 鲜花( 240)  鸡蛋( 18)
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发表于 2016-7-3 17:52
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THE METHODS OF NONVIOLENT PROTEST AND PERSUASION5 R* M. |* W& p$ o" R+ _$ q; g' I! z
Formal Statements
/ e& `6 |: l$ G# o4 Z- H( w* k 1. Public Speeches" n. }& q) a9 U* |7 s, s/ P! Q
2. Letters of opposition or support
: d" K, [/ y! O- z 3. Declarations by organizations and institutions
8 m: l& L) p$ D4 t: o# t5 n7 r. v- | 4. Signed public statements
1 T% ~! w0 f# D; p8 @ g 5. Declarations of indictment and intention2 d, X" P' S. c+ z
6. Group or mass petitions
/ e6 a4 A/ C3 a! E: b2 v2 o8 l7 U- D- Z4 `# Q6 G
Communications with a Wider Audience
" P5 A6 ~4 _$ D3 z& N7 n& I, _, z 7. Slogans, caricatures, and symbols. N6 w# V% a: f; i4 \% C
8. Banners, posters, and displayed communications
0 F8 h0 ~: W3 U2 Q: d) k8 C6 | 9. Leaflets, pamphlets, and books
1 ~; D3 _0 Q$ O) d; y/ b% p) v2 z 10. Newspapers and journals
# d/ }# Y1 a: U7 H& h 11. Records, radio, and television
; {/ J$ X& r, b! U 12. Skywriting and earthwriting
o- l8 k" x/ z/ v2 C% Z5 F5 X9 `1 p# [& {1 Z- \0 ^
Group Representations
& h& g$ f0 A6 C" E+ [ 13. Deputations& y! z: O7 U$ z9 o
14. Mock awards
; D4 l$ ?' u5 M) y1 y 15. Group lobbying) E( O p& X( e9 D2 m- E& E
16. Picketing
# `( y, \! h0 z' B* t6 ~ ^8 }+ U 17. Mock elections
( y' U( _& q* a' K. A# y% J) U% d" |* c8 G6 L, q4 [6 I+ D+ j
Symbolic Public Acts! a M! f/ k ]+ n l0 I6 k6 U, P
18. Displays of flags and symbolic colors3 p: R* m& r1 |2 h- }+ `5 h
19. Wearing of symbols
: o: l- p* Q! M" _9 {- e 20. Prayer and worship
0 }+ x% w+ D- p 21. Delivering symbolic objects* u% N) E8 h) P9 P# q K3 Y
22. Protest disrobings
' R* }, ?. \& b9 H5 t* H( k! [ 23. Destruction of own property5 V% H p+ \: Q5 Q- L* F3 ]( D4 h
24. Symbolic lights
, o) Z; S9 \. C$ n4 \/ i5 I/ v 25. Displays of portraits
/ u* `1 d ]$ P& I8 I4 J 26. Paint as protest0 I# A1 v i# p3 ]. Y
27. New signs and names. Q" F/ t1 W- v. U% J0 x
28. Symbolic sounds7 E& v. x e/ m! \ p
29. Symbolic reclamations
# L! i6 r) h+ _8 N" }4 {+ l 30. Rude gestures ~/ f5 n, `% q; U
/ j9 [; P0 ?8 U+ S$ c1 N
Pressures on Individuals( X. q) n. m' S% |
31. “Haunting” officials
1 d: l N U1 m+ @) O, V 32. Taunting officials
7 M+ z' @6 J; {) Q9 ]& w1 ` 33. Fraternization7 y8 A( b2 t5 ~/ d3 i
34. Vigils6 M5 U* d, W5 [; f! ]
# d% c- Y& H. |% b/ t- l+ DDrama and Music7 w1 Y/ B& O& u4 F7 j2 w
35. Humorous skits and pranks5 x X, [0 s/ d% N" P c @
36. Performances of plays and music
% h+ j6 v9 x: C# `* N 37. Singing0 F# u( Q8 ?" t& [; O# x8 f
# L8 ]% P+ l) C- P$ [
Processions, W! E& _# H/ q% B, p) z+ u, V
38. Marches$ d" q5 n! l% W
39. Parades8 Q" b! a) L1 [4 @
40. Religious processions
1 M7 `- E, _7 q) R 41. Pilgrimages- r/ K: W H+ T; {2 A7 z
42. Motorcades4 O0 v" |% v+ q8 H1 ]
# \- Z$ H6 s# P: {. A7 q
Honoring the Dead
4 L' k: W) I$ n$ z7 W& ?$ A) Z 43. Political mourning
- U( k# S& Q" f. p 44. Mock funerals
& Y X7 t. w9 @; c& p 45. Demonstrative funerals Y2 T ~9 \4 {, I/ |! y# ]2 o% O$ D: ]
46. Homage at burial places2 ?, ]! c3 g1 ?7 N
" @* N1 W7 J! u1 O7 n! y6 k) qPublic Assemblies$ D: K( D4 t B n8 s
47. Assemblies of protest or support" z* l4 y: `" C, `( l
48. Protest meetings2 R! q# O6 F W6 G* B O
49. Camouflaged meetings of protest
& ?7 k/ m/ y, U+ `$ [ 50. Teach-ins
/ ?- n* Y2 ?; A8 c4 r/ v
4 k; h. H7 C5 lWithdrawal and Renunciation
9 w" ~( c4 b, K3 D- @ 51. Walk-outs
1 R. {3 ], g- B; x 52. Silence; @- k, O* X) u. J5 y
53. Renouncing honors
! u; h Z2 B% e. P4 Z( L: w 54. Turning one’s back. S+ _: F: q9 h5 z4 C3 z
6 p' U5 T: I0 K& B
) A5 @ `; w9 H6 G! I( t# [
. L' l; l3 [. O# [4 N2 VTHE METHODS OF SOCIAL NONCOOPERATION
# r- C M- h& ?' i" F6 S" d$ n- |3 E+ ]9 k2 h
% R x: f1 @) v2 [
3 Q, u1 N, ?: U6 A+ x
Ostracism of Persons+ O. x/ c( n5 e4 E% {* ^ m
55. Social boycott
5 R6 e W- |+ g' q7 B. W; f% Q 56. Selective social boycott c+ ]1 s. P7 v" I" c
57. Lysistratic nonaction+ D: M) ^# G, h! m
58. Excommunication) W! ]$ r! y( a# Q5 V0 f0 t' D" E4 t
59. Interdict0 j# H d3 V9 J4 @0 L& B$ P3 w
' ]! i5 \0 F- f( M
Noncooperation with Social Events, Customs, and Institutions
9 Y2 V+ x E) | {! I 60. Suspension of social and sports activities
1 T4 @# F$ o& o; F. f4 }/ X, e 61. Boycott of social affairs
8 U$ r7 E, m/ v+ U8 T 62. Student strike
. _: i6 Q2 u, o7 n 63. Social disobedience
5 `: J: D( z# M, F, C% F" G6 X 64. Withdrawal from social institutions, G& m$ f9 v* l# h$ K
; M# P; E1 P7 t
Withdrawal from the Social System; x- p6 x1 o2 B
65. Stay-at-home
% a- T8 p" j/ [$ \ 66. Total personal noncooperation. M( E5 }9 H& N; i& k0 p6 [2 U
67. “Flight” of workers
2 c) s) F0 c! h0 ^ 68. Sanctuary) H2 Y, ~% ~5 }+ V, u
69. Collective disappearance
1 d$ |, y& r& L# [+ ^ 70. Protest emigration (hijrat)5 `# T# q- m! m/ {& L) R
6 M, A: Z* P0 d6 c5 o5 M- T; D6 B 3 b. K. S; b7 t' b5 p
3 _8 t2 A3 S+ \6 l* ETHE METHODS OF ECONOMIC NONCOOPERATION: ECONOMIC BOYCOTTS
7 R' E% q7 P( K2 K! k3 h8 {6 [& J$ V# a0 S H$ c
8 B. Z a y" k0 C8 ?
Actions by Consumers
: X/ l# P7 f W2 Q8 X 71. Consumers’ boycott, V: k4 u* t6 `/ e
72. Nonconsumption of boycotted goods& j- Y! r4 S- Q Z/ m4 _1 Q
73. Policy of austerity
9 W" f0 Y/ T+ Y3 S( O% u1 E( m) B 74. Rent withholding
0 J( Y# |3 K. G; @ 75. Refusal to rent6 @9 U4 J) u+ T7 J8 c
76. National consumers’ boycott' h8 S/ v1 w3 Q; Y! @. F" x0 k. D: M
77. International consumers’ boycott
7 F6 T9 W& _$ J' i' f' O
# e+ |/ J/ B& }4 QAction by Workers and Producers7 _! l& a" e$ R, j0 m& Q: Q9 f
78. Workmen’s boycott+ a1 Y; L+ f! d( f+ J
79. Producers’ boycott( b' v+ J$ n5 Y+ r0 t
$ `( _$ p2 o8 L; @. P }Action by Middlemen
! w7 z' ^7 f F 80. Suppliers’ and handlers’ boycott
& t! r: `9 L& c7 S
" Q0 V3 X8 P. ?( TAction by Owners and Management
$ f, F; r+ x( i, u 81. Traders’ boycott7 u6 H6 |: J) E9 j1 }, \
82. Refusal to let or sell property
4 e" D: r* O, V2 o/ t 83. Lockout
" v ^+ W) l$ g% b9 ^* t 84. Refusal of industrial assistance+ T) ?: f" k: _7 U
85. Merchants’ “general strike”4 _; W5 @3 M6 f' Q6 P h
7 p$ P$ Q6 U' _; U) z( m7 T3 _Action by Holders of Financial Resources. ~, V' _9 C+ O( R) [
86. Withdrawal of bank deposits
0 N: ~; G/ \6 H* K1 D1 h- M 87. Refusal to pay fees, dues, and assessments
0 O) y V9 h7 l! I1 K& L 88. Refusal to pay debts or interest
' l# V0 ?$ Y' V7 }1 e! Y 89. Severance of funds and credit$ p+ a2 ]" _8 w/ w( {* Q
90. Revenue refusal+ ]! P# O$ q$ K8 n
91. Refusal of a government’s money" Y z. w! [6 A- J
! v2 _" r \2 k5 ~4 r; {+ M# L
Action by Governments
4 u( @- O' I( e9 X! K+ @8 k9 g 92. Domestic embargo
) s! Q: K4 O# B- s) i7 h# t3 c3 B 93. Blacklisting of traders; a, `2 S- K% O
94. International sellers’ embargo
) t$ N; G$ c O( u 95. International buyers’ embargo
: E, L- `5 T5 h6 J7 y4 s 96. International trade embargo
( {# K) u+ D" x( z
$ [$ S; C# K/ w
7 ^9 s8 w- C4 V
) O# e+ o$ ~. ~, J0 C- YTHE METHODS OF ECONOMIC NONCOOPERATION: THE STRIKE$ C" u X( U/ a7 g
8 J2 s n8 Y: H' v
* A% L* B2 c' J9 ]8 B4 r7 lSymbolic Strikes; Y+ V* {+ @- R% q
97. Protest strike
$ F/ \6 y' J- \* X 98. Quickie walkout (lightning strike)
3 o7 B7 P$ o) Y1 b/ K4 S, Y
7 P1 V1 F9 X: _* Z5 x6 t4 s6 tAgricultural Strikes& I' V, ]- K9 P- d3 R* E
99. Peasant strike
' \# `* h! G6 k' y$ ?5 L0 ?& ^ 100. Farm Workers’ strike
" e9 Y/ `+ G# z# `
$ F8 ^% `# _! J- U' L! |. kStrikes by Special Groups7 [' h7 r; W: W0 j: O2 v3 `( Q
101. Refusal of impressed labor1 S2 o* ]) C |$ F1 S6 \
102. Prisoners’ strike$ i* H. N. J* w( L2 ~3 H, {
103. Craft strike
' S' k8 u% [& F( | u J7 e 104. Professional strike
7 s8 H+ |, Z- n3 E! i. h8 k
' ]" @' k% }/ i0 h5 |Ordinary Industrial Strikes R+ g C/ E" {& M6 L9 C1 S! J0 s
105. Establishment strike
- E; B Z, K6 C* l% T 106. Industry strike0 r o. t* _* z
107. Sympathetic strike
" e$ t! \3 y. L( ]
, d2 W+ d0 H9 C, P/ j. pRestricted Strikes& ?9 q3 o. J) R5 y: y& b8 U# p* q& R
108. Detailed strike
$ M7 k; o. i7 m# J9 f8 q f" v 109. Bumper strike
2 ]) g& R! C. F9 a$ b* h- {. H' g' X 110. Slowdown strike# O& l" ? Y2 M$ ?- c" T
111. Working-to-rule strike4 {2 v3 X1 U3 J# \7 ]1 Z& j3 T
112. Reporting “sick” (sick-in)
# l+ x8 \: G8 G- {# e% x 113. Strike by resignation' |9 ]! Q& H4 S! h4 D& w$ e, B2 C- W
114. Limited strike/ f9 s$ J! Q+ _0 u9 t* O$ A
115. Selective strike( J" D* ?6 b/ ?4 _( P, _2 D
2 ?5 @/ p5 W8 R' C3 M5 JMulti-Industry Strikes
- J; Z+ z7 x! s
( y/ @! c/ b& {# t8 B% b! ?9 N V: I5 q 116. Generalized strike
% y. `# D/ M% q/ N* b
6 c, }& }# p5 a 117. General strike* [; ]- p, A6 T2 b% i6 ]
2 a2 P- }" M5 I
Combination of Strikes and Economic Closures
% }5 r; ~- J6 O. l
; q( \, }' G, C9 E9 S 118. Hartal
: Y8 O- V: s8 }/ ^) ^
J* S/ k! f# Q 119. Economic shutdown y# f% P& w( D6 ~: _
+ }( o! a% E8 z* x' R' { , k- Y$ f7 @' J$ b% y5 m, {
8 i/ E2 f* F/ c: kTHE METHODS OF POLITICAL NONCOOPERATION
% R+ ` M1 T; l# `# r
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' T9 K2 F8 H% j: L/ _& A! k y! @$ @Rejection of Authority1 d! x6 d) t9 g& x# Q: |
120. Withholding or withdrawal of allegiance5 Y- j, e5 k' e: q
121. Refusal of public support; W8 S T5 K; f2 h
122. Literature and speeches advocating resistance; I1 S1 [; j1 i. Q4 K; @' v
2 _4 Q1 i; `& KCitizens’ Noncooperation with Government0 L1 Y8 i- f5 y F: |
123. Boycott of legislative bodies. i4 P2 Z% l5 C# K
124. Boycott of elections, d$ J( y, v; r7 F
125. Boycott of government employment and positions
' e) R6 R% J/ o; C. B 126. Boycott of government depts., agencies, and other bodies
. u& N9 t- F, r& S o 127. Withdrawal from government educational institutions3 T: E" G* E) `
128. Boycott of government-supported organizations
; y/ z* V+ F0 x9 Q 129. Refusal of assistance to enforcement agents
. O) C( h4 Y# {/ y: }8 ?" [" A) u: R 130. Removal of own signs and placemarks( L+ y' g0 D. N8 ?
131. Refusal to accept appointed officials
+ q. I$ ?( X" L7 }, N 132. Refusal to dissolve existing institutions# e" { e7 {. g/ B; ~
1 d( c4 C+ T9 K3 `- e1 p( N- r3 ~, X# ?Citizens’ Alternatives to Obedience
3 G$ F2 k) b" r, @ 133. Reluctant and slow compliance8 a* j9 o" J' r# R1 Q) k3 W: z+ |4 i
134. Nonobedience in absence of direct supervision
4 c0 B7 ~" z1 a+ x. E* I" P* L 135. Popular nonobedience3 i+ Y0 Z& S/ c
136. Disguised disobedience8 ?8 u8 {8 n% ~, v
137. Refusal of an assemblage or meeting to disperse
9 p0 ~* ~2 ?1 S3 l, ~' ~ 138. Sitdown' T& Q6 \6 n( S+ @* q5 k
139. Noncooperation with conscription and deportation
3 f9 O# a1 V1 V: S& _ 140. Hiding, escape, and false identities
/ g! ` O4 p" \ 141. Civil disobedience of “illegitimate” laws
/ L- Q, j9 a7 i L: k# [; s
1 J+ `( ~ Y% q2 H. N; K$ bAction by Government Personnel
5 E0 E1 J# y( y( ~' m 142. Selective refusal of assistance by government aides
: ?1 Z) U$ j' v! r 143. Blocking of lines of command and information
/ m* e1 Y0 a: ^ 144. Stalling and obstruction
* t3 P% }6 ]3 u& B4 p7 b1 [ 145. General administrative noncooperation& H4 G& ~, Z; o" X* l. q( ~
( e1 W. F- F& k( u1 |5 l4 z- Z0 r7 W
146. Judicial noncooperation s: j; E8 c( w3 t
147. Deliberate inefficiency and selective noncooperation by enforcement agents$ ?& Z' @" Q; V
148. Mutiny
( o. U" p" Q% t0 T& C! v8 gDomestic Governmental Action
F5 y8 }; B- o6 g6 i1 m# M4 ^+ G9 J 149. Quasi-legal evasions and delays) F* T! H# S/ Y# u) x0 g
150. Noncooperation by constituent governmental units2 |( d: J! c0 J0 \' n
4 a: e) s9 A& L' ] H! X1 Z
International Governmental Action" I) G) i/ Y0 k# M! ~
151. Changes in diplomatic and other representations
' ]# I* b9 n" @8 L& I* f$ j3 d$ s8 S 152. Delay and cancellation of diplomatic events
' v+ E# J2 S! K0 l7 \' j7 T9 N 153. Withholding of diplomatic recognition
. G* p/ D1 Z8 ?: u+ ] 154. Severance of diplomatic relations7 Y) H2 Q% S0 M& `
155. Withdrawal from international organizations
. n( t8 k: R/ ~/ W" n# _' ~% Z 156. Refusal of membership in international bodies! D( i4 p( V k" N; Q
157. Expulsion from international organizations
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3 q" ^5 k! [) [* E* NTHE METHODS OF NONVIOLENT INTERVENTION# \5 K: W4 p. G: h
4 E1 M3 R6 a, A& `! Z, O6 t% K) S ! J l9 h% e8 Z1 P' l
Psychological Intervention
8 P! @9 r4 O) y 158. Self-exposure to the elements
4 ~* }; \7 m1 S; ~5 Y# W( W 159. The fast
, ^9 ~6 |8 T* K+ w( z5 V a) Fast of moral pressure# W" v7 c: N. y" K6 F: u
b) Hunger strike
. Y- b% U) [5 i' L+ m+ ?7 o( h c) Satyagrahic fast
/ A% d2 A' ?9 } 160. Reverse trial$ b% K$ S! g+ `2 V& i; _, M, b
161. Nonviolent harassment8 o! z% p8 W$ s. R
, P7 y4 f4 E8 o
Physical Intervention
, a+ g$ A! J6 c, p& D# r( W8 M 162. Sit-in
) e! t% C. L! T6 ]3 k 163. Stand-in
: g/ E5 Y, g' f u+ i5 ^ 164. Ride-in& d# s. l) U! L9 u9 m0 I) l
165. Wade-in
8 s! X, p0 `$ |' x) c( m 166. Mill-in
" Y! k- n( H3 {. `/ _# K 167. Pray-in
$ O T \ [7 k7 Y2 y 168. Nonviolent raids& k! Z& T) G8 `1 x5 B L
169. Nonviolent air raids
9 S# m# l: Q" [( C: j# C 170. Nonviolent invasion
# i- j- R8 a9 K! O: N ~1 y 171. Nonviolent interjection
4 H) l* ^$ ]4 q9 e( ]; {6 p6 i; N 172. Nonviolent obstruction
% f; b: B& @( ] 173. Nonviolent occupation# }, b8 L5 B8 V- L& U9 _
: }) N+ i5 e* dSocial Intervention
" R# i: ~! b" P2 w 174. Establishing new social patterns
4 D% r4 S- r3 k0 m/ p6 r! x 175. Overloading of facilities
( Y3 A) T2 u' a. [; g 176. Stall-in7 V3 ~7 V( R' P% K0 T5 u3 S. y
177. Speak-in7 y9 d) ^: w, R
178. Guerrilla theater
( T) `3 M4 q% L- o, g, x" m% x 179. Alternative social institutions: U! q: O) @$ |) a) h& `9 S
180. Alternative communication system
: N6 \! G, e- ^# \. O. Z R1 L: w; ^% e
Economic Intervention6 ?2 E. P8 h% o, g7 {: `7 U
181. Reverse strike+ i- `5 x, B5 L
182. Stay-in strike" ^% T4 p" s# N4 z+ ~7 ^
183. Nonviolent land seizure
' R N m! a9 P 184. Defiance of blockades6 C1 R& g. }' y, F
185. Politically motivated counterfeiting1 I. y4 B0 {: D" K" x
186. Preclusive purchasing2 |2 V/ c, I% C1 p6 s5 z) b
187. Seizure of assets/ O: A D4 q' X9 R
188. Dumping/ ?5 S$ m# ~. l
189. Selective patronage
- f B8 ~$ Q( j) y 190. Alternative markets' M4 L. o/ O% X# M( Y
191. Alternative transportation systems6 N( F- ~$ {5 P* y
192. Alternative economic institutions
& U( g# i' R# m- ^* i% E3 B) W0 Y2 L8 }4 V+ c9 J7 r/ `0 O
Political Intervention
I+ y: U6 C2 i/ u, A 193. Overloading of administrative systems
' C8 I m2 W1 L. V6 m 194. Disclosing identities of secret agents$ b9 p+ Q4 g" U8 D! |
195. Seeking imprisonment
0 n7 `2 }; w) `/ D; K$ O5 K 196. Civil disobedience of “neutral” laws2 J7 p) I9 l. d; _. f6 d
197. Work-on without collaboration2 T3 F' {$ y' S1 ]/ m" f
198. Dual sovereignty and parallel government
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楼主: reneeqq
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发表于 2016-7-2 18:23
发表于 2016-7-2 22:02
