 鲜花( 240)  鸡蛋( 18)
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THE METHODS OF NONVIOLENT PROTEST AND PERSUASION
1 a+ x$ u8 Z; T4 XFormal Statements$ N, r; {* r; H J \3 }. D
1. Public Speeches
& H- k$ K9 I; f; k 2. Letters of opposition or support; F! @/ o& o, X# E+ b2 d
3. Declarations by organizations and institutions
7 K: Y8 j4 a9 P6 C) L* C, x v 4. Signed public statements
+ v7 C& B Q' v; E% m4 E 5. Declarations of indictment and intention+ @' S: ~. _+ N" {4 f8 w: a- x
6. Group or mass petitions1 G4 {* n' ?% B
6 Q( Y6 D7 N z
Communications with a Wider Audience
; V6 ^) Q1 O- F, F+ ~' j 7. Slogans, caricatures, and symbols% X2 J" j' l* R" A2 O
8. Banners, posters, and displayed communications0 ~0 y" j R- r2 n$ Q# n
9. Leaflets, pamphlets, and books' {" j! _/ Q' F# A2 X5 u% X
10. Newspapers and journals
. N3 W+ v9 j' k. c( C7 S: d 11. Records, radio, and television& `5 o) |( D: T6 U9 C* C
12. Skywriting and earthwriting
/ h+ W) V' E- y: y' f% N& D+ {6 f0 w0 _" E7 n
Group Representations+ D9 A2 w+ W3 K+ r0 X
13. Deputations- K J' I: L G
14. Mock awards
8 R: F( R o5 ^9 o: M 15. Group lobbying" U6 J4 n/ d, ~7 q' |
16. Picketing0 x* J) |/ k% ~4 G$ W
17. Mock elections" G) f# H" \" n1 c- Q# C1 y; B4 T
2 ^6 N! d4 E7 b- N ^# HSymbolic Public Acts
2 o2 N: t N A; }$ A6 A% x* _ 18. Displays of flags and symbolic colors
, v4 I# M1 g5 r! U0 ]- b- ]4 ^ 19. Wearing of symbols6 w0 H- V3 r0 V
20. Prayer and worship
4 n0 q* m v5 c- n 21. Delivering symbolic objects
8 j' _2 D/ h& U# q 22. Protest disrobings H# x/ U/ H6 N: y( g2 K- g: t; p1 i
23. Destruction of own property
% {: ?5 \* f" {9 m5 _ 24. Symbolic lights
" |, a* ]/ a3 o0 H' \7 ~- p 25. Displays of portraits
4 |* s* |1 D. k9 ?# n 26. Paint as protest
5 e+ Z4 F% D7 _9 }% @+ k 27. New signs and names
) \7 [( {, m* c6 G' F! R 28. Symbolic sounds
6 S- C, p6 _; u( Q# n1 D$ b 29. Symbolic reclamations
( d: S+ @) L' H 30. Rude gestures5 @, c. t% q+ A; h: P& c, s5 Z
! X+ }% P. ?3 p2 h* j9 s1 lPressures on Individuals7 q( H: |9 r! ]% g; |& K" L
31. “Haunting” officials
, `* D* Q2 ~: @; f6 t 32. Taunting officials6 |6 g* M$ n8 p0 q/ r2 z2 _
33. Fraternization
+ e+ o* d9 m5 k$ @ 34. Vigils
I! ?% Q/ t* N7 r+ Y8 @8 Y
5 A! R1 M+ |- E& a3 LDrama and Music
! d" _% ]0 b2 A 35. Humorous skits and pranks
" h* N9 |* v" B+ v7 ^. e 36. Performances of plays and music
- q) \7 O; U* y1 `) @7 f! c: o 37. Singing/ q7 a$ y# r! W- @& l/ ^! H
9 ]2 @; Q r: [# T$ ^Processions& k1 J) W7 C+ k
38. Marches0 \/ {2 y, i3 d
39. Parades$ e2 J5 ]4 Q3 T O& v8 w& y5 D
40. Religious processions
' M1 N7 Q, d5 I4 d5 J5 V3 Q1 ?- i 41. Pilgrimages
/ t: E* O5 Y9 w, k; z 42. Motorcades
8 d! |$ }( [0 a3 f4 x0 l& v6 K
Honoring the Dead: L+ s! ^& ?5 z' D
43. Political mourning
* Q2 U" p. a- K; w H% k* p 44. Mock funerals$ ~; m: N, ?! Y' w- X# ~3 H$ n
45. Demonstrative funerals' [, L6 `+ D# L6 ~: _* S
46. Homage at burial places( A9 D0 l2 W* ~# h
* Y* D6 w; z- @+ C- b8 C
Public Assemblies& _, t2 y/ d2 J3 R1 s; p" x! j8 ^
47. Assemblies of protest or support. |- }. I1 n9 l" T) X& j
48. Protest meetings
/ P: g5 W) i1 B 49. Camouflaged meetings of protest
S% j1 w2 ]7 h1 o1 f3 p 50. Teach-ins$ p9 H$ H! b: U0 U; E
( t0 b( ~7 g3 e3 @Withdrawal and Renunciation
! a" A0 r, B# h0 Y 51. Walk-outs
5 }2 G4 Y! Z2 ^( z 52. Silence
- S# G5 k# q: U1 X! @0 o6 c2 Y 53. Renouncing honors5 s$ I5 g' _8 n
54. Turning one’s back1 Q2 ?( t8 c, l8 ^
: E: z/ E4 |, e$ Z
5 \+ B/ b8 \) l% g M, J4 N* n0 t! H& n8 i4 e1 m
THE METHODS OF SOCIAL NONCOOPERATION
3 f. ^: t0 Y' m
+ t2 u( o. C% O7 V ; n4 D' |# Z+ O7 l% q" i* u
8 A" g4 ?% ~. o8 A8 Y! tOstracism of Persons9 R( H% \! b' J9 N
55. Social boycott. T% j7 u" f( f) x" P; G
56. Selective social boycott# }* u. ^( [ J! G4 c
57. Lysistratic nonaction% q. R+ @) u5 r; x8 F5 P3 ^% Y# _8 t
58. Excommunication
0 N- H- C; k) w( W 59. Interdict/ m% D+ v) M) q; N
/ l3 B1 O- S; ^% l+ u8 C
Noncooperation with Social Events, Customs, and Institutions% @- D+ d5 x# v) i) H) `. J9 R
60. Suspension of social and sports activities
9 w, r2 X& F4 m 61. Boycott of social affairs
4 d6 x: a1 x4 x6 w* C 62. Student strike2 d) Q7 W' D3 @. R3 P: b
63. Social disobedience6 Z6 U1 I" [- j
64. Withdrawal from social institutions
5 F9 o5 l8 f. T, W
' @6 Z7 ?6 z, R, I4 Q% |( LWithdrawal from the Social System0 e, V$ F# h* G
65. Stay-at-home
5 u8 g4 f7 c: {( F9 Y ^ 66. Total personal noncooperation
! j( g0 ~' m3 R. | 67. “Flight” of workers
' a1 j' c4 a" G9 N$ O 68. Sanctuary
. M" k3 `5 Q W- C$ Q1 c5 O 69. Collective disappearance. r4 x" e8 h4 Z6 K7 q8 l9 c* P
70. Protest emigration (hijrat)
4 T4 E7 T, o+ [5 \( w$ r+ w8 u! f0 A+ c( t" Y( T
5 n* Q" t4 M* P+ c- r
( h' b4 w5 d* X3 N2 a9 QTHE METHODS OF ECONOMIC NONCOOPERATION: ECONOMIC BOYCOTTS
1 C, k& W# l+ A+ S9 w+ b) ]2 J a) Y6 g0 o% l# h* Q5 [
3 L7 X; i& P8 m h
Actions by Consumers$ l/ t4 g/ r2 N9 d, i4 S/ ~
71. Consumers’ boycott7 f9 G u% a* f
72. Nonconsumption of boycotted goods
; {( R5 \& i' f% S8 e 73. Policy of austerity
* H A" A9 S G/ Y, `, H. r2 p 74. Rent withholding( ~* [, z3 g3 i# n! ^5 ]- L
75. Refusal to rent
* R) U5 r2 Q0 ~7 @8 V& [/ B6 D. R, Z 76. National consumers’ boycott6 k3 M2 E; p- \+ S1 F; m! z) B
77. International consumers’ boycott( {0 a& J* f. h4 h7 R) J2 W
( w/ Z+ P! W0 }% N4 ^0 rAction by Workers and Producers
+ R; y8 Y a. `* |; X; m2 w( b 78. Workmen’s boycott7 m/ U+ ^) I% L4 o
79. Producers’ boycott- u. f7 g, z- R
' `* l; B/ R" ~ L( R) p# MAction by Middlemen
8 e! `; n- ^/ C# x9 p 80. Suppliers’ and handlers’ boycott1 `" z9 D( l/ ^" X! Y
$ X" a! m% b; w/ b3 m2 M2 t4 p
Action by Owners and Management$ U: |% x; [' X0 A4 ^9 [) W
81. Traders’ boycott
+ s/ R( A+ Z& v8 J! I, J 82. Refusal to let or sell property
0 Z9 ^, U/ O( B% K! U 83. Lockout/ x, w3 U. N6 ]2 Y' w" e
84. Refusal of industrial assistance
" r+ Y# z% n4 o 85. Merchants’ “general strike” ~! T( I! m) f$ z
' H" O3 @0 x/ m$ ^1 t# n5 `
Action by Holders of Financial Resources
4 U0 k8 x3 I' y" d& f1 u- k/ x 86. Withdrawal of bank deposits7 x9 V- j0 G6 `2 n. e" y
87. Refusal to pay fees, dues, and assessments0 z$ q1 I, h: L1 Q& K; Q4 r
88. Refusal to pay debts or interest
& @/ |7 M, z; D; v9 B 89. Severance of funds and credit n% V. @8 }* J+ T) ^
90. Revenue refusal
5 l( }: T" J1 [& i2 _$ o" r! j 91. Refusal of a government’s money" e% G$ s; x, A6 `2 {* R8 b
- z8 E( I. h/ z' ]' q( BAction by Governments
, C8 R' k4 G- E9 T 92. Domestic embargo
' D# f0 ]* f7 f; C. O ^ C; S 93. Blacklisting of traders
- C% }1 g: c7 k 94. International sellers’ embargo+ j$ J% Y0 V0 b
95. International buyers’ embargo
* O. R* z3 q! T$ m' v. q6 q* j/ l( h 96. International trade embargo" ]1 h1 |/ V# P/ v# ~
# a2 y. j$ z J$ |+ J9 J
8 w% A# u6 R. Y: z
! B; M$ J8 |6 u& |6 S! y; nTHE METHODS OF ECONOMIC NONCOOPERATION: THE STRIKE
8 V* O1 ?6 T2 D3 X R0 t: b
9 N" I9 {8 i+ @2 n5 D 7 U& f" {, [$ E* F+ _2 ^
Symbolic Strikes: G6 G- f6 ~/ m* A- s
97. Protest strike: Z1 U6 b% D& a+ i
98. Quickie walkout (lightning strike)( W' T' i" Q1 T* `
3 j. y$ m) j- _8 A, {7 _
Agricultural Strikes/ L5 r( A; B" Z4 q1 @" j5 m2 b9 d
99. Peasant strike+ {0 x" q2 s0 |
100. Farm Workers’ strike
1 I$ a9 I `5 `: O% X: l' h* s6 A& H9 O; _* X! A- T$ D y7 Y
Strikes by Special Groups! ^7 {' x( E5 W) X9 d
101. Refusal of impressed labor# R/ x7 f! D* ~: a. k; B* |
102. Prisoners’ strike
2 W2 I0 L* o$ W4 t* `& S3 \3 E# ` 103. Craft strike
0 G$ Z; w* b& l 104. Professional strike; v6 q$ s( ^2 p
' }$ D9 R- d9 [* x2 ]7 z
Ordinary Industrial Strikes
! x3 |& H" S; c! L e 105. Establishment strike
* j B( A! W$ Z0 p& z7 F, s+ [1 s 106. Industry strike) L- ?6 k8 o: ]0 p- E& u% N7 f- N; }
107. Sympathetic strike- } d6 g8 s2 [" E, W9 ^
, u _5 Q; U9 R# V8 j8 aRestricted Strikes
! [! @/ R' O5 [1 n/ ^5 y* R6 S: B' A& x 108. Detailed strike
7 c% O" w; C) J/ n" P7 p/ L3 X8 Q1 G 109. Bumper strike; |$ c7 W3 u6 r( k
110. Slowdown strike
$ O; d* e8 e2 N2 I$ O @) C4 E 111. Working-to-rule strike; h" X* N, V4 R) N
112. Reporting “sick” (sick-in)
) @9 Q0 l( Y& ~6 M) T 113. Strike by resignation6 O2 ?. `. q, D1 l0 Q- n m# v
114. Limited strike7 h1 [/ S0 j9 q1 p
115. Selective strike
! C% m1 J% `9 R% [5 S5 m
* G; l- J; @" VMulti-Industry Strikes
7 a5 l8 m6 g1 }7 l, U V- D4 E0 p5 z4 Y( L+ K0 P: G! t* ~
116. Generalized strike
% F1 g! V% O! D9 d2 B* V2 m4 ?( y* W4 E, {, G- K& B/ {
117. General strike
# F* g$ i2 B k" D# s% I+ Z: L2 j; @" `8 T5 J; q# y" |
Combination of Strikes and Economic Closures5 z" m: t4 _0 x7 |1 L1 T z
$ U' E: U3 t$ g' D$ s 118. Hartal
* W# f! B! G6 _# Y2 i( X! P8 @/ _% w! F8 `; U$ P) U9 b" r( i) j
119. Economic shutdown
, q% b) }: C8 h' |* w1 w- C0 R8 m8 ?, ^$ d& J6 I- |
2 Y5 Q0 m2 `. c! ~1 { ?
& E# I- }& ?. ?THE METHODS OF POLITICAL NONCOOPERATION) m. _: n5 a! Q" T" v
0 \2 Z: F3 e0 n6 U2 M+ j0 ?
. v6 G- O4 P, S1 F! `- fRejection of Authority2 n9 }. Y! V% ^0 b: x+ W, |0 L
120. Withholding or withdrawal of allegiance
* o; h) c: r3 m: q 121. Refusal of public support
$ ^, m: i6 ] D 122. Literature and speeches advocating resistance
4 u6 F( V7 ]/ u3 }- Z% x5 k5 S$ H
4 U5 G: N' ~" B, o8 M; CCitizens’ Noncooperation with Government
( T; D8 e6 Y u# I( ] 123. Boycott of legislative bodies
; `2 E/ G; v) `1 }. g/ e0 `/ O 124. Boycott of elections
2 G4 ?! g! x% \; e 125. Boycott of government employment and positions
0 j' Q: X3 w: |+ w/ \7 j. v 126. Boycott of government depts., agencies, and other bodies p( V" n/ p! N* g* U
127. Withdrawal from government educational institutions) Y1 V1 m( W: c7 J8 \5 C
128. Boycott of government-supported organizations% l/ `' V7 O1 F5 b
129. Refusal of assistance to enforcement agents
2 B, S& `4 v; z9 ~( t) L 130. Removal of own signs and placemarks
! D2 A# N8 O, N" z7 H w 131. Refusal to accept appointed officials
6 A. G/ }8 s N, R/ D 132. Refusal to dissolve existing institutions
d1 U4 h% @1 {+ s) C. {
+ O; o2 F$ `) S5 @% B! e4 R. qCitizens’ Alternatives to Obedience
3 W$ o& Q8 l. c 133. Reluctant and slow compliance
& C& ?1 X3 b5 n* u4 b 134. Nonobedience in absence of direct supervision9 Y& u( x7 d3 y6 B
135. Popular nonobedience. N0 W; G+ f" ~8 E7 ~
136. Disguised disobedience& ?/ q. {7 ^7 \: F
137. Refusal of an assemblage or meeting to disperse6 Z$ P$ g+ W" e+ o# v
138. Sitdown
; W# A% H5 s6 Z5 [ 139. Noncooperation with conscription and deportation* l+ f/ I% b- o8 [8 d9 [
140. Hiding, escape, and false identities: \ w, Y8 ?' {9 T# i1 Y
141. Civil disobedience of “illegitimate” laws
$ l Z& K2 S* j8 }+ {
" d' T" r I: P9 a/ k& V5 }Action by Government Personnel& o P7 J: E3 j" U% _8 p
142. Selective refusal of assistance by government aides
+ h' I+ E( n- p" i+ v+ Y& R 143. Blocking of lines of command and information
% Z& _$ F' _1 A2 X" c 144. Stalling and obstruction' ]% B$ b& P, O; J9 `
145. General administrative noncooperation" D2 P: m& V9 S0 b( j
6 V) e' `8 \6 }# B/ X
146. Judicial noncooperation
- t) n) b) p+ O; @1 C 147. Deliberate inefficiency and selective noncooperation by enforcement agents* A0 o9 }, Q+ |" x. Z
148. Mutiny
1 |4 d2 T9 m" N4 G7 zDomestic Governmental Action8 ~8 [5 q* K Y+ l: P0 k( Y. H
149. Quasi-legal evasions and delays
% i/ ^" {* u- n# d1 s 150. Noncooperation by constituent governmental units! P9 h, b- B0 `. c3 @0 a2 b. z8 t
g, H9 m* J/ `+ G' WInternational Governmental Action, H- O8 g3 H J+ K" s) c% s* n
151. Changes in diplomatic and other representations
4 I' N+ K5 v {4 ~6 ~1 Q2 y3 q 152. Delay and cancellation of diplomatic events& K' E7 Q$ V5 H B
153. Withholding of diplomatic recognition
! w% i* X B$ ]* M5 d0 n9 G+ V 154. Severance of diplomatic relations
% m. U0 K- C' N+ \ 155. Withdrawal from international organizations2 G& l8 G8 Z) W6 X5 ]" n
156. Refusal of membership in international bodies! B0 Q4 p; B# u
157. Expulsion from international organizations
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# r# o k9 [7 \" n4 d/ d0 {7 u+ E/ e( e" R! M) U$ ~ G
THE METHODS OF NONVIOLENT INTERVENTION7 u; v0 ]# I' B% D& _$ L
( g6 q+ W# o0 ]1 R4 ? 3 ~3 [! Q- E( `+ G
Psychological Intervention
0 |1 y0 D! G2 B! ~# ^: r 158. Self-exposure to the elements
|6 d. i3 s! K- t( }, p 159. The fast
- f* @- p: A" E! N2 o: p+ \ a) Fast of moral pressure
' i3 s1 d6 F! a& ^# l. f8 X b) Hunger strike5 r9 y6 S ]% ]( z% u( s
c) Satyagrahic fast) n$ n5 D/ L$ |
160. Reverse trial
8 |, L& r* N8 d 161. Nonviolent harassment& I) e, `: F7 E$ N3 J
1 j5 N5 J' j9 X7 f+ D" w" yPhysical Intervention
9 _* o8 h. B& r+ e2 ~* A9 a 162. Sit-in
1 Y/ J7 `% V6 T6 g1 B 163. Stand-in: M; m9 D6 N. a) Y
164. Ride-in4 K# P D7 }4 g' }) G% k+ n
165. Wade-in
1 E* z* g" W6 z- W) \) S' k 166. Mill-in
4 K w8 f/ ]8 I 167. Pray-in
' _: i0 N" H, |2 }3 k8 v; w" Y 168. Nonviolent raids
' ^! K/ T# v) `" J1 u 169. Nonviolent air raids( b% B4 T2 D9 J5 V% Q: @
170. Nonviolent invasion* `. y# @4 k; Y* R
171. Nonviolent interjection$ H# u& e2 _7 M8 v4 B5 p4 P
172. Nonviolent obstruction7 j& ?: K! D! a* T( X- G7 `$ V
173. Nonviolent occupation
( x" `* @' @8 E; P5 q; l7 {, |" O3 q( @& i% l( u
Social Intervention
9 a/ Z7 Z3 S5 s8 h" V 174. Establishing new social patterns
# ]* F; n8 z4 f8 z. J. w+ C# {7 `) g& D 175. Overloading of facilities6 Y3 G* B ]/ Q9 g
176. Stall-in ?3 R/ v' w& m8 i/ F# B9 r
177. Speak-in
$ n. s3 ]+ u7 F' c 178. Guerrilla theater
0 X4 s( ~( b9 | |* U" J 179. Alternative social institutions0 q; V, T3 V7 O1 L d9 Z# H5 h" G
180. Alternative communication system
2 q d, p# n; |! v/ O/ ^# _1 d' c% D, P6 f7 |. T
Economic Intervention7 J8 v' `: T' @' c+ P. h& Y
181. Reverse strike
. f$ g& r0 ~4 C* B$ q, J 182. Stay-in strike
6 W! ]# H* J; h* S) G9 s 183. Nonviolent land seizure% [; S% A, F6 r+ z& y7 |
184. Defiance of blockades, }8 y+ I! U4 C9 ^$ r9 W. S1 U
185. Politically motivated counterfeiting
" t9 a2 p4 K2 J6 K 186. Preclusive purchasing6 B5 y8 r$ a0 U
187. Seizure of assets
& z" G' [% F( R. Q 188. Dumping' }( I8 T3 n- `. P4 B* Y/ K
189. Selective patronage" `$ r0 [0 d! W; b6 f
190. Alternative markets1 c: `' Z+ E6 }1 f
191. Alternative transportation systems
! c5 M: T! m* N( ]6 n, X( y 192. Alternative economic institutions
& A' P5 b% L$ w$ x X8 v
$ Z* R, `* V# O7 H3 |+ S. bPolitical Intervention2 I+ Z- A( s3 R' M0 F4 ]
193. Overloading of administrative systems
) i0 M" x$ r2 Y) L 194. Disclosing identities of secret agents0 E: ^& v$ Y& E2 d1 ]
195. Seeking imprisonment
( O( [, q" b$ q6 s! M' v8 ]) d/ j 196. Civil disobedience of “neutral” laws, H+ ~- k/ L! U$ N
197. Work-on without collaboration
2 b1 V2 H' f; G/ e 198. Dual sovereignty and parallel government9 u' f% A6 v! V/ W1 ?9 ?# O
P3 ], ^$ R! N
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