 鲜花( 240)  鸡蛋( 18)
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发表于 2016-7-3 17:52
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THE METHODS OF NONVIOLENT PROTEST AND PERSUASION, C9 Y2 e9 }+ `, N* K
Formal Statements( V6 a% z' C* D1 J
1. Public Speeches. z6 _9 R$ Z% X o
2. Letters of opposition or support
( m& j3 a% f0 N7 y 3. Declarations by organizations and institutions; [; z1 s# h3 \4 _! K7 `
4. Signed public statements
0 T( t6 x3 G2 s O 5. Declarations of indictment and intention
2 I4 m1 f) @2 x 6. Group or mass petitions
% Y, P: D1 t2 v6 x+ G- Z+ j% r4 Q6 R
Communications with a Wider Audience
* z0 Q% B0 T4 U3 Z 7. Slogans, caricatures, and symbols
5 D$ `. c! W1 T @+ R* [. c- F 8. Banners, posters, and displayed communications2 X& y9 A+ `: V- N0 k7 P4 K
9. Leaflets, pamphlets, and books# n- U( R; n$ M8 h
10. Newspapers and journals0 O" \- h; Q8 @+ Z. y( a. G
11. Records, radio, and television/ M3 m* W6 ]: L: P) ], g
12. Skywriting and earthwriting9 o# @9 t9 O! i2 d# a! h3 [
c& `- l) p# E8 Q7 q. x
Group Representations
# |; K6 g1 j$ C$ W7 W( [ 13. Deputations
2 ]$ G5 {8 y3 x' J: p 14. Mock awards% q! |' V/ D9 Z n; {1 M9 q1 i. Y
15. Group lobbying
* \7 F, u$ J7 ^6 u 16. Picketing
% G+ u/ n" Y. b) ]4 N; M" H/ b3 I3 } 17. Mock elections
& K4 W5 d3 q% q" [
4 U# n8 N' e! y( i/ I8 hSymbolic Public Acts
8 l+ G% s) ~5 K 18. Displays of flags and symbolic colors
& A0 }8 p7 l# h( R% G 19. Wearing of symbols
- M' I, n+ u- t+ s9 H: c 20. Prayer and worship
7 Q$ {; M) r6 s 21. Delivering symbolic objects
6 O+ d% h8 l* n 22. Protest disrobings! r% I# ?: }, h- B& ^
23. Destruction of own property0 b' x0 G9 a' O3 F* I+ x
24. Symbolic lights
% U2 N; w/ |/ k6 U" N% o 25. Displays of portraits: p' s+ Q! K: M. i; G* r
26. Paint as protest s+ S" D$ ?' E2 P1 |( t
27. New signs and names8 u# A7 A5 i; u2 v C! ^
28. Symbolic sounds( b- j9 o+ g* u
29. Symbolic reclamations6 F% f2 p# V. f- K1 Q+ ?" n$ \1 j
30. Rude gestures
4 x) ~) B5 w# `6 o" r* E8 t& F5 w* u* f7 Z$ ?" s4 a' I
Pressures on Individuals
4 D8 v$ ~& N A; q+ Z3 b 31. “Haunting” officials
+ G. T* o$ K; j t 32. Taunting officials! D$ t4 F4 t$ U7 y
33. Fraternization) b+ A6 b' X6 o, k; n
34. Vigils
8 m7 T: @5 e5 \ k% H/ [: E% R6 R$ N( c
Drama and Music
* j9 Q. Y4 [# ~% j 35. Humorous skits and pranks6 `) j$ I" b0 f- {0 H
36. Performances of plays and music& L7 c- F0 W$ `- l, y2 T
37. Singing; x% | w3 s0 t) d
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Processions
: O" y8 D) p+ L3 d- @; i 38. Marches
) i. D: f! Y; ^. j 39. Parades
- G' I8 F! M6 U2 W! E2 m) U- j. p 40. Religious processions% s1 Y) M% W9 m" E/ Q. g' F' z3 f
41. Pilgrimages
# i* O5 }" K( f, z 42. Motorcades
. m; U7 Y) ~- g) Y o! ]* J
8 S$ `9 h8 k0 x/ B! AHonoring the Dead: p+ R9 g* O# R. r3 X$ ], O# k
43. Political mourning
& c, L% X; w; ]4 S5 q% W7 \ 44. Mock funerals
1 e$ A8 M; Y2 w. u! U 45. Demonstrative funerals
; s- ~( L5 v: e" ?6 X6 [- O 46. Homage at burial places
3 C; Q0 \5 @2 W, r! F! K' X& l- `3 b) l( i; f9 u
Public Assemblies/ P4 ?6 F& {& A
47. Assemblies of protest or support
( u! ~! q/ |- [" u) I5 v$ _ 48. Protest meetings0 Z' P: \7 z+ ]4 I+ X5 o6 t
49. Camouflaged meetings of protest
5 k3 z4 q% e- F 50. Teach-ins
* j1 \& i& T) \9 V8 y! U
+ U8 _: O( r# Z& k+ AWithdrawal and Renunciation
1 w) f( q$ k9 X& }& ^4 j% Y* i 51. Walk-outs
: f/ G+ Q4 o9 o; Q 52. Silence
% P7 b' \/ R* r1 _4 p2 g' g, P2 E 53. Renouncing honors6 a: r) E p' Q4 T0 H; V
54. Turning one’s back
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6 q; O$ ^8 W( P. z . Z* ] s" l- C; d6 @: \
0 L9 h& I. Z1 U* F8 U8 M3 W; ATHE METHODS OF SOCIAL NONCOOPERATION
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6 r# b" b$ o/ \5 _Ostracism of Persons
; |0 A+ m# a- A8 \0 d( N 55. Social boycott& L$ K+ H3 V# G' |" H/ N
56. Selective social boycott
3 s+ z) T* v3 C) t- W: n 57. Lysistratic nonaction4 P: d3 h: B. v* d1 U
58. Excommunication
2 N: i1 n1 P7 t4 `% o7 { 59. Interdict/ _- [9 b" ?3 Y2 g8 G- D: z9 e4 F* e
7 ?' p9 h, o5 \- l+ {Noncooperation with Social Events, Customs, and Institutions
% s0 `: k/ u3 l 60. Suspension of social and sports activities5 y( K7 e9 A9 c5 q+ W$ M2 N
61. Boycott of social affairs
( p4 T! G$ F' q% ^ 62. Student strike. f* N9 S5 }: p X X6 ^/ P# e
63. Social disobedience
7 `! w; Q: g& ^ 64. Withdrawal from social institutions5 ~. V8 y1 g% S/ V( L
$ i+ S# M5 F, `9 E
Withdrawal from the Social System
6 W- v9 E% V# \* p p5 }) G" \5 T 65. Stay-at-home
: m( P+ Q! a7 t; F1 B1 c 66. Total personal noncooperation
5 o7 w R3 H; b: A: B; W0 f y' Y 67. “Flight” of workers
5 z5 ?! m( w/ c3 h6 o `9 F( { 68. Sanctuary1 T [& q: o- i( L T
69. Collective disappearance
: X. E. T1 J" y+ v! B- H 70. Protest emigration (hijrat)
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Z5 \1 @: F1 i1 @" OTHE METHODS OF ECONOMIC NONCOOPERATION: ECONOMIC BOYCOTTS
2 X& J" n- n' ^& Z; K- O
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Actions by Consumers. p" F, f2 A8 R+ t* q6 v
71. Consumers’ boycott' {# u2 R1 v# l+ m1 D" B
72. Nonconsumption of boycotted goods4 p% j7 @3 V* h6 i e
73. Policy of austerity
9 ]6 Z; S" p3 v+ J C 74. Rent withholding
7 g6 A' l: C5 P: Z+ t5 f) ?5 Y A 75. Refusal to rent
. F5 d) {& I* j 76. National consumers’ boycott" k) ~( f }6 g& w3 [0 c3 Y
77. International consumers’ boycott% ]9 Q4 Q7 E' g& P) o u) B) h1 z
8 z$ w/ P; X! j+ V& ^
Action by Workers and Producers6 z1 K3 x4 h- O% i+ N
78. Workmen’s boycott. S4 ?0 K3 u7 o" K# w. d: v' A
79. Producers’ boycott: i+ K5 ~. z* }7 [
' u# `8 ]. c* S$ P! nAction by Middlemen
% R" X# z+ v$ d& x4 g1 E7 d3 | 80. Suppliers’ and handlers’ boycott
. x6 f7 ?( ?/ A) z8 z- ~
/ e5 `" M( v z+ ?( n5 k7 K& I8 |Action by Owners and Management
' t5 h8 K- J/ F5 p4 h* Q 81. Traders’ boycott
& f9 G- L. w$ v& g0 J6 { 82. Refusal to let or sell property2 p8 |" \ h+ j8 x; f! d
83. Lockout# v+ V' c3 ~+ L
84. Refusal of industrial assistance- i9 \0 n0 k* N( \
85. Merchants’ “general strike”3 k, n$ ]0 B+ q, M' M3 p/ ^
( m/ y' v( Z6 J2 T0 D" Q- @- {
Action by Holders of Financial Resources
5 H$ ]; W8 z) R/ D7 H5 g% Z 86. Withdrawal of bank deposits
# q7 A9 W- s* _& f* l. L 87. Refusal to pay fees, dues, and assessments4 C/ K, k( u- j) B" q: Y& y3 I
88. Refusal to pay debts or interest
# ^3 v# |, Y7 U1 }# |/ `& y8 j 89. Severance of funds and credit
/ t7 o& v; D' N3 F9 X$ B1 ^! F 90. Revenue refusal
) F* k2 v' s+ o 91. Refusal of a government’s money
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Action by Governments
t1 a6 h7 t) R# W 92. Domestic embargo
# `/ R4 \ w( v* b+ ?: ?1 t 93. Blacklisting of traders1 C2 Y2 f. f2 u$ f, x
94. International sellers’ embargo, p2 u2 L. F6 f4 K( w
95. International buyers’ embargo8 \, n. ]/ v* R, t, ]3 E, `
96. International trade embargo
8 H4 b" \+ _. }- H% M V! ^
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( J: O$ `* ~1 ?9 n1 o% [% XTHE METHODS OF ECONOMIC NONCOOPERATION: THE STRIKE
1 u! x) Y. i% u2 g9 j5 F/ j* |
8 n3 E! u+ I3 C; j * f1 x7 [! ?# U3 u- a: L! n
Symbolic Strikes# u! i, f7 F1 |$ _+ y
97. Protest strike
3 Z/ n" S, { j' v8 H8 @! \ 98. Quickie walkout (lightning strike)0 \% Q9 L- q4 c5 G
, ` `: C- ~) k" ~, VAgricultural Strikes
, W" z, `/ B6 B3 O; { 99. Peasant strike
* d0 w" J# E: l 100. Farm Workers’ strike. s3 M& I/ p6 ^( V
" o4 a# N' [1 H" Q
Strikes by Special Groups
& B2 Y' c! Z0 F, Z% I 101. Refusal of impressed labor I5 A- C' Q2 X4 E: I( H/ o l+ ]
102. Prisoners’ strike
0 j* R' o7 N" A8 ]7 ] 103. Craft strike
! D, F. c. ?8 g8 {* v- C4 j 104. Professional strike5 J# Z$ O8 |. c$ x$ q/ L
9 j& e# z. R/ a& OOrdinary Industrial Strikes
: O* Y' _/ E0 O 105. Establishment strike
( ]" z; j/ R# Q" F4 C! Q$ {3 g* N 106. Industry strike
2 k& S1 p1 ~# U9 N+ j. k' V 107. Sympathetic strike
$ z7 N: }. j; d" i- P$ e V" x9 N- O& f* s' _
Restricted Strikes
8 c X' [# x" x5 w+ f 108. Detailed strike
2 E( J" ^. F U' J 109. Bumper strike4 [6 f% J7 i3 j; O/ [# q: P g
110. Slowdown strike% K! L6 f9 l& R: ~ ~) [
111. Working-to-rule strike
$ y2 a- w8 H4 }7 M 112. Reporting “sick” (sick-in)9 W: c$ a" w; i! o+ \/ n( m0 V
113. Strike by resignation3 @# r% H& J( G; x
114. Limited strike6 }1 B% Q+ m V7 C9 I# i
115. Selective strike! r6 w& z- v" F6 r# M2 e! Y" b
0 L7 I# v5 [. \! z2 J$ d
Multi-Industry Strikes# g1 y( [ _8 }( o# o7 N8 ^
$ \4 r$ A) }$ V
116. Generalized strike
% m0 p+ S! \( Y
2 d2 |% E5 h" s1 \9 r) }' ^ 117. General strike5 \5 Q4 x% M2 L9 t- _+ P" E9 B
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Combination of Strikes and Economic Closures! G# n6 G5 U; G& Z
* H$ P6 q6 x8 q0 P1 C( L0 ? t U# O$ f
118. Hartal/ u, X r1 s7 F. m1 P. D k
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119. Economic shutdown
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) ^ j: w7 W+ R) s( t! t- fTHE METHODS OF POLITICAL NONCOOPERATION
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" b( v/ `3 a1 Y# N; v ~Rejection of Authority: g- j$ J7 M4 O
120. Withholding or withdrawal of allegiance
, P! a5 [2 f; ?6 S$ j 121. Refusal of public support- }8 `& @, y! p3 I" c( B
122. Literature and speeches advocating resistance$ C7 Q( l* J7 C( h7 Z
2 R2 J1 X0 D' z$ f* KCitizens’ Noncooperation with Government' q0 B! u) K' O8 Y! ^( f
123. Boycott of legislative bodies
. I1 w# r4 E3 _ O6 E( Z, i 124. Boycott of elections
3 `! J1 ?" |& ~8 _ 125. Boycott of government employment and positions
* q7 G+ j' Z1 d3 J 126. Boycott of government depts., agencies, and other bodies1 P! q6 B8 q+ x$ r% y$ S
127. Withdrawal from government educational institutions, q& u, q) `; i1 ?
128. Boycott of government-supported organizations
& L7 q/ N! J7 q: ` 129. Refusal of assistance to enforcement agents
7 w# B0 g# R. N; D 130. Removal of own signs and placemarks
6 G+ a( T0 q2 Q! c 131. Refusal to accept appointed officials
0 j6 B2 r0 R' z* ~! c0 q I 132. Refusal to dissolve existing institutions5 V+ h! E8 p3 U1 X% k
8 W% B/ `/ s L$ ?: N2 z
Citizens’ Alternatives to Obedience
# x5 s' k# E: Y9 L 133. Reluctant and slow compliance. Y8 ^ S/ ?5 u: T4 U( ~
134. Nonobedience in absence of direct supervision
2 o4 f. t* g7 S1 Y 135. Popular nonobedience
; d; i% t) f: w3 Z/ m9 N ^5 f 136. Disguised disobedience" f6 }" N8 n8 Y6 a) M* `
137. Refusal of an assemblage or meeting to disperse
$ {# [ B1 O' C! @+ a/ J; L 138. Sitdown
, O1 ?% [; Y* }& N3 ] 139. Noncooperation with conscription and deportation" c# P" W% t* U) `
140. Hiding, escape, and false identities
4 y+ v2 n5 {* _5 M) S; [% M# q! W( a 141. Civil disobedience of “illegitimate” laws
+ k# q, u. _, R- h- ~2 `# |& t9 C* x. ~; |! [
Action by Government Personnel3 N& v6 p |8 P/ a9 b( E
142. Selective refusal of assistance by government aides
9 ~* }1 E& }6 l3 C( G: q 143. Blocking of lines of command and information
) O+ J5 N) K2 A" @/ A7 z7 E 144. Stalling and obstruction
3 e- G7 v9 |1 l3 v G8 Q6 L 145. General administrative noncooperation
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146. Judicial noncooperation4 V5 `1 r+ c! G* J. n
147. Deliberate inefficiency and selective noncooperation by enforcement agents
7 M& } w4 F+ C% i' u' z* a 148. Mutiny. T" S9 k, j. B$ S
Domestic Governmental Action
( y) P: I3 o, b2 T% q8 U 149. Quasi-legal evasions and delays
( P# l" L0 u) I6 f 150. Noncooperation by constituent governmental units
7 H8 A5 M \7 M3 J1 c/ l! y0 v# C( g! X, P2 C0 `
International Governmental Action
) W. k! C5 h" h 151. Changes in diplomatic and other representations
0 a- t; A& X+ K) |0 N; m4 u 152. Delay and cancellation of diplomatic events4 x- T# N- `9 P1 }, n
153. Withholding of diplomatic recognition0 L% Z4 b: |9 ]7 [ p2 P9 J( \! [
154. Severance of diplomatic relations
0 ~; ^1 n* G: y" x7 m4 s 155. Withdrawal from international organizations8 D% S: b3 _3 }! w4 W* y' P A
156. Refusal of membership in international bodies1 L7 K1 W& @! [- o/ @/ q
157. Expulsion from international organizations
5 i/ I! |2 w3 H8 G2 j1 Z" G# }" e! W f$ W: `- T
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& E% X: Z/ g d2 F4 v. k I' B& ETHE METHODS OF NONVIOLENT INTERVENTION
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Psychological Intervention
\' F9 @4 Z. _* U 158. Self-exposure to the elements s% b8 t" b$ t8 K! t5 [3 g
159. The fast0 o! ~3 m! h) [$ M1 B3 \
a) Fast of moral pressure) y/ c' L/ N& i* i1 E
b) Hunger strike5 I" ^. n. ]3 `& u
c) Satyagrahic fast2 N6 G. x2 ?) K7 f) \
160. Reverse trial
9 x6 N' W" g+ g 161. Nonviolent harassment
( n5 S7 v! A2 Z: t' C: H6 z
! \/ M8 Y+ G7 U: T+ r! vPhysical Intervention
( F3 [0 m3 G- A' K9 }2 q5 F4 X. k 162. Sit-in
# p W5 _9 O d2 m5 ]% g% Z9 [6 { 163. Stand-in
+ B0 J# d h# d' [# ?; w4 ~2 V 164. Ride-in
5 b* U: v5 r% c3 _+ L 165. Wade-in
; n: L2 V& s) D2 P9 X 166. Mill-in4 D2 B2 w+ S* h% v) C: A8 W- @
167. Pray-in, \! [' E i% `2 ^3 k: x1 s/ a! _
168. Nonviolent raids
7 G. k3 W; X3 C/ } 169. Nonviolent air raids; M U. r+ O& m- F4 `6 G; K) B
170. Nonviolent invasion
7 A" {. M7 {, |. }- Y7 J 171. Nonviolent interjection: |- F1 I8 \: \7 u h
172. Nonviolent obstruction( F* Z9 }( x, J- _; H
173. Nonviolent occupation2 s! k c8 p$ q7 z* B* h
o5 i6 i% g8 i }Social Intervention
; y+ L* h6 V, h) q/ y0 N 174. Establishing new social patterns
4 f2 U. v5 u+ W, w& b5 O 175. Overloading of facilities+ k. N% b% x' L) F( C
176. Stall-in
. a" q6 G9 e! u K 177. Speak-in! q/ G: u% W( Q/ k. H% R1 Y: V
178. Guerrilla theater
: A% s. c9 J9 v# m, j 179. Alternative social institutions
- u8 R& D; `) D( N* x7 _7 f4 ? 180. Alternative communication system1 t8 B0 w4 Y4 d
; D1 V6 L% r) l3 t7 M' XEconomic Intervention( ?% w8 j% s" [1 C& o- [6 ?8 A
181. Reverse strike6 b' V1 r* w9 f( Z- w
182. Stay-in strike
+ X) E0 B1 v: h' x" G5 F. J- b 183. Nonviolent land seizure7 n0 I9 \1 Y% H* W5 g& d/ ^
184. Defiance of blockades0 a) V2 I) y0 U( d6 U, |
185. Politically motivated counterfeiting
- S: E8 `" c$ Q" P0 @7 ^ ^; m* u1 ~+ H 186. Preclusive purchasing
* j2 i6 n! I! y; Q! w0 z 187. Seizure of assets6 @+ |: P7 [3 b3 Z
188. Dumping2 Q" A3 b& n* X$ [" Q2 I
189. Selective patronage
4 \5 [" s; C. B) h, {% ~ 190. Alternative markets7 j2 L- e4 P* @7 _2 [; f
191. Alternative transportation systems
/ u6 }/ }0 F8 w$ v R3 ? 192. Alternative economic institutions) q' ?* H a" ] V, f
& {6 t1 J# z( _Political Intervention1 b$ g2 j5 z" {( f. p
193. Overloading of administrative systems
! q u2 s7 M3 {5 U1 C i! `! f, w 194. Disclosing identities of secret agents
* a" U6 J$ S% y# t 195. Seeking imprisonment4 a; E% u5 y+ m3 j
196. Civil disobedience of “neutral” laws
3 R* _# a2 P! ? 197. Work-on without collaboration" ~% _, Z$ [; z6 @2 G+ ^) Q
198. Dual sovereignty and parallel government
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楼主: reneeqq
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发表于 2016-7-2 18:23
发表于 2016-7-2 22:02
