 鲜花( 240)  鸡蛋( 18)
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发表于 2016-7-3 17:52
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THE METHODS OF NONVIOLENT PROTEST AND PERSUASION' n3 h9 j% a: ]! Y
Formal Statements9 ], P5 W1 H! O* d" ?4 w+ m
1. Public Speeches
+ U3 F) u, b, I; v5 n: o8 J 2. Letters of opposition or support
' w5 P/ K7 M$ B1 U* T6 M 3. Declarations by organizations and institutions
/ ~$ R1 l/ ?3 @; n- P 4. Signed public statements
/ s# r- V( e. P+ M h: N. W 5. Declarations of indictment and intention& a9 R( ~( J8 r
6. Group or mass petitions
Q6 W/ e( m( |9 n: O
$ M* q& ]( T4 v: rCommunications with a Wider Audience
! Q; |# m; W3 @/ j$ m0 J/ u 7. Slogans, caricatures, and symbols
6 } w {: }$ _6 d7 m 8. Banners, posters, and displayed communications
" B/ G4 i# `1 ~2 ^: N 9. Leaflets, pamphlets, and books1 I$ u3 u4 ^* k3 z# v6 E' L0 Y, A
10. Newspapers and journals
$ `- T. g1 E0 c 11. Records, radio, and television" w; W. A% j) X i6 j- ~3 D' B
12. Skywriting and earthwriting
0 ~* J& _$ s9 Y3 R; d9 L; h! @6 z" @
Group Representations
1 G" Z; x6 D2 {1 N# H 13. Deputations! W' B( q0 O9 g; Y& \; D" U
14. Mock awards
9 k# y& D1 c& c- v: f4 [ 15. Group lobbying0 Y, a1 K" R' x! h5 ~" o7 d
16. Picketing+ x2 m `% G$ F. S
17. Mock elections
2 ?5 L3 k: z7 d8 l' G# z+ c9 ?; O+ _
7 a8 _! A( C6 @/ P- v! R/ OSymbolic Public Acts* b, K# Q+ F/ w+ t- c2 t% ?
18. Displays of flags and symbolic colors! U: x! l* e, H. j8 k4 {
19. Wearing of symbols
( a* |& d- x1 Q) I9 `4 ^. b ?, U0 _ k! n 20. Prayer and worship
' f! e/ o( h$ x( A 21. Delivering symbolic objects
+ I$ s- g% n; V4 Y* q, h l 22. Protest disrobings
! V# l& v* O5 Q h! ~ 23. Destruction of own property
( E' N4 S5 s9 i 24. Symbolic lights% @. O, W- x' e* [# K* T
25. Displays of portraits
& D% R& C9 V; ?: l 26. Paint as protest B2 e$ i5 p( c$ {" B. n
27. New signs and names g/ S# T; s# @. _# x
28. Symbolic sounds$ J# T( Y: B7 ~) N) P- f
29. Symbolic reclamations8 g8 z' D, U5 u! F2 O. {9 D, _
30. Rude gestures
' q# S) Z# _2 Y* ]! D4 X0 d6 `2 b: P9 Q
Pressures on Individuals
! g7 i' a, o' y 31. “Haunting” officials
' @9 I" p3 R# ?/ W( |. D 32. Taunting officials$ _& R1 D1 s3 }& a& g" K
33. Fraternization) ]; u# d! g8 z( m+ v5 I
34. Vigils4 u1 C' O. q+ j/ z
3 t1 _. o6 a! n6 A: UDrama and Music
' X& P1 F) k% o! W- q 35. Humorous skits and pranks
. V- L0 c. B; R 36. Performances of plays and music- m" y( N3 A# W$ W
37. Singing
4 [6 ]$ m# O( O! n8 k3 G& {
O" R9 q: o+ L9 R+ H2 R8 aProcessions; G- ]3 M/ D2 a0 Z6 k
38. Marches0 `. }- N, q G' P1 r
39. Parades0 v* {4 H) C: @9 ]/ {
40. Religious processions
3 M' ^# R7 i4 c5 ~# z 41. Pilgrimages
+ e* T" N: \) X2 `" R& J; S9 U8 L' @ 42. Motorcades
% \' f* f* A: y' C7 }5 ]$ \" F6 d4 g* o1 ~
Honoring the Dead
# H# ]3 D3 B) w 43. Political mourning9 x0 X7 ~3 w- ^9 @0 M8 t
44. Mock funerals
+ Z8 C& }7 t: J: _2 `3 s8 I ~2 O 45. Demonstrative funerals
3 ~2 _2 {$ @7 C; v: J" v( M 46. Homage at burial places
9 Q/ E$ s/ v7 ~, f6 H7 X" c! ~& S6 [; h' j; A& Q
Public Assemblies
~( Y I' U7 G3 \ 47. Assemblies of protest or support
[) ?, V. x9 S% u7 k C 48. Protest meetings% T; e+ ?8 O B* e
49. Camouflaged meetings of protest
: I$ A7 i$ E9 e" Q 50. Teach-ins
1 C2 a7 {3 q: c5 C* s
1 _, i Q3 Q0 X3 A y- B5 P' n/ RWithdrawal and Renunciation
! c) H# q* P1 R9 o( l7 I9 B2 c 51. Walk-outs9 T- Z/ u0 n( T' \
52. Silence
& A0 [1 \7 I& o3 j 53. Renouncing honors
9 t% d* z/ \9 H" n+ O4 u7 | 54. Turning one’s back
: F2 W* g- [8 h, V, @. O: L6 _2 z$ a6 O, v( j! ]
: }" T" ]" P! R% L$ T8 [6 l5 x' Q. }
THE METHODS OF SOCIAL NONCOOPERATION
* n6 H" {" g8 N6 G( W$ p/ ]
i! w8 `+ ~# ]( g ) y5 g" B7 g$ y' U( B9 O. R" Q6 Z5 V5 z
# \. P3 @% A3 ]/ K! ^7 _) hOstracism of Persons3 j! a9 X* p4 n( H7 A" C1 V# \' i
55. Social boycott- p: Y- g' r0 F+ S
56. Selective social boycott
; B$ f* W# o: v5 X6 K; G4 c4 A; m( l 57. Lysistratic nonaction5 i! A4 @) [1 S
58. Excommunication' s: A$ z, t* v b
59. Interdict
( c5 T' K9 Q! \
8 Y' U4 M/ S4 u* i; K, LNoncooperation with Social Events, Customs, and Institutions
0 Z* l; H1 M) u$ `8 F1 b 60. Suspension of social and sports activities
1 E* ?4 F& G% ~. r D 61. Boycott of social affairs- ^: s/ s' e# w6 |1 Q u* q8 d
62. Student strike0 z& M" Q; M+ o1 w, a: f
63. Social disobedience, P7 J6 ^2 ~1 S( j7 I. {" _5 h
64. Withdrawal from social institutions1 G Y. ~/ n# k# O M0 k8 e6 f7 L& r
( B5 @0 o, m/ j1 _- YWithdrawal from the Social System! {! ?# z! S) N2 N J
65. Stay-at-home
J0 \. ?+ e V( g 66. Total personal noncooperation
8 }0 i1 f, t+ L 67. “Flight” of workers) o9 l. p, X* q. Q8 D
68. Sanctuary
: X! C0 ~/ s( o! ]- L 69. Collective disappearance
% J! \, k3 H' G 70. Protest emigration (hijrat)+ X: L) i9 A5 k* K% p& x0 C
5 A4 M, q* x# ~2 S7 C 4 T/ ?; s4 c: b, B
! W& F7 j$ m! M* E9 M kTHE METHODS OF ECONOMIC NONCOOPERATION: ECONOMIC BOYCOTTS1 x0 b9 ~# u7 A1 d* {
" ]* R/ `2 D7 ]) \. ]
4 U7 V( E! M& hActions by Consumers7 z" M7 A& G2 \( A( h8 L) N
71. Consumers’ boycott/ k& m- L$ `* \/ E6 D
72. Nonconsumption of boycotted goods) o$ K5 y% {2 G6 @
73. Policy of austerity2 @/ H' [ E4 C: H8 r4 S
74. Rent withholding
1 \2 w5 c! t f# q 75. Refusal to rent7 P( \& l% k# J; o1 G! [8 U( u
76. National consumers’ boycott
# L8 R! R) B& L' _; j 77. International consumers’ boycott4 k# a" M# a: K" I! ?6 d/ ]
- |$ j+ u7 s2 G/ P! n
Action by Workers and Producers; P m" l I. b, F5 h% z' g
78. Workmen’s boycott, l, v7 Y6 [9 k
79. Producers’ boycott
' Y& H, h# M; V
1 s% ` E ~1 j/ YAction by Middlemen
5 a& q% O. K/ ~ 80. Suppliers’ and handlers’ boycott( S+ |; r4 y& x* Y; g4 {
% e& Q4 n9 R, JAction by Owners and Management7 ?% e/ m" m# w
81. Traders’ boycott. L) t' k! }9 Y( e+ {! a) Q
82. Refusal to let or sell property+ f) @1 d. M/ @4 V" G
83. Lockout7 Q& C* o9 V: }7 N1 r0 D
84. Refusal of industrial assistance
0 O! i0 H8 z( N1 b/ Q/ T3 j 85. Merchants’ “general strike”" S$ u9 b9 \3 _: a9 q6 N* _
R8 ~; m2 H/ k5 [$ ~Action by Holders of Financial Resources5 M4 E. A, x1 }
86. Withdrawal of bank deposits
5 H( k# O/ V1 J) d/ H5 c# X 87. Refusal to pay fees, dues, and assessments
7 Y& j, a b/ @8 K$ l: t 88. Refusal to pay debts or interest g0 n" f2 n0 ^+ `
89. Severance of funds and credit
2 U! ^4 {& Z( H8 X 90. Revenue refusal
' ^) \3 K/ C. r5 C 91. Refusal of a government’s money
* Q- V! [) k# h5 M3 Y0 i, [6 l, `$ {# ^* R2 N4 ~: U$ m! D
Action by Governments
; `) [! d( D q 92. Domestic embargo$ ?# B' I- L! b% A" ?. [8 ~% ~! {
93. Blacklisting of traders
& e, F* q% n& C. z: x# J 94. International sellers’ embargo/ ]) @% s" w& F7 |8 E0 z$ R; z
95. International buyers’ embargo
2 d N$ h O! K& M1 Q 96. International trade embargo* ?9 A' }+ v. ~: O
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) V9 l$ @# G( |+ v& W3 Z6 {& iTHE METHODS OF ECONOMIC NONCOOPERATION: THE STRIKE2 [7 m4 p& g! q' i5 f2 G
3 [. v4 }% N4 I) ^; k
+ Q% y' `8 v, U/ w
Symbolic Strikes' G) ^3 ~8 O3 a4 C* a0 I
97. Protest strike
/ C: \. j7 N* m2 T3 E& z, B 98. Quickie walkout (lightning strike)# H" J8 l; F! r1 C, e- @& l5 d
+ d( y( ]) G4 e- X+ K$ q {
Agricultural Strikes
7 F" O2 g( N; ]" v 99. Peasant strike
! E1 [9 z; g: k- t/ M R1 ^ 100. Farm Workers’ strike
- l' \* D3 z- A6 |* B: P
3 c5 _2 u4 r4 D: D5 gStrikes by Special Groups
2 C0 M, l6 m) r1 ]8 A; ^% `# \ 101. Refusal of impressed labor
. m: z. f# c1 t5 I k t 102. Prisoners’ strike) u9 y* ~* r. ^/ o. [
103. Craft strike0 s1 i" w6 ~5 c- u d7 G# h
104. Professional strike
9 k' s" S" k6 n+ u* Z4 {
0 c- }0 k7 i7 Z( c9 `: G1 ^7 MOrdinary Industrial Strikes
& W/ j9 n5 E+ H 105. Establishment strike
8 }6 |6 Z0 l: _$ u8 [ ~$ Y- z 106. Industry strike
4 x% w' v) h$ C6 X/ G2 m 107. Sympathetic strike
, j8 ]3 {" n( O! D. q* G- K3 e# @& `, a1 l9 X+ J7 i) r' m% f
Restricted Strikes
* I; S" `2 w: i5 X 108. Detailed strike0 ?4 Q: I6 x$ U5 P& I0 h
109. Bumper strike
& [1 E: i1 v3 a) e% ?6 m4 U 110. Slowdown strike1 H# u0 h; M; d/ ^, c7 \. M
111. Working-to-rule strike0 L0 z, [! i/ z
112. Reporting “sick” (sick-in)
4 d( E7 c' J% b/ F 113. Strike by resignation
; d* j2 d% F5 Z$ B) e 114. Limited strike1 ~" V; A# E1 k
115. Selective strike
+ @5 o& V) P$ [( g8 }3 `5 P
- ~0 Q0 C9 o) B* P2 T' D2 X* v# tMulti-Industry Strikes% y7 b, d& m0 M! y
+ J a0 Q3 B5 e, ^- g4 s
116. Generalized strike
0 Z6 _2 ^* X* k4 ]3 ]4 p# n, x! m% W: N4 I
117. General strike
& w! Q1 G2 D3 N: o2 f0 }; H; u$ o! P/ B( y z
Combination of Strikes and Economic Closures
1 O/ | K8 B2 m, X0 G% T( @- _) u8 v$ f! i2 J
118. Hartal/ N4 `7 _5 I) a/ ] ~/ Z* U9 B+ U
+ k- ?1 I, m0 Y0 _3 n1 R/ F
119. Economic shutdown
- z1 c) K8 ?5 V/ Q2 ?7 J2 C* v9 |. M; N6 r: Z a* D
3 `6 `" M- ~6 t: Y
1 u% m3 |; [5 w0 r$ P' uTHE METHODS OF POLITICAL NONCOOPERATION
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, j. {3 P0 x8 iRejection of Authority; d! O5 H7 ?9 H: Q V# P
120. Withholding or withdrawal of allegiance
9 [ @2 @+ o( Q5 E( x/ M: |2 G 121. Refusal of public support
/ b' w1 w, A% @ z4 o1 x" ~, j 122. Literature and speeches advocating resistance
9 I! y% _6 G# f4 }2 s3 z# i( D; ^/ x* U. R
Citizens’ Noncooperation with Government8 H; b( t9 Z% e* [+ ]2 t
123. Boycott of legislative bodies
, S2 [0 n4 W% d- a+ e 124. Boycott of elections
3 P% W3 Z: J: x( }% N 125. Boycott of government employment and positions
. V' f9 _+ u1 ?+ X, }' Q8 I 126. Boycott of government depts., agencies, and other bodies! J5 q# T" A7 L& g/ M
127. Withdrawal from government educational institutions1 I9 D, `5 o0 C
128. Boycott of government-supported organizations
$ M2 N& {! U* }, Y) } 129. Refusal of assistance to enforcement agents
" N$ x, M+ p9 V0 K4 B 130. Removal of own signs and placemarks% D) {0 g4 @3 p/ z1 s% B
131. Refusal to accept appointed officials% n% b/ h7 {* ~3 O& c u
132. Refusal to dissolve existing institutions
$ u) V7 U) Z1 f- |4 S9 `, F
6 a6 Y& U1 ]$ _2 b# T8 M) @Citizens’ Alternatives to Obedience
g% O+ Z0 C, P0 N4 |# Z 133. Reluctant and slow compliance5 ~/ Q; }' v! t0 B0 k
134. Nonobedience in absence of direct supervision
0 l+ a+ S8 ?# c 135. Popular nonobedience
$ R8 J2 l# v: ]8 L N9 k# @3 N 136. Disguised disobedience- F2 z9 ?4 e% K( ]8 u
137. Refusal of an assemblage or meeting to disperse: P" h% U2 v* D; m
138. Sitdown
0 V& A2 d0 U; d) Y8 s$ u 139. Noncooperation with conscription and deportation* _: J& V2 I8 @/ h, J# R/ n" R5 Q
140. Hiding, escape, and false identities
- i; |1 t! ~% { _ l7 K7 w 141. Civil disobedience of “illegitimate” laws( g' W$ N: m8 ~- |3 s, O8 `5 ?
3 }$ p! {( `; d( S# _, i/ N% h
Action by Government Personnel
3 z( |) p' l- F& {* w1 W" ~! j 142. Selective refusal of assistance by government aides
9 @8 U D- g& d# q$ \4 Z 143. Blocking of lines of command and information
$ i9 n/ C7 r5 Z, {5 \4 I3 H$ V 144. Stalling and obstruction
4 l. b0 T5 Y8 k% m: q! Z U 145. General administrative noncooperation
9 m* P0 p* i, i4 d
5 H3 t( O% M2 z# w# M3 q 146. Judicial noncooperation
# O4 `% A+ ^3 @. a/ U+ K, I# | 147. Deliberate inefficiency and selective noncooperation by enforcement agents
1 H( N2 p- _, I4 y' M+ J+ g 148. Mutiny
3 G, [- q& P% I/ w, p" U! yDomestic Governmental Action
* { C/ D9 N5 B7 n. P& w( h 149. Quasi-legal evasions and delays% s, k3 v6 V {1 o
150. Noncooperation by constituent governmental units
P0 [ \ S# @8 y
& Z/ ]* f: X7 c; S6 W& ~International Governmental Action, L4 O- K* [# h( d8 t
151. Changes in diplomatic and other representations2 e& v1 S) u1 l0 q, |
152. Delay and cancellation of diplomatic events1 s$ |- X6 d3 Z' b( l( M
153. Withholding of diplomatic recognition6 x G3 J5 I. h/ O) b
154. Severance of diplomatic relations
5 J. r2 S: h* `6 M 155. Withdrawal from international organizations% m4 f S& n- M4 k3 S# E
156. Refusal of membership in international bodies
. I" \2 ~6 s1 q1 u$ \5 n2 G$ e 157. Expulsion from international organizations
. i# N6 M! [* @8 m: g ~/ R$ ^! J* M: ~' r9 ~ H# u/ ~ w
& b' w2 H$ `* O. R6 f; E$ n/ N* O. i+ Y, |+ }4 E
THE METHODS OF NONVIOLENT INTERVENTION, @8 b% j% M! ^1 L; a& n( U/ t
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4 t% c* w$ |1 w/ d% IPsychological Intervention
r# i; D: t& R1 P: ]6 D 158. Self-exposure to the elements
/ ?. t2 {, A* ~( C5 }' v Z 159. The fast% o) b" _/ F. A5 m, [
a) Fast of moral pressure2 S, S# o0 C* t+ x
b) Hunger strike
, { [/ F O t9 X0 I: O c) Satyagrahic fast
6 V6 g6 z4 \3 { 160. Reverse trial: n% n3 j, n' D& q$ X2 K9 v# F
161. Nonviolent harassment+ k# o, @ r5 h6 V: M6 c8 ?% w, ^
4 H9 N) h7 }' |( l/ S5 A
Physical Intervention5 c- Y9 \8 b& \6 j$ }
162. Sit-in9 B' ~9 F1 \' ?5 m0 _
163. Stand-in
2 N7 M2 N8 n/ A0 j; @ 164. Ride-in0 ?- S4 A/ u8 \. f! |
165. Wade-in) Y7 v9 k) J) b2 L
166. Mill-in: x0 k7 i' ^& t U; u
167. Pray-in/ H- P/ R: l6 k" V8 s& G E
168. Nonviolent raids' G) E3 \8 J. s# J
169. Nonviolent air raids
, N. A" M% } ~! x 170. Nonviolent invasion
# k5 s- p$ F/ X F& N0 X @4 ^ 171. Nonviolent interjection
2 j7 z7 c! F. @0 y 172. Nonviolent obstruction
2 J4 B- f- }0 t4 s 173. Nonviolent occupation
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# m% e3 ~- |' P1 t3 [/ \Social Intervention( Q7 C/ }/ B( V6 B, l, M
174. Establishing new social patterns
8 m! D; r5 ]* ]8 M 175. Overloading of facilities8 i6 ]# Z: Z& j( [) ^* b
176. Stall-in
0 T* [8 ?5 m M 177. Speak-in
* U$ `4 p0 u+ W9 c; R 178. Guerrilla theater
8 g- Y7 g5 v& m, o+ S1 G) O 179. Alternative social institutions
; p7 a- g# | O7 C' Q0 M. n. ~! N2 u 180. Alternative communication system. v8 @" i3 l% { X, f
& j2 w, Q4 u I) I: S8 B w( D; I) `
Economic Intervention
; _1 N6 s# s( Y$ \ 181. Reverse strike# C0 }% J6 b4 ~6 h' p& Q
182. Stay-in strike
5 Y3 c2 v! I: l$ |. w6 h* l' K4 } 183. Nonviolent land seizure
* [- V, B; X. K' o0 Q7 b- _ 184. Defiance of blockades5 @" I# @; s `+ L% Y9 }$ f
185. Politically motivated counterfeiting
]- F& W9 A0 T" Q8 b3 w 186. Preclusive purchasing
* H W' R* G) K2 k6 B2 d 187. Seizure of assets3 h+ f) X2 m+ c* A
188. Dumping0 p7 y5 X _- g* J P, {0 U& U
189. Selective patronage
* D7 I! i* Q3 e2 U$ w( Y. A$ v 190. Alternative markets
" l/ S [/ M& w; ]) N9 Q* i 191. Alternative transportation systems" @. ~9 y2 K% @- @
192. Alternative economic institutions
3 r! q1 G! v4 O9 n8 ]8 d' u6 ?. S4 g: p5 L5 ?& p
Political Intervention! H3 i# S4 u/ T! A( t5 i3 S
193. Overloading of administrative systems* P9 n) e. n# ]5 R
194. Disclosing identities of secret agents
' S; O* d$ B9 D7 X7 Q$ @ 195. Seeking imprisonment- ^. N( \: h$ k
196. Civil disobedience of “neutral” laws
$ g1 s5 F# c3 G( Q% k6 o7 h" s1 n 197. Work-on without collaboration
4 Q) ]5 h( A/ }$ g8 [ R/ k, j 198. Dual sovereignty and parallel government7 }5 ~) n- l- D* h
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楼主: reneeqq
狗仔卡
显身卡
发表于 2016-7-2 18:23
发表于 2016-7-2 22:02
