 鲜花( 240)  鸡蛋( 18)
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发表于 2016-7-3 17:52
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THE METHODS OF NONVIOLENT PROTEST AND PERSUASION Z2 W5 s8 z% t2 a4 Z* x5 t
Formal Statements
k* u3 ]3 o1 S, ~9 X 1. Public Speeches
$ d/ ?7 f* _. |* T 2. Letters of opposition or support
( C5 Q A1 \: w! f% M 3. Declarations by organizations and institutions2 ?' Y0 h, v# ?2 P& w6 p
4. Signed public statements
3 A( F3 c- j5 X- J! }* w 5. Declarations of indictment and intention8 p- f0 j* ^: |: v7 _
6. Group or mass petitions
: D% h! o( n% Q9 P$ V5 j* [5 ]" d* b/ I! V; F& L$ W$ v' c
Communications with a Wider Audience
6 y$ M8 v; l g1 C, p$ v0 G 7. Slogans, caricatures, and symbols
% U. {& r. v( { 8. Banners, posters, and displayed communications
6 H) H! G4 b7 ~8 Q! X8 _# A; Q 9. Leaflets, pamphlets, and books) c1 T# n9 Z0 }! t! m2 x
10. Newspapers and journals' l. R5 u t! j6 w
11. Records, radio, and television
, r9 \7 A5 a* |. Q. V* E7 v 12. Skywriting and earthwriting3 [0 L( c! J* a+ T: @4 C& q
; w+ v; W3 h. _% F d' I( Y1 l" B: [Group Representations
* f/ r' y2 C, U4 _9 i' ^ 13. Deputations: R5 i: @. q8 i+ |% l
14. Mock awards* O3 G( s( C6 h4 |
15. Group lobbying
/ ~3 b. A* |, I* o* G1 T 16. Picketing
" i+ Y' T3 a: N* B 17. Mock elections
; J! u% X" G; R$ X, o) O* }
0 O/ ^! ]( ]& o0 |- r+ g2 DSymbolic Public Acts
3 L/ k b1 J# m+ q1 J 18. Displays of flags and symbolic colors1 G% A5 J+ {/ Y
19. Wearing of symbols
- x* v! {1 q) u. f% D% ` 20. Prayer and worship, a+ g5 y3 u) P
21. Delivering symbolic objects/ [3 i7 @: T* {3 q; D
22. Protest disrobings
; p% m& d! v5 |) d) }# H- G 23. Destruction of own property
. T, b u- W$ q. }* G; `5 v) M 24. Symbolic lights
% Z% ` `) B0 U u9 z 25. Displays of portraits* k% i' x/ g7 L/ O
26. Paint as protest
8 k0 L0 E& Y' j0 ^, z% I4 A& B- a 27. New signs and names
0 o7 W6 L" Q2 M 28. Symbolic sounds! B6 a) m0 i8 ^& U
29. Symbolic reclamations
' U& ~: Y$ u5 i# K/ x' q2 k 30. Rude gestures
& N2 U, E1 a7 r1 ]8 P! [( \: @ U- D
Pressures on Individuals
* e8 h2 Z8 q- G, x$ d ^0 J 31. “Haunting” officials4 I0 S, A: O) }: ]+ f( [ O( ?2 O; f
32. Taunting officials
- w( _. E, l) Z5 W% b# y, ~ 33. Fraternization% N, W1 x; P+ z( j+ d
34. Vigils' w5 Q9 m6 m) U/ A' H
% d; C/ A9 v! e3 g" yDrama and Music4 B/ i9 F. M' h, N1 n9 h
35. Humorous skits and pranks
0 F% V9 e' [8 a- w/ u 36. Performances of plays and music s2 v: I2 I$ C m& o* k& Z! P- f
37. Singing
& b! q8 e0 _7 \( u7 f4 ]2 Z% k
Processions
( W, ?1 G) M1 x4 M g 38. Marches' C. B$ ^. ]; Z3 ?3 p
39. Parades
4 g2 F1 Z/ M. |4 \ 40. Religious processions
3 D4 r; T1 h3 W; P4 F 41. Pilgrimages. D6 H3 M: [4 c2 o! c2 N
42. Motorcades9 Z1 l" u9 ]9 L& y) ?
9 r" E- p, s; ?/ u' K- E1 _- \Honoring the Dead
% o/ B. F# N5 y 43. Political mourning! V% @. u, m3 C$ O! g& G
44. Mock funerals! [6 s; ^+ m: N: A: N4 U2 R
45. Demonstrative funerals% X+ s, m( W' e1 y" e1 ?
46. Homage at burial places
: V0 `/ Y0 U' K7 i, p/ m
! X+ a, A6 X+ j* APublic Assemblies9 C7 b: Z" r) [4 W
47. Assemblies of protest or support$ p/ ~8 N4 ^7 T. i' Y( i: V
48. Protest meetings
' u9 E/ M: T% q: t3 e) h9 | 49. Camouflaged meetings of protest- Y" ]* t) u8 b9 A/ p, s( ]
50. Teach-ins& p, d+ N2 t5 G. H4 a6 J
Q* a" s% v% Q3 d4 {Withdrawal and Renunciation
# ]. g; m, }. G8 w, k# [; ` 51. Walk-outs }$ E0 y1 x' c
52. Silence
3 s& p3 `2 C: @. S3 c/ H 53. Renouncing honors! [6 x2 n" c4 E) {
54. Turning one’s back
% B3 k. C! i. ^- Q2 G8 K7 |: N9 ~' \) v" E) E
% Y$ N" W! @( ]( d: w
1 ~+ W! z4 y! gTHE METHODS OF SOCIAL NONCOOPERATION+ R. B+ F: H; s
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Ostracism of Persons
$ @" ]; q# \+ g, D- T# x$ ] 55. Social boycott
5 q4 i" n+ b' D/ _/ J9 { 56. Selective social boycott
) C8 j( V6 d4 t( y' h 57. Lysistratic nonaction- h c! ^5 n# G( z1 `: k
58. Excommunication
`: h6 ?) K3 n' }; v4 i% c 59. Interdict' h. k! e- d! ^8 B/ V( D; I( o# C
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Noncooperation with Social Events, Customs, and Institutions
* W0 R+ q4 A- Y2 S: }/ Z1 T 60. Suspension of social and sports activities
& a8 K% L0 H$ |1 Y3 E0 Q$ z9 l4 L 61. Boycott of social affairs
! |: V1 b' V( c D! @/ S4 K2 e 62. Student strike, j# e, l4 _! [9 ~7 }
63. Social disobedience
9 m, g8 [* P, R' l! k b4 S6 j5 a2 _ 64. Withdrawal from social institutions
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Withdrawal from the Social System3 y$ Y. ] L9 Q8 C4 ^
65. Stay-at-home1 k* V5 U4 V" g1 ]
66. Total personal noncooperation
$ C* x& @" j/ E# M4 ~) t 67. “Flight” of workers
- ]. l( i5 j7 W4 l5 s6 T 68. Sanctuary
$ G' i, Z, N; Z8 ~ 69. Collective disappearance
+ x s) X% \% m4 N1 b: f( d 70. Protest emigration (hijrat)
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! Q: A- l, S0 Q4 G" p1 l6 p, N' r5 _THE METHODS OF ECONOMIC NONCOOPERATION: ECONOMIC BOYCOTTS
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1 F' q0 _% A* V M' NActions by Consumers9 O) J% S. v% B _: {$ g
71. Consumers’ boycott
7 X% z$ h* B( L. d. C6 ` 72. Nonconsumption of boycotted goods
. R* e3 L6 C1 h 73. Policy of austerity8 A& t: U' N* m& c
74. Rent withholding3 P' f8 {1 M# w$ G3 K, p1 O
75. Refusal to rent8 C( w- U. A9 P( _2 @5 _7 e0 ?
76. National consumers’ boycott# {- b: c$ {% H9 |3 O; p7 u
77. International consumers’ boycott
0 g5 j$ [% X! a$ ?9 f
. ]. r$ G/ U9 {+ E' z* i$ BAction by Workers and Producers# P ?& _/ d9 g+ n. W
78. Workmen’s boycott
1 r7 I6 Z, j2 K+ N( [2 U# B 79. Producers’ boycott: S' U1 E# I$ r+ W% S ?' L. g
5 ]. a& a$ y; d
Action by Middlemen
8 g, L7 ~3 _5 U+ A. u3 q 80. Suppliers’ and handlers’ boycott
5 S/ h% E" M1 P% B+ W: U
/ N0 |. f+ w. Z' M" n% ]1 \Action by Owners and Management5 M8 D8 M1 e4 p( d; t3 J
81. Traders’ boycott- Q3 t3 L8 q0 R" i6 P6 P( a4 R$ e
82. Refusal to let or sell property3 H0 d+ R" _- V# w0 T
83. Lockout* X) Y* [6 j* H: p0 k
84. Refusal of industrial assistance
- W5 ~" Q7 O9 d z6 d, |4 r 85. Merchants’ “general strike”
# H2 _! w8 D' f( E1 \/ E& A. [
3 K" m; H X# E- a% CAction by Holders of Financial Resources
" l* m! [( }) j( X/ U. k2 [& j 86. Withdrawal of bank deposits
. _! j7 D) H, X; v 87. Refusal to pay fees, dues, and assessments
, X3 T: [1 w) W' L) z 88. Refusal to pay debts or interest* b/ K$ V7 X6 p3 r) r" \5 ]. [
89. Severance of funds and credit. ?7 Y$ h2 ~/ v% s! \: z" T
90. Revenue refusal$ H' s7 |) G1 [) F
91. Refusal of a government’s money( A( `8 m) d$ V3 H# d
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Action by Governments+ \& P n( P0 V$ h
92. Domestic embargo
' y7 W2 m V i- T2 i1 [ X" Y. e; K% W# T 93. Blacklisting of traders5 T; ]2 L/ h) b3 @7 h. r
94. International sellers’ embargo; q/ z7 ^% X9 E5 u) c! U
95. International buyers’ embargo6 X6 C* V: `8 x% Z9 g3 G
96. International trade embargo. N* l2 l0 U. `: u$ R' P
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6 [" N8 Q7 V; `/ KTHE METHODS OF ECONOMIC NONCOOPERATION: THE STRIKE
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Symbolic Strikes
# r* B- [7 s2 Z4 G6 ` 97. Protest strike: h, e! t- v i2 Z
98. Quickie walkout (lightning strike)
) x" r: n! i! V$ h' L6 j3 c7 l3 V w3 E
Agricultural Strikes
' Q* E: d% d; ^4 V f- | 99. Peasant strike+ W; g0 ?: B# V9 {
100. Farm Workers’ strike' Q& {5 i9 u% k, m$ m: h
$ d0 b# [1 Y) Y4 Y9 YStrikes by Special Groups* E4 T7 T6 ^+ O1 X. b8 n6 D
101. Refusal of impressed labor" [+ Z2 x6 C' E& d3 G" l
102. Prisoners’ strike* B; J( i3 [0 j# y. u1 T+ u! a
103. Craft strike
0 s0 }8 A' A n( ] 104. Professional strike. Q7 B l. {! J2 N
, F2 W W+ }% M" H$ X7 J' hOrdinary Industrial Strikes2 ^. T4 \0 ?2 ~# ^* @% U3 L
105. Establishment strike
/ y+ Q3 ~9 _1 ?, E1 @ 106. Industry strike
w. H6 o# e. |, o* G9 Q, p 107. Sympathetic strike
$ N7 Q' [8 x9 K& b3 {$ f+ v2 w' w) H3 l1 N4 x X
Restricted Strikes
3 y' r ]7 a% g, v$ U$ w6 |" u 108. Detailed strike
; q& F8 P8 d: P. Q8 B 109. Bumper strike4 W( k: M U& `0 G& c
110. Slowdown strike) d, B) z; f; ?/ p& q+ ^7 X
111. Working-to-rule strike
! }; G, _$ M x3 V 112. Reporting “sick” (sick-in)
1 O a" `+ L6 K7 U3 J: y: ~ 113. Strike by resignation
4 w, n6 {( Q8 _ 114. Limited strike# b% m7 [' r/ [# k4 U# b) ?
115. Selective strike n- u5 g8 C! e; n) W/ C2 j
: [. G7 M0 o! |' t% u/ s. m4 a( v
Multi-Industry Strikes
! v4 p% G. q' Q: v9 Y, L6 Q
7 b& K2 @' @2 d8 Z# o; n 116. Generalized strike
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117. General strike- [1 w) Z6 ?1 @/ }# n: g
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Combination of Strikes and Economic Closures
9 B! ?( \8 ]3 [0 n. _: {+ d
8 D5 q) N/ Z' e- c- H @ 118. Hartal& |0 |0 j. U7 J3 j& K/ P# h. B0 T
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119. Economic shutdown+ R0 m6 O, P/ `' t" J
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* X2 O6 |) o- x H/ o1 W) j1 ]' D3 C- K$ K9 Z7 h7 i% D* a0 N2 j
THE METHODS OF POLITICAL NONCOOPERATION
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+ W# ?' m( Y% [6 W0 w3 m0 q) {* d 9 j8 O' M( j* P2 E" U0 s
Rejection of Authority% H( |/ w v4 D9 C7 V) D- S' U
120. Withholding or withdrawal of allegiance
1 K; _5 u4 e( N0 ^) ]9 g. Y3 A 121. Refusal of public support/ A) L! ] S4 w) d L3 v; r% z9 L* T/ E
122. Literature and speeches advocating resistance
- ~6 A1 Q6 j8 @9 v! o
- U2 A* F5 i& }Citizens’ Noncooperation with Government
1 w/ M3 }' j8 S" e% u* W& ]$ @ 123. Boycott of legislative bodies
8 L3 r7 }+ Y+ L! o0 K& l8 L4 h 124. Boycott of elections: J# }1 a: h5 B
125. Boycott of government employment and positions5 M# L: T; q3 ^! b3 [
126. Boycott of government depts., agencies, and other bodies
3 l, T# i+ k3 O 127. Withdrawal from government educational institutions
2 v4 f& i9 m: Q 128. Boycott of government-supported organizations
: b" _8 y. N% V: T 129. Refusal of assistance to enforcement agents
% n5 U. o& ?0 d( v) n0 U! L3 W 130. Removal of own signs and placemarks: n: u O& V& n6 r. f g/ @5 u6 b- e
131. Refusal to accept appointed officials
, X4 h& f! u% ~+ m 132. Refusal to dissolve existing institutions, |8 ~9 Q% U* q
0 H3 M7 J' l; i/ N6 w: |. DCitizens’ Alternatives to Obedience( `$ Y# O4 V! z E: e* n
133. Reluctant and slow compliance: I$ j% [. }/ p/ O% Q# r U
134. Nonobedience in absence of direct supervision5 k3 n6 H8 I ]7 l# Y+ c/ b) d, q
135. Popular nonobedience
% [6 w7 h/ n6 k8 T 136. Disguised disobedience
9 p5 W3 V W; w4 x3 L 137. Refusal of an assemblage or meeting to disperse* P: b( k8 E* E! ^/ x3 e( p
138. Sitdown
* }2 B# c# e+ b1 t/ _6 d, l: N 139. Noncooperation with conscription and deportation; B$ I w4 d! P6 {* I. P" y5 D
140. Hiding, escape, and false identities) G9 B3 I4 C x" J) ~& ?
141. Civil disobedience of “illegitimate” laws
6 T6 Z0 i% u: Z; S" i) z4 k8 u( d9 u; n. D1 F5 g
Action by Government Personnel: N6 w* B1 S5 c9 m. T
142. Selective refusal of assistance by government aides
+ l2 s6 S& ~% |; r% W P( e: y/ K) J' M 143. Blocking of lines of command and information8 @! j$ G; w4 J" Y1 h* g
144. Stalling and obstruction
6 K0 d% v, A7 [% d% e) V 145. General administrative noncooperation
" q: f3 X( S* V9 H% E+ w }/ S" s2 Y% g% j9 C% ~9 I2 K" }
146. Judicial noncooperation
) H% Y; z% Y( v 147. Deliberate inefficiency and selective noncooperation by enforcement agents
3 _4 @8 V9 y- a a) @0 {; C" b 148. Mutiny
/ T5 T) }! L! c, _Domestic Governmental Action9 g, e; X' V8 o0 W |# Z0 {
149. Quasi-legal evasions and delays, T- I8 a, b" q0 q! @' m
150. Noncooperation by constituent governmental units
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# k0 C. K4 V8 _* l4 w& o+ ^International Governmental Action( {0 n$ J, V) p* K) q" H- I* G
151. Changes in diplomatic and other representations
. f4 V2 V; ]- [ 152. Delay and cancellation of diplomatic events
6 q/ G" H4 L3 V4 s1 |1 P: G1 c0 G 153. Withholding of diplomatic recognition* m" E6 {5 l5 S5 O, Y
154. Severance of diplomatic relations
9 Z' e* B/ V' r2 G1 U 155. Withdrawal from international organizations
2 d8 n: |! e& U. H 156. Refusal of membership in international bodies
) _3 `# p# M/ }' t/ {& B 157. Expulsion from international organizations9 ^3 ? h: u" M0 k% g* h y( o# p; p
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% J+ R- P3 i7 C% b) J! d! P. }2 e7 cTHE METHODS OF NONVIOLENT INTERVENTION
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R. ^/ e$ V7 b3 WPsychological Intervention. a2 o: B+ X/ y% g+ e3 C
158. Self-exposure to the elements7 P/ w a4 v% d) ~0 ?$ Z, q1 ~5 u) B' X
159. The fast7 v) y8 G3 `; E* h/ Z& u
a) Fast of moral pressure
7 R& U5 D' o5 s& R7 B: O. L b) Hunger strike: @0 V8 x' k( x; A$ y) {- K
c) Satyagrahic fast/ x+ Y- u! p% E) S- z9 x
160. Reverse trial- V! F3 ]0 {# x, v* w% a
161. Nonviolent harassment
# ]6 c& i% z2 |* q) R6 l
9 m& T* t% ]+ f' J: xPhysical Intervention: U; g& k6 l0 o$ U: k5 B
162. Sit-in
1 \ j2 k0 O; l* @7 ~3 B! K 163. Stand-in
' C( S! b5 O8 S9 N 164. Ride-in
; f0 v3 C6 M9 E8 U3 M 165. Wade-in g: q( v& E# `, ]1 J4 M
166. Mill-in
+ X7 G( ]7 f% {- m# l1 G+ h) K4 S 167. Pray-in
" K7 X {" N" P# Z$ R 168. Nonviolent raids
6 x5 Q# c8 y2 u" O 169. Nonviolent air raids
$ B+ T& R5 `, w6 g* U% }, ` 170. Nonviolent invasion3 X1 w9 @/ J* @8 V
171. Nonviolent interjection
/ ~* O6 \6 }) m5 x4 T 172. Nonviolent obstruction4 e B" @5 A' d; x8 O
173. Nonviolent occupation: l7 h% p+ Q5 k
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Social Intervention
# @- q# U/ i: ^ 174. Establishing new social patterns& O. M6 S) t2 y% o6 T. d
175. Overloading of facilities
1 l- R7 H& a4 g8 t% [4 [1 U7 K" D 176. Stall-in
# i6 `- r1 n7 R9 W2 [, m 177. Speak-in
6 K0 ]) Z) F/ }3 Y f 178. Guerrilla theater. R+ Q4 `- L( N3 r$ r- x
179. Alternative social institutions1 ]: G; w+ E* I4 |! L4 A. d! {
180. Alternative communication system5 X; g6 M$ g- ~* g2 p- J. t8 K4 S8 g
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Economic Intervention
" N D) f; i5 N* T+ Q* j* S 181. Reverse strike* D; _+ B; `5 N8 \- h
182. Stay-in strike
6 v- f! z: U2 a+ Q/ s$ Z 183. Nonviolent land seizure
4 f, D# ]$ w2 ]" L$ s7 N# R! ~ 184. Defiance of blockades
2 W$ }5 J `' g7 p+ h* H4 h7 W 185. Politically motivated counterfeiting
; T: J" v) Q# ?9 ~( N h3 t" H/ K" [6 E/ ? 186. Preclusive purchasing+ [+ e( e5 C, z# S, V
187. Seizure of assets: m, @' ^; v( J$ M; J4 U5 b
188. Dumping$ a7 O; f) {+ R
189. Selective patronage
6 I4 L% Z* W" B }% ~ 190. Alternative markets- v( h9 ]5 x: F9 ?% R
191. Alternative transportation systems6 S8 C' ~( c% u
192. Alternative economic institutions# O" [4 e& i* R5 ~# Q k
" J4 a$ H, ~% K+ |, f
Political Intervention; L8 Z/ M1 h( ]: k% B
193. Overloading of administrative systems
" B$ B6 R: n3 `" U' N2 Z' S 194. Disclosing identities of secret agents3 E0 c3 r! Q$ P$ N4 |
195. Seeking imprisonment* J" }& v" U4 w: v( z$ Q
196. Civil disobedience of “neutral” laws0 i4 z- z: b* w4 u' o, V5 H
197. Work-on without collaboration
! W0 [% Z+ }8 A7 i6 e. { 198. Dual sovereignty and parallel government" R# \* c: x- m3 F/ B! E
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楼主: reneeqq
狗仔卡
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发表于 2016-7-2 18:23
发表于 2016-7-2 22:02
