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THE METHODS OF NONVIOLENT PROTEST AND PERSUASION- o$ [* U& W7 m# D
Formal Statements
8 @" b4 A; M% M 1. Public Speeches
4 H5 d* [7 g! ?' U 2. Letters of opposition or support4 c# v7 f1 E4 x8 M3 D5 k' i* k
3. Declarations by organizations and institutions
8 I( `+ o, J1 M4 v 4. Signed public statements5 ?0 X/ b9 w* ]* s1 R3 C
5. Declarations of indictment and intention3 B" ?2 y9 z# S& Z
6. Group or mass petitions5 Z& K# w. w2 Z
" f. j' h* O+ j8 ~
Communications with a Wider Audience
0 W7 |4 j/ n9 G/ X+ S3 e5 |/ G& s# | 7. Slogans, caricatures, and symbols
0 V5 j8 p0 J9 S/ r: T, L 8. Banners, posters, and displayed communications
; M/ j; O- B& A" M 9. Leaflets, pamphlets, and books
+ M$ R ~- U, U8 q& m 10. Newspapers and journals
6 ~1 a: f% k4 H2 k9 R: Q+ q 11. Records, radio, and television) n, b3 u9 _0 b4 }0 Y
12. Skywriting and earthwriting. f, g3 d6 U4 `% W( Z
6 u" X3 _' S, y, Z6 E* M! C1 iGroup Representations, n6 ]( d H9 s5 T% r/ R8 n
13. Deputations1 w4 Z8 e3 v. K+ n* I( W$ r! ^
14. Mock awards% b; u; U9 Y$ ~5 h. v
15. Group lobbying4 d6 |7 C4 j+ s# q. z6 m# v
16. Picketing
0 F, O1 x! k$ O 17. Mock elections
% ?9 x; Z2 Z, y; k7 Z* W, }& R
; G; U5 K4 b8 W \# z4 }) S4 R, pSymbolic Public Acts: a/ x7 e' B( f/ G" n7 j/ i
18. Displays of flags and symbolic colors% _( N& o/ F* G& H, d$ t
19. Wearing of symbols7 o+ z$ H z; H7 h1 p1 k; G7 n
20. Prayer and worship
' v" j' I$ o7 W9 J! E- D 21. Delivering symbolic objects/ l+ D' E: |' |4 q7 K# ^
22. Protest disrobings
* g" H! M) k. r( e1 y 23. Destruction of own property
3 a) h' _' ?4 M2 Q 24. Symbolic lights
% d8 _; Y/ V1 ^; p6 @ 25. Displays of portraits
- J& C* d. e4 G3 a: e 26. Paint as protest& W, Q. _0 E5 f I+ T9 M+ a7 ^9 C% i; m
27. New signs and names
; p' f a" W7 u 28. Symbolic sounds
- N0 O _9 A# h' ^) [2 t+ g 29. Symbolic reclamations% L" P. M' h( ^- d3 Q5 L+ ~9 g
30. Rude gestures
3 I9 a) t- r& f$ x$ x: b. b6 N( G
9 ?& l/ B1 ]: t: s7 P( HPressures on Individuals B+ V! p2 T& r" {1 c* S+ q
31. “Haunting” officials/ m* H8 ~( e @) L3 t' ?' ^' K
32. Taunting officials
* T( l. F( t3 S- n6 r2 f 33. Fraternization
H# Z1 }+ N1 ~! ?( {5 E8 v- E/ ` 34. Vigils
" K7 g, k$ ]3 M8 g. O2 _. L9 ]# o6 S9 \* Z; a& t+ `
Drama and Music
1 _) T6 i: e2 I { 35. Humorous skits and pranks
, K2 X- K4 y" q* k! v 36. Performances of plays and music
; U. e% Z. i$ ^! H: Z8 Z 37. Singing! F4 u' o& \% X, c1 P
# k( p) F* O0 A- T: MProcessions x1 C+ v5 ^* a0 D
38. Marches! ~# {! B: Y- @
39. Parades* ]/ b' Q9 o; X' k' a$ m: |
40. Religious processions9 {) q7 j% `6 i3 ^/ ^0 C; f
41. Pilgrimages- h' Y1 e1 ?3 N# _! R1 t8 h. ?1 Y
42. Motorcades% a$ Y) ~5 ]7 X5 ` m, M6 J3 a
" [3 y' _, Z; a* b1 `Honoring the Dead. Y' V, c5 e! _% u+ X4 T" a+ S: _
43. Political mourning
/ a( y' C; _3 C; }1 F* W 44. Mock funerals
( T: q' b1 m0 K# n! s# a4 T 45. Demonstrative funerals% ~+ j6 y, Z9 x4 z0 S* a
46. Homage at burial places; u7 c) }, J1 U* ^
+ y0 K, p% c) ?Public Assemblies
9 E6 _) D/ c& R9 v0 D- v 47. Assemblies of protest or support
, h/ P; }9 _6 Z% ]$ n. s1 J' f6 H 48. Protest meetings" W2 ^" G4 ]% K! I+ V) l
49. Camouflaged meetings of protest: z# E8 W' H" u1 u0 s9 m/ l. h
50. Teach-ins
# K+ ^6 o+ M( P5 ~) L$ Q- Y- f. X0 Q
; x" W4 i9 V5 g. t2 m2 yWithdrawal and Renunciation
2 B) v, f' H# p 51. Walk-outs
9 K& {2 K: r- J! }: J8 o 52. Silence% H8 _$ K$ j9 C5 K( I8 T) n
53. Renouncing honors
4 R. w E2 `+ @) |3 z 54. Turning one’s back
' E: |0 R& `) e: I0 V
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/ }! d: d" J2 v9 }) B) J3 Z a8 fTHE METHODS OF SOCIAL NONCOOPERATION2 f) h# C0 h2 Q; Y, s4 \: V: ]
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$ f, {1 X7 c# U9 a) v5 {Ostracism of Persons, B5 j8 D% t6 m& t! k1 t$ [
55. Social boycott
+ j' p! x) S! u8 S3 g% { 56. Selective social boycott* U7 [; J v8 k) ^9 z( [
57. Lysistratic nonaction1 S4 i# B9 d7 Q; _
58. Excommunication( D/ v" w; o; O7 h
59. Interdict
$ Q: Z0 e5 Q/ D8 ~+ h9 W8 t6 V8 e& X3 Q9 D) ]- B( v0 T* R
Noncooperation with Social Events, Customs, and Institutions
9 X# g+ X r" W- {3 d* m+ F0 n 60. Suspension of social and sports activities8 m; |1 [: u& y0 N, e$ X
61. Boycott of social affairs
4 n1 B2 o7 K9 @/ F* I$ s. T 62. Student strike
9 j1 A3 c' X8 O0 U; B0 E 63. Social disobedience
) G6 l* i# X; I# g; c# J5 Y 64. Withdrawal from social institutions
- C* i1 f/ ^0 y0 Z# k* q! n6 G, ?1 j6 D# }2 p. R, {
Withdrawal from the Social System( o6 W% y8 f1 v, T, L" V
65. Stay-at-home
5 }1 j9 B' R4 n% _3 S9 a: |/ H8 v 66. Total personal noncooperation2 F3 m; z3 F. b6 c" H4 O9 e
67. “Flight” of workers
5 f N( I% s# C1 B 68. Sanctuary6 K# k* P( }( l" d9 I
69. Collective disappearance- @1 l/ g3 K- s `8 B) Q) y: k
70. Protest emigration (hijrat)/ X, @' m W4 ~& ]4 g. u
+ b) u: W; {8 p7 ^' S
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. R" e: b! q: |+ ^THE METHODS OF ECONOMIC NONCOOPERATION: ECONOMIC BOYCOTTS
0 m3 |% Y- }* }1 p& A. {' Q: M" G- V, b' {5 [9 c0 F
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Actions by Consumers+ H. O( Z) I& s; J$ k) v
71. Consumers’ boycott
0 x* }( n+ S. Z$ h3 A! T M* B 72. Nonconsumption of boycotted goods
, C% \7 _; w" f6 R 73. Policy of austerity
% ~' Q1 N. }0 t' e# L5 j' ?, S 74. Rent withholding/ _1 ^: u5 i' ]1 Q
75. Refusal to rent* M! b/ j: n! G
76. National consumers’ boycott
l* l6 {# v7 t- [8 j1 K 77. International consumers’ boycott
1 j: f1 h: e* {3 s v9 X9 H
! ^; l1 S* [ {Action by Workers and Producers6 R9 p$ j3 a5 ^! E @
78. Workmen’s boycott
& r6 r% O5 L. a1 g8 I, \1 @/ K 79. Producers’ boycott4 v* D1 U4 ]2 d- M( R
, L! F. u1 O, f+ w# V, ?3 qAction by Middlemen7 m# |' R' p+ t/ K7 D
80. Suppliers’ and handlers’ boycott$ R, z. _8 |+ o% D9 Q1 A
' i# [' A! C7 w7 ]. |Action by Owners and Management
+ u3 _2 V( p' q, Y( g 81. Traders’ boycott* E( }+ m7 d: q _% N0 E
82. Refusal to let or sell property
; C& G1 {% B; L0 `4 N! g+ D 83. Lockout
$ q7 b1 U- r+ _ 84. Refusal of industrial assistance
( C$ a# k' k& R! h 85. Merchants’ “general strike”& |1 N$ v9 M: ~/ A. W" X. P
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Action by Holders of Financial Resources1 l$ o, D2 d6 ~. d
86. Withdrawal of bank deposits
3 C2 {1 u. E5 r( ~6 f, y- Q 87. Refusal to pay fees, dues, and assessments
( E7 g' L, P: I! c 88. Refusal to pay debts or interest4 O- z& Q3 C I2 s
89. Severance of funds and credit
% q5 J( _% j. a6 P+ o1 x8 D 90. Revenue refusal( |) ^5 [' E0 L- m! N" [
91. Refusal of a government’s money
9 \* `% H: w. R0 c) h# ]
% O/ P4 a9 I( \9 P9 eAction by Governments% j, w4 F$ o: Y- P0 J: L0 [: L
92. Domestic embargo7 T5 i4 O2 ^! j; y4 p
93. Blacklisting of traders$ G, ~- _" [, O8 C
94. International sellers’ embargo
* E5 a# O2 v1 j: a* o. ~ 95. International buyers’ embargo" p/ I0 t8 ?: `0 \6 p
96. International trade embargo
9 ~& V3 I2 v2 Y" f& p$ X
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THE METHODS OF ECONOMIC NONCOOPERATION: THE STRIKE
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4 e1 C! a! H7 ?2 r X- \
Symbolic Strikes* ~" l: n5 X7 |. g$ y
97. Protest strike
% e7 J: z" W& a* W% s' e 98. Quickie walkout (lightning strike)
/ s ]% y- e2 X/ K) W+ t3 K x- c' U
5 }( \$ `* E& T. K2 EAgricultural Strikes6 J* F7 n7 Z& i. s: y: Q" H7 b. r
99. Peasant strike6 H9 ~3 q; O: @3 H4 A8 `1 c! n [; x
100. Farm Workers’ strike
0 J0 M# P' G$ e& m% n- h8 L( p3 S8 \: y* a2 _
Strikes by Special Groups! Q9 n" m0 v$ B) R' ?) H% L
101. Refusal of impressed labor1 t4 h9 D2 ?- s5 q! j
102. Prisoners’ strike
6 c0 F2 N5 }, A 103. Craft strike3 D3 M0 i4 q0 C- l5 f
104. Professional strike
+ D+ M' @+ Y7 m6 S% B/ q! h3 s; _0 }* K2 j. v- R
Ordinary Industrial Strikes% |- w% h: h5 n; _, r
105. Establishment strike" B& I0 v) f# Z3 y6 G7 h7 F
106. Industry strike
0 m9 w1 {3 S# M) R 107. Sympathetic strike
: @( u2 H' f6 M8 |9 t3 v5 j* a3 N- G8 J8 x4 ~1 U7 W4 w
Restricted Strikes
6 F; @9 n. k+ k! ^8 L6 Y 108. Detailed strike2 W M2 M. K* c7 X9 C# Q
109. Bumper strike
: w( p; P: ?; Y) M9 j4 u! A 110. Slowdown strike
( B" j/ a6 e! v$ j. Z 111. Working-to-rule strike
6 l7 W/ _; D4 H$ p- |2 g, a 112. Reporting “sick” (sick-in)$ m- g b3 o, h/ _7 m
113. Strike by resignation
# s" ~# l1 h. @7 N9 D: Z8 B 114. Limited strike
: h$ w5 P) ]0 F" F 115. Selective strike
8 d. X. F E, Q: M/ o) e3 ? \! W- u8 p5 k8 F
Multi-Industry Strikes
8 Q! A4 q- v4 @3 f' d) n( {* u
Y+ C: k7 c, Y5 @* h0 S 116. Generalized strike
2 s, X0 H3 I3 |3 t& K) J9 Q: L# Z. t, {! F) o* v
117. General strike$ T6 \; P# E# X4 F7 i
, E3 x) Q5 _1 O+ uCombination of Strikes and Economic Closures
' |* t- {8 ^9 S p8 h& {: t& G5 O& e2 D# P, {
118. Hartal
) W4 l8 p; _+ _0 g: L) a& J, m$ g- |) O" N
119. Economic shutdown, I7 J8 g1 q3 d
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THE METHODS OF POLITICAL NONCOOPERATION/ u, {) a3 v }+ X: _
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Rejection of Authority
2 A( V8 b- e) U+ y4 X 120. Withholding or withdrawal of allegiance
A% x! _% n! y# u3 m 121. Refusal of public support! ]8 G5 k3 E' e4 Q- {, W: I2 R
122. Literature and speeches advocating resistance4 F- [1 H4 m* m) a" \* E
- _3 L: ^& z3 Q4 Z. QCitizens’ Noncooperation with Government3 Z8 |5 ~3 d3 F0 ?4 l1 i/ D
123. Boycott of legislative bodies8 W6 P# g) h8 @1 I K7 F! B
124. Boycott of elections
# _( X- e, \2 P! q 125. Boycott of government employment and positions
# | m- H2 w7 u6 Z 126. Boycott of government depts., agencies, and other bodies2 j1 t- Q4 w, F- {
127. Withdrawal from government educational institutions2 |3 D! ~, w+ s
128. Boycott of government-supported organizations/ V: v, R7 y6 T# \
129. Refusal of assistance to enforcement agents& U! H4 L, J1 G9 O3 F: y1 w4 B h2 }
130. Removal of own signs and placemarks
. h1 F. N; L+ Y% B8 S/ [ 131. Refusal to accept appointed officials
( \. Z2 f+ p9 I! P2 z b 132. Refusal to dissolve existing institutions
3 G N0 }: R( z" i4 R5 ]7 @ W' z) G I6 c$ R
Citizens’ Alternatives to Obedience) L! F) {6 B: J( W8 j0 N: y+ M
133. Reluctant and slow compliance
3 D$ j; K" } b3 Y: |6 x, V 134. Nonobedience in absence of direct supervision" `* i6 a0 n5 \5 M" |: ~
135. Popular nonobedience1 U. G& Y7 q) J: o( I l' d# c% N
136. Disguised disobedience
3 w2 f6 J" y5 u4 o8 k 137. Refusal of an assemblage or meeting to disperse
; J1 i# {1 i: ~- b( p 138. Sitdown8 [% `1 x: {( V# S3 g4 D
139. Noncooperation with conscription and deportation! }/ a" h$ A4 y5 |2 O0 e8 \' C4 ~
140. Hiding, escape, and false identities
7 s; `# p) i1 V$ a: D) ~- { 141. Civil disobedience of “illegitimate” laws3 C( r7 w9 v; T
i" n Z1 C0 N2 U! R5 F3 JAction by Government Personnel
8 K! H& U2 B6 }& f% K 142. Selective refusal of assistance by government aides
' Q$ E( c8 s3 [ 143. Blocking of lines of command and information
; X7 S( s9 F) o7 e5 N" a, i: ` 144. Stalling and obstruction
- ?( j6 H4 r$ R! @( E, r 145. General administrative noncooperation* F( W6 o* L g3 A3 @5 [1 U
" M/ w0 x1 ^: k( m6 l7 B
146. Judicial noncooperation5 R8 Q4 p6 j; [; G0 @- Q
147. Deliberate inefficiency and selective noncooperation by enforcement agents [, h% J" @0 E4 j' W# z
148. Mutiny
+ i# j9 K" M+ p. Q ], W8 J, D/ d) k/ ]Domestic Governmental Action. M: J2 H2 z; ^% B L4 s
149. Quasi-legal evasions and delays
* p. j# Q% \7 P 150. Noncooperation by constituent governmental units7 f' \! z! H- Z# ~' R+ M
/ ^& \/ c* n# Z% L1 y( vInternational Governmental Action
* `* x! e( M2 o( ^ 151. Changes in diplomatic and other representations
) Z. h/ p, V. j4 M 152. Delay and cancellation of diplomatic events) N+ x6 P2 e( l. p; t# {
153. Withholding of diplomatic recognition( \+ ^2 t) R' n/ H
154. Severance of diplomatic relations4 Y8 e e2 C" B
155. Withdrawal from international organizations) ]* J/ {$ K. }* b9 Y5 F O1 ^. i* ]
156. Refusal of membership in international bodies& N) n- ?& D2 o1 f
157. Expulsion from international organizations
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5 X, s' l8 b; RTHE METHODS OF NONVIOLENT INTERVENTION2 d3 x) g' x( ~
y* [) O: g) j: a. W! `) _
0 M! s) P( `6 G x; `# R- C: \0 nPsychological Intervention3 S; C3 A) s: {6 P
158. Self-exposure to the elements' R4 |1 ?. j% ~/ x+ V" F
159. The fast
! {" e# j( i( P/ S' |" ?& j" Q a) Fast of moral pressure/ D2 r$ p0 u' y9 e* N, N
b) Hunger strike; S9 x* o( n H
c) Satyagrahic fast
: K* z& b2 K: L% w& d 160. Reverse trial
5 H3 j& x0 U/ {3 D8 C 161. Nonviolent harassment
6 R5 h+ t3 G# P6 f9 A6 v) k+ Y+ H. ?% K- O1 \+ e
Physical Intervention
0 [5 \6 y0 D& X& q% T, [; S 162. Sit-in
8 n# V! D7 j# j9 b 163. Stand-in
r/ q# P; T4 d+ x$ r 164. Ride-in9 `& y5 V }' |: ]" ]. i
165. Wade-in3 N+ e# c1 _+ p+ `/ x" W9 W
166. Mill-in A) i- k0 |; l
167. Pray-in w4 Y1 R% o$ l9 T0 @8 q
168. Nonviolent raids5 Q4 p5 M1 Y6 k* Z6 `. n3 O: P
169. Nonviolent air raids
! d& m1 A0 B! J$ U V7 E) Y 170. Nonviolent invasion
4 i. s7 o6 U Q; i' [: } 171. Nonviolent interjection$ R0 x, I+ L: c, e. c7 A
172. Nonviolent obstruction+ X3 Y0 t! v; F2 s5 E! ^
173. Nonviolent occupation
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Social Intervention0 n( w# b" {' Q! x1 F
174. Establishing new social patterns& M" f3 K7 _! ^: f$ J3 o, e( i
175. Overloading of facilities+ }, q+ L% J$ a& D. S, H2 L! l
176. Stall-in. g. v% y3 G$ L" @$ [
177. Speak-in
7 x9 ]4 d+ \1 N8 P" X1 f 178. Guerrilla theater
1 C' w8 Z0 o; K* ^+ @" X 179. Alternative social institutions, J* o6 Y6 \/ _9 Z) W& W( b' R7 b
180. Alternative communication system
2 V" W' |" T+ c0 t* M: U$ E, q9 K# ?9 ~# U8 y9 Z
Economic Intervention
0 @+ `1 ^0 Q/ C3 ? 181. Reverse strike
" @/ K- k! S* X 182. Stay-in strike
* u6 b( ^3 v) o) Q6 M0 M 183. Nonviolent land seizure
* o% V4 c/ k. H. E 184. Defiance of blockades
+ m! R+ s+ z6 Z1 n3 j" W 185. Politically motivated counterfeiting
5 G% J4 }7 s: X; E: ^6 B 186. Preclusive purchasing
" m3 G' y. g( _, o" j1 |& ] 187. Seizure of assets8 N7 U( F. n) ]; H, ]: T/ L! J
188. Dumping
7 ~, n. F8 w) |! }2 y 189. Selective patronage' I i; T* U, J, I
190. Alternative markets
. q5 m9 y$ J; `. m! I5 P+ @6 E8 | 191. Alternative transportation systems
1 D+ A; y+ O7 P$ @ 192. Alternative economic institutions r6 ? i. n/ ~: v' k C
7 a3 L. j4 y* d0 m5 c- r
Political Intervention( n& x6 G& r# ?( L+ r# V- E# B
193. Overloading of administrative systems
* S, F# z6 ~# D, ~' q0 D 194. Disclosing identities of secret agents' ~* o; N2 d0 `5 R ?: ?2 d/ `+ b8 J
195. Seeking imprisonment4 U+ P9 l! U# n7 O
196. Civil disobedience of “neutral” laws2 f& M9 w( N' s# K+ Q
197. Work-on without collaboration- c5 V" A: n+ |! z/ R6 `
198. Dual sovereignty and parallel government
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