 鲜花( 240)  鸡蛋( 18)
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发表于 2016-7-3 17:52
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THE METHODS OF NONVIOLENT PROTEST AND PERSUASION+ M- {4 x3 _/ \; L) t% S- L
Formal Statements
8 L' B2 J* }. w3 X! Y Y( w 1. Public Speeches3 x. Q2 [+ J! O# X
2. Letters of opposition or support
& r B( u/ W& m- F, q" z. p 3. Declarations by organizations and institutions- c G5 M2 o1 ?) b
4. Signed public statements: B+ k# z9 J1 Q: J" S
5. Declarations of indictment and intention, I( @1 k* _4 f3 g
6. Group or mass petitions
5 B7 ]$ d( j g& Q" b; l* s2 p/ {9 f& H4 h& e' a( B6 G+ G) {# B
Communications with a Wider Audience
; }' m" x0 f/ r `: F 7. Slogans, caricatures, and symbols
' P8 M2 g! j& F' y8 n3 y+ ]. s* j 8. Banners, posters, and displayed communications; u2 @' E* i6 Q$ s% v
9. Leaflets, pamphlets, and books
% ~* m# B1 H9 J) @ 10. Newspapers and journals$ R% W0 }4 J' f1 \# ~! G
11. Records, radio, and television, `% B& O- I3 |- `1 B
12. Skywriting and earthwriting. Y! x, H5 w: |- `0 b, l
* x: ], o3 d6 h2 q/ ]# J) v2 z* U
Group Representations/ r" M) I: X3 }' ]! f1 r
13. Deputations
4 c9 ^# ~6 U$ [5 T 14. Mock awards
: ~7 x- b9 F$ y$ K" A/ W0 W m 15. Group lobbying9 p0 ?% i4 {# k/ {% v7 @
16. Picketing
' S' v# V4 I0 d P& t& X& z 17. Mock elections
$ ]5 n9 d, p" ~; g3 F; r: H- I$ Y4 ^; L0 o
Symbolic Public Acts
E- K4 `; R1 C7 s4 n! `4 c, p 18. Displays of flags and symbolic colors
: u+ U* }: a& V0 m0 `& L 19. Wearing of symbols
5 d [4 j0 W$ [0 E1 K$ K; u$ W 20. Prayer and worship+ G; Z% t! i- Q# |6 O( x
21. Delivering symbolic objects# F5 T- s% _ k# J+ T
22. Protest disrobings: I l D/ O# C' p' d. g/ R0 a
23. Destruction of own property
4 a9 \* k2 p5 D: M 24. Symbolic lights
+ U; L/ o6 I/ i 25. Displays of portraits
( W6 w& ]7 D7 X2 c2 m- Q7 C8 E4 s( z; C 26. Paint as protest/ `' d; Q9 {. f
27. New signs and names
7 f" z$ L% A# P1 J. J/ U# i$ G1 ?9 S 28. Symbolic sounds4 Z- J, D, v0 S( j! K, T* ]
29. Symbolic reclamations
, h1 S& j" T! |( f8 M 30. Rude gestures
% B0 i2 G9 p. }& D7 y
! M3 o0 k @5 O% [5 Y \Pressures on Individuals
0 x9 C4 ~( t W2 w+ r E 31. “Haunting” officials
6 @" y4 W" O) s 32. Taunting officials; c6 L: k7 s4 ~8 e+ p/ q0 B# ^
33. Fraternization9 M8 b/ i% D- @; B' |
34. Vigils
8 |" W8 j* ^! a% T5 [/ b( _- B; r/ Z' C4 ~; `) e
Drama and Music' X L& z! C d
35. Humorous skits and pranks
7 O% P1 `6 w9 | 36. Performances of plays and music
2 k8 {9 ~# T5 @1 ]9 g' @ 37. Singing
! h9 o8 ~. f4 y. @; I; J |
; O. d5 C8 F! ^2 f0 }5 j8 cProcessions
( `% s0 n" J. ?+ J8 M. Y; A 38. Marches
3 I5 {* g# q% ^ 39. Parades" |8 m& P" G7 x+ z0 T
40. Religious processions
- _6 \8 q# r0 g0 r1 r 41. Pilgrimages
9 |4 P; N9 j' Z$ N1 e5 J 42. Motorcades
: F! U, c$ J1 a/ N% `8 N6 }$ b. j% \& k: [$ T
Honoring the Dead. I6 Q' h4 J+ K7 U1 A3 H# R7 b9 r
43. Political mourning
0 _1 X `6 q' i& g# A6 F( i; O9 V 44. Mock funerals
( O2 ~. }9 ^8 s+ r8 g 45. Demonstrative funerals m& A2 U% j( B/ q. q6 H3 U
46. Homage at burial places
+ Z3 W$ {# t9 R2 h4 x# N" B
0 r; c+ x1 r; f& @: UPublic Assemblies I6 S7 [( U2 j9 E6 q9 d8 T1 I
47. Assemblies of protest or support
9 K6 n1 R* `5 b: @6 ]0 a 48. Protest meetings
% x/ I" d/ Y3 t5 j1 r$ D- f 49. Camouflaged meetings of protest5 ^8 S# Q$ v6 l% u$ n8 t
50. Teach-ins
5 Z: Q7 |. A' {+ M; z
+ y0 |) m4 `" `Withdrawal and Renunciation- g& f# @" | n" L9 n$ J5 k% n5 [
51. Walk-outs4 n: {3 b3 Z) F, ]+ f% T
52. Silence
2 _5 p4 G4 C; Q0 A' z5 S; X8 s 53. Renouncing honors
, B; E4 G; x7 Y. y0 ^2 V& Q 54. Turning one’s back
1 `+ Q( A) V @& X; ~( t. f8 e8 c3 ]0 f# v' Q! \# }
& ~! P0 ^( z. }0 ?- f: b' Y9 C* |, S. T# W/ Y% g6 e! e& h
THE METHODS OF SOCIAL NONCOOPERATION
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6 G( B) Y. h' _0 ^# I- q
3 j3 v! H! h h. p6 z: Q
( N* g/ l' A) M; v" ^Ostracism of Persons
2 f" @$ R+ o+ o9 N. [* Y1 h 55. Social boycott9 R' H6 A2 C, p Q/ m6 R
56. Selective social boycott
# W; `6 c: _8 m, [6 ~ 57. Lysistratic nonaction
* V, \6 c6 k) E 58. Excommunication
) ^' {- k5 R/ A5 ]6 Y2 a* ^ 59. Interdict. X4 i0 v# ?6 N) T4 A6 ]
6 l$ S" @" |$ D) Q) q
Noncooperation with Social Events, Customs, and Institutions
! `8 i: w" k1 d, P4 Q+ b2 }1 I, L3 n 60. Suspension of social and sports activities
. n+ M7 f, D( g4 i: [* _# V, Y 61. Boycott of social affairs9 e; p& ?# u/ c+ ~, B. f
62. Student strike' R( U3 w% I) F/ O: c! H7 d
63. Social disobedience
4 @4 z* d( l+ f& t0 v 64. Withdrawal from social institutions- K! m5 W6 h% i7 k( q9 h) N( p/ q: u
, s+ C- j. v6 p& b% z4 K# n: O* tWithdrawal from the Social System# N: l& R5 h5 F, \, L5 y. Y! e0 |
65. Stay-at-home
" [* K: Z0 A- P2 c$ A 66. Total personal noncooperation, [' g0 k& p9 E& A! ?3 C, z/ A* X' c
67. “Flight” of workers
$ Y$ c' L3 T! A# v 68. Sanctuary
" f) W0 D& R6 ^3 e% S# j# K 69. Collective disappearance
6 U: {8 x3 s" u 70. Protest emigration (hijrat)
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4 ~% G; a9 ]3 C5 | ' V2 r) b! C! K; v3 J1 p) X; Z
9 M1 p; q, A* R6 mTHE METHODS OF ECONOMIC NONCOOPERATION: ECONOMIC BOYCOTTS. \4 o+ o( x3 h- P' x4 m4 j
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7 N* q. U2 |- ^: a7 P3 M' B5 }1 E0 CActions by Consumers" S) \9 k4 q3 t* s* [) ~6 N
71. Consumers’ boycott- O. n6 T" l D+ e, ?: _
72. Nonconsumption of boycotted goods. e" ~+ A5 k; r" v7 |; S4 ~3 _
73. Policy of austerity+ W; w" p3 H" q9 r6 |9 C- n( O, Z
74. Rent withholding v4 U3 P" }. q
75. Refusal to rent
( H2 ^8 Z8 J( A% I( _; e 76. National consumers’ boycott' {" ?+ F; K- B- O) o
77. International consumers’ boycott4 h( h, r" P# U1 S* W9 J/ I
W$ P) Z2 K/ N4 _$ }Action by Workers and Producers
& c2 l$ S; f! B- g 78. Workmen’s boycott
7 `# B$ t( Z2 j' T& s1 j5 O4 U 79. Producers’ boycott
. K& y0 k0 n% m. T+ S4 U8 g A' Y+ F. R/ z7 I5 e: h- O# n
Action by Middlemen, L" E- x8 W; B$ h, r3 Z
80. Suppliers’ and handlers’ boycott2 o1 J+ m- F0 N. X% }3 L0 J* d' Q: X
' |+ t- e0 `" HAction by Owners and Management
, Q7 D: ?" q+ H% ` 81. Traders’ boycott
( [* P) Y5 e# r4 ^4 a4 |, s 82. Refusal to let or sell property
2 o/ t0 X; ]6 m. l; R 83. Lockout
. {: ^* A- N ?- S/ C) Y" _ A 84. Refusal of industrial assistance1 k" e t" o* M! I! `, _
85. Merchants’ “general strike”
( P2 t. T ]/ u4 e/ n
' Z# d; Z# N& IAction by Holders of Financial Resources% `% X9 G3 j1 n6 m# T
86. Withdrawal of bank deposits/ l$ z: r/ y4 ~, i3 K( z
87. Refusal to pay fees, dues, and assessments
6 N4 H0 a5 S) t! r# y; x6 m f 88. Refusal to pay debts or interest
j! C3 m9 h: D: z6 C8 F/ m8 F 89. Severance of funds and credit6 h y+ u, v! ?: r
90. Revenue refusal- r: j4 Z) |, {0 q- h% a
91. Refusal of a government’s money
% X' Z& b: e1 ]
, }+ g% ?4 C; l& U) A* J* H2 `, f- [Action by Governments
3 v( s. {" E. q" b/ D 92. Domestic embargo
# G4 W+ i4 G- y 93. Blacklisting of traders1 W. L( j* ]" @( u+ a+ n
94. International sellers’ embargo/ Y2 w e* [; A( R' r
95. International buyers’ embargo
. |$ H# h9 _( i 96. International trade embargo3 Y4 O( @5 C3 K. w/ ]
9 K' h, L. I! x
0 z* ^- l# W$ z1 F) H2 X& Q0 j# j
THE METHODS OF ECONOMIC NONCOOPERATION: THE STRIKE5 d5 r V( a3 d8 d, @
! S9 X! U8 V# j0 n, h4 v
% y( l1 V/ T7 Y& `
Symbolic Strikes9 q) t& W+ S$ c! J
97. Protest strike
4 M, x1 a; m! `. n z& \ 98. Quickie walkout (lightning strike), u' j0 U0 x6 L' }( h
2 F6 [, Y" ~; V; `& k/ Y7 H) e
Agricultural Strikes
- s! E& q( _3 I1 x5 y 99. Peasant strike
~; a9 l- Y7 k 100. Farm Workers’ strike
! n* I c) b. t# ?% I" D7 z
+ v7 S& N' ^+ [Strikes by Special Groups3 Q5 _$ ?& V! L2 h" _. V
101. Refusal of impressed labor4 B) Q3 w; G# p0 m2 z) w- F
102. Prisoners’ strike3 u$ R; ?+ t4 |& Y& z) C; x+ K
103. Craft strike
" K8 m3 r* N# n% j/ l: @6 X$ h: C 104. Professional strike
: I) P& f/ E1 _( k- Y* @% F; W+ L2 _& C; p+ O
Ordinary Industrial Strikes
& Q" J7 s5 {1 r6 F+ }/ \: z- T ` 105. Establishment strike3 p9 {& r- t( `" H5 j& W
106. Industry strike. @# Y, y6 @3 \1 g* g
107. Sympathetic strike
! M5 T" u5 \8 B& C j4 I* F% t5 m' M+ ~: `0 N( b) W" E2 }" r
Restricted Strikes% |. g( f3 j: W: I' Y b
108. Detailed strike( w/ Q, M( L6 |8 I( b0 \
109. Bumper strike
! ~/ x9 s1 Q( ]+ ?: j2 I% { 110. Slowdown strike
* _* n4 _: W# b8 r- ]& h 111. Working-to-rule strike1 K7 H/ A' l& t# Q) p! c6 i1 g
112. Reporting “sick” (sick-in)1 D: ?: ^. q/ a
113. Strike by resignation
) f* }1 t6 w8 I 114. Limited strike; r& M H7 m( z9 M/ Q0 j/ f
115. Selective strike
/ D% B- Y) R, E, ^8 [8 [) Y2 f. K6 v D$ _& w2 n" m9 N" M, ~
Multi-Industry Strikes
* W8 d5 y+ W# d% L, f5 O7 E1 ]3 b9 d. F# r* F/ \9 K
116. Generalized strike
/ \* g2 D+ f3 Q1 k
( Z$ J: J" U! b( A4 J+ i( w- u 117. General strike
- a3 n, m3 ~# D% z5 y9 o( [: R; T( |8 X8 h5 A+ @$ A# [1 Q `
Combination of Strikes and Economic Closures
- _. H G% Z/ W" C& f' j
) q6 y6 T4 ~, D* y& z 118. Hartal) j: C' ]' M1 g; s- z! `0 Z( y8 [( g
W0 f2 i# M; B; g. b1 _
119. Economic shutdown
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8 \7 o% x8 W# }; j
THE METHODS OF POLITICAL NONCOOPERATION
4 V7 O6 y7 T* v& V- s( ~# J/ l; r( W- v% w+ u ]
% V: N$ e0 J& ]/ X( G- k5 |% ]' `Rejection of Authority
! l$ t$ x; F1 p' h& E5 ` 120. Withholding or withdrawal of allegiance
# r, z$ s+ }4 n( N, e) d1 [; a 121. Refusal of public support
( b4 u8 b: t3 g& X }& T 122. Literature and speeches advocating resistance' w5 U9 B0 z/ a0 g6 G8 v2 }9 |" V5 n
* \3 r. r, R: r7 D4 UCitizens’ Noncooperation with Government- ]+ i* {3 o* n9 [0 a: U6 z
123. Boycott of legislative bodies) a! _, H$ d3 T% N& D& l6 S0 P
124. Boycott of elections" m- S0 `2 F7 A( D6 S+ P
125. Boycott of government employment and positions4 h* j% k$ ^% Z$ Z9 e1 P- E
126. Boycott of government depts., agencies, and other bodies! [' d- C$ I" d: k; f( q8 k+ [. i
127. Withdrawal from government educational institutions% e* v- j# y/ C `8 w, b& Z
128. Boycott of government-supported organizations
( B: j$ f) o& i: V! O6 e. f6 H 129. Refusal of assistance to enforcement agents
5 y/ P* {" P: A 130. Removal of own signs and placemarks
8 v, P# E$ r5 F7 k, ~, o- n 131. Refusal to accept appointed officials; Y8 [3 s0 {3 A
132. Refusal to dissolve existing institutions
7 E- p6 r6 n1 R! n! E8 ]$ G6 E G! q7 P0 I& J
Citizens’ Alternatives to Obedience0 S- A$ W9 G# V7 H, j
133. Reluctant and slow compliance3 B z9 M) Q7 v' F3 S7 R' Z6 N
134. Nonobedience in absence of direct supervision) ?7 x+ M+ ^$ d' B
135. Popular nonobedience
; l* E, h+ ?8 j( @/ x7 v 136. Disguised disobedience
" [" h; O1 @: i% R8 y# @ 137. Refusal of an assemblage or meeting to disperse
7 C; |# Q8 D, a' \+ d3 `: e( G 138. Sitdown" H& H% F" P5 O# h/ a1 Q
139. Noncooperation with conscription and deportation, f4 H0 O9 V2 O( W9 X
140. Hiding, escape, and false identities
; d' R0 ?; _4 f7 l; y 141. Civil disobedience of “illegitimate” laws
9 Z7 F, j' ]3 ?' h" n5 p
# ~. G/ {8 |2 ?Action by Government Personnel
# ]. \, V$ _5 d8 c# P 142. Selective refusal of assistance by government aides
$ l8 Z f) |1 N! S, b 143. Blocking of lines of command and information
: _4 M6 P% g7 C0 D# }; p 144. Stalling and obstruction
. T' V; Y9 e0 X- H9 @6 X& M 145. General administrative noncooperation
$ C% I& O6 N6 B, ]1 O! J! D. R8 q6 a* g" Q
146. Judicial noncooperation
: e' G. j( F; F: H; t$ e" f 147. Deliberate inefficiency and selective noncooperation by enforcement agents0 X+ _/ c9 K" g9 y
148. Mutiny0 G5 }) q! V8 K, Y: t3 `8 s# v
Domestic Governmental Action
* A6 C7 V) {5 P$ U- ~5 ~ 149. Quasi-legal evasions and delays2 J* k0 u6 s- e4 M. ~8 H; J( H+ T
150. Noncooperation by constituent governmental units
6 X) `# t; y+ }$ l0 t2 { l% Y0 I5 b4 f0 z* O7 }7 `. o
International Governmental Action# K# {2 A4 x$ g% L# j
151. Changes in diplomatic and other representations
& m5 l2 v. X- o) w7 J( `! W 152. Delay and cancellation of diplomatic events9 n, o$ u4 a* J! U
153. Withholding of diplomatic recognition
3 B$ m: j2 v' ?) C4 e 154. Severance of diplomatic relations. b5 Q2 w5 |% e" R, M5 W. g' H
155. Withdrawal from international organizations- t0 | _4 m1 z) |. o
156. Refusal of membership in international bodies
! I, o( J8 g9 b% N% m `4 p9 y 157. Expulsion from international organizations
9 ?9 W! s/ L6 ?7 j, J" d& W3 R _5 h% P4 Y3 A/ n" t4 }+ B, K
: @! G# B$ i5 T7 M% s
& {" t, r" i$ D9 a& N& STHE METHODS OF NONVIOLENT INTERVENTION# I4 c$ j8 c4 r, k/ ~: H7 t6 ?' X
4 C; s- b# {9 b! Z) Z; h# R# T
; V7 M4 T! V- _# P$ wPsychological Intervention9 I/ T4 l2 t4 X
158. Self-exposure to the elements" a" u, X+ k' o! }: |2 |+ J
159. The fast
( F% Z1 Z4 E( K) a P6 f3 j a) Fast of moral pressure
9 H! J. \4 B1 X2 [& w; g b) Hunger strike. E: Q( m! j3 i' i, ~
c) Satyagrahic fast
5 h* N2 i. H- T! ^7 Z0 P( [: Z9 ~ 160. Reverse trial5 o3 M# u9 J; \1 |" x
161. Nonviolent harassment
1 ~; `; M6 x' c5 ?4 G2 r9 ]
, Q9 W6 b# D- V- R& s; ~Physical Intervention7 |. ~4 C i n! U2 W3 |; \& A
162. Sit-in
. V5 S; O: }; p 163. Stand-in
8 |, m# ]) s" [, j 164. Ride-in2 ? }2 M$ q' O1 P" O6 n
165. Wade-in& E& x$ g1 R8 ~* J* A
166. Mill-in
! u2 I) Q0 E4 K; q4 r2 b4 E 167. Pray-in4 I9 [2 f3 s% v: g$ I
168. Nonviolent raids ?( l% v5 g2 p/ n, A
169. Nonviolent air raids
1 F- ~& y0 N, Q( C 170. Nonviolent invasion
" |4 V9 i6 o8 F0 z 171. Nonviolent interjection
- Z4 A: N% A7 i- B0 N, m 172. Nonviolent obstruction
4 h5 I& P( u5 h3 R% e 173. Nonviolent occupation" {6 G2 D% n9 v8 W! T% D
% L! i% y r' C3 V9 y, J* WSocial Intervention8 Q' ~! G4 y% L! O4 c
174. Establishing new social patterns0 p) m; @, H5 G* x6 j. x
175. Overloading of facilities
; l. P3 a d) b2 }- w8 s 176. Stall-in& ~8 s: m8 V. F2 l
177. Speak-in
) u. P4 L$ p) I 178. Guerrilla theater
% v1 z0 _ U. _7 @ 179. Alternative social institutions
: d3 O3 B+ w/ O 180. Alternative communication system
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Economic Intervention/ t2 l9 z4 _9 i# Z
181. Reverse strike- l" f; p' x/ x. T H) a4 V
182. Stay-in strike" U3 |5 I9 s# Q1 S2 R) ~
183. Nonviolent land seizure
6 U6 r% R v5 N; }) d 184. Defiance of blockades
: m' v8 Q6 q' q! B 185. Politically motivated counterfeiting5 m+ ^$ l, c6 Y4 n0 p4 s( t* T9 V8 ^
186. Preclusive purchasing
8 {" z5 f& A; c8 S/ {$ U, U+ \ 187. Seizure of assets
8 q# | {+ T7 X6 f. u7 d 188. Dumping
. y" |# _4 P1 I+ n 189. Selective patronage
, R) y7 d0 z) ]2 \& j+ p 190. Alternative markets
& d" p9 m5 N- b: m( D+ u 191. Alternative transportation systems
7 ~, Q9 b$ B) I# o" d" I$ L 192. Alternative economic institutions
1 a" L, n/ s0 S, m% n+ Z" M) z! ]1 o& }8 d/ ~1 O
Political Intervention8 n2 v' u3 U7 H/ f
193. Overloading of administrative systems
: _; W2 E3 y5 ^" W6 g# W+ @ 194. Disclosing identities of secret agents
9 V; w' Q# l, b" M m, \1 P 195. Seeking imprisonment5 H) a# M1 P3 z3 k5 d3 f$ R# T7 [
196. Civil disobedience of “neutral” laws
# M3 m+ D* T' I$ \8 o& E1 l7 c 197. Work-on without collaboration
Q c; X7 \: K# F8 ^$ s9 p 198. Dual sovereignty and parallel government1 j( [2 F( @" ]% y
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楼主: reneeqq
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发表于 2016-7-2 18:23
发表于 2016-7-2 22:02
