluctant and slow compliance4 I5 }! \; ~1 B, S5 g9 ?% X
134. Nonobedience in absence of direct supervision
5 g9 ~& S- X- R 135. Popular nonobedience
/ m4 S0 C/ `9 x3 y 136. Disguised disobedience
! Q% E9 w5 Q& l) s9 e* f# V 137. Refusal of an assemblage or meeting to disperse
! l$ N/ S$ G' d 138. Sitdown
+ H( @* u7 U9 h" }, X8 W 139. Noncooperation with conscription and deportation% s! f8 P+ `) x8 K E' G( l
140. Hiding, escape, and false identities
0 z9 E! x, K& t& t 141. Civil disobedience of “illegitimate” laws
" l. D) t/ l' G G( q
/ U( q& H+ e, o% a+ Q' h/ i) EAction by Government Personnel' D3 X. F/ p7 g
142. Selective refusal of assistance by government aides6 o- ]/ v% t$ S/ z$ f _( c2 t
143. Blocking of lines of command and information0 |) V+ K: h% U
144. Stalling and obstruction
* b0 N6 T G9 m0 s' F 145. General administrative noncooperation
/ k5 c" N- o. F) x, i6 q
2 D) s2 U& A6 ?& l( K 146. Judicial noncooperation& p- _2 `3 F/ E3 z$ h R" y; j; e
147. Deliberate inefficiency and selective noncooperation by enforcement agents& }5 C/ ]3 O, l" R h
148. Mutiny: v; i) s/ S2 [
Domestic Governmental Action
( Y3 ~' M4 E5 z" Z- r. y( d, h: _) U 149. Quasi-legal evasions and delays" f1 f; f% r) r Y1 T6 Y
150. Noncooperation by constituent governmental units
8 o, Q0 Q0 [! t
' b; f+ Z$ f8 ]& {7 ]$ F7 dInternational Governmental Action0 }! e5 A& H. E" e
151. Changes in diplomatic and other representations
5 b8 O4 }( h! N 152. Delay and cancellation of diplomatic events; V8 p8 x" d6 r- J# i, G
153. Withholding of diplomatic recognition
: E6 P2 `; z+ a% A 154. Severance of diplomatic relations" N' k- X3 u2 X
155. Withdrawal from international organizations
S- h7 O9 o- S* V6 o 156. Refusal of membership in international bodies
5 ]5 X2 O3 Y+ a g 157. Expulsion from international organizations* O- ~' O; n' g1 f9 E
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4 \. ~% a" q2 ~. Y. o* F( I) DTHE METHODS OF NONVIOLENT INTERVENTION) @7 b0 k- T/ ]+ k8 _- p5 [, P
Q* d! s) g6 Q! H; O3 k1 {. ]
6 ?+ m, k( e6 M8 g$ i! v( Z" N' Q/ LPsychological Intervention- O8 Q6 Z1 B; f
158. Self-exposure to the elements
! w3 j* G( D2 @; d( o0 n: } 159. The fast
V7 @- K2 j: v+ E a) Fast of moral pressure
2 Q. T: z- j' ?" Z; ]0 v b) Hunger strike# }' c' _: {/ W% v% x
c) Satyagrahic fast
! D/ u% H+ n3 a; g, f8 ~3 z 160. Reverse trial4 ], x+ o ~5 G# y6 ]8 V
161. Nonviolent harassment8 n5 E3 J% j4 r! V l1 N" i# r- x
: E. E6 t$ E9 J9 cPhysical Intervention
, s& U R8 _2 `( {4 g. L 162. Sit-in
5 p8 A3 ^- h* c) s9 ]; s7 I) {0 c$ l% u 163. Stand-in |$ a* i$ _4 Y5 v% ]& s2 a
164. Ride-in2 p8 Q4 p+ u- h6 M% N+ Y
165. Wade-in2 _' w5 K, E( S) \
166. Mill-in
- E$ u7 P0 {+ M% _" T 167. Pray-in
: u/ y0 Y9 J( Y 168. Nonviolent raids5 K3 u: C( @, J9 j7 \
169. Nonviolent air raids
8 F9 m! Y6 u) R/ u 170. Nonviolent invasion: ^7 v% O$ F0 T5 w2 [. a- V# T
171. Nonviolent interjection) ]' {8 Y& \6 H4 E" _/ l9 U- I
172. Nonviolent obstruction# ]* z1 X- v v& e
173. Nonviolent occupation$ k" X( W U8 S9 W" z; H" A2 T* A" h
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Social Intervention
h) `( Y0 S' z2 B- Z3 W- _ 174. Establishing new social patterns
% z( O/ d6 @- {/ G5 C 175. Overloading of facilities% e5 G/ c6 b. F5 X
176. Stall-in$ ^+ S8 u+ J' [7 h6 D
177. Speak-in, ^; J1 N7 G/ q9 o, G" M
178. Guerrilla theater4 j' e. O, u4 Z, d- \
179. Alternative social institutions
) i, x/ A& b* ~) i 180. Alternative communication system
; m/ E* b/ N5 @( E9 v8 d( }& p. S
3 k5 G( ~2 c( {- s6 A* Q3 pEconomic Intervention
$ x& j! Z0 l6 u- d$ I 181. Reverse strike
- P, l* u* D3 X5 S% a5 Z 182. Stay-in strike" Q: W. Q9 L' a" T) ?! F8 @1 ]
183. Nonviolent land seizure1 I: Q: i% X3 }: i3 B
184. Defiance of blockades
% W# `5 `+ j7 X# Q# c2 o! x 185. Politically motivated counterfeiting; X T" A4 a6 j, F8 f
186. Preclusive purchasing
0 J4 q7 a' s# y 187. Seizure of assets# v2 f' v4 {7 f7 c
188. Dumping# ]/ f5 h2 u; _; _
189. Selective patronage; ^8 I5 Y/ I3 _
190. Alternative markets
6 [) d# u. {6 T 191. Alternative transportation systems
$ f6 S# { `! X. U x D$ Q 192. Alternative economic institutions
9 ~- f; V% L% X% }' N2 B. L- u3 {8 {8 S8 k7 K4 G3 x7 L. [4 S
Political Intervention
7 Y- T4 M: J. ^. v) j' q. h$ M 193. Overloading of administrative systems/ \8 e' q6 V0 f2 e+ l' h$ L
194. Disclosing identities of secret agents
% d' {" R& u) J" `! ` 195. Seeking imprisonment4 u0 E3 u0 O$ x3 I
196. Civil disobedience of “neutral” laws2 f8 `# p& S# F: N. v8 ? `; v, V
197. Work-on without collaboration
4 c9 v7 F2 }" n: O 198. Dual sovereignty and parallel government
# _# D0 A Q' {7 O% I3 }7 F/ y5 b8 g, [! ^! h
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楼主: reneeqq
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发表于 2016-7-2 18:23
发表于 2016-7-2 22:02
