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THE METHODS OF NONVIOLENT PROTEST AND PERSUASION
* o" F& s) L' LFormal Statements
1 q3 J# W$ P! [ 1. Public Speeches
; _ x" i' n. Q' v6 J! G1 g 2. Letters of opposition or support* I" @- @7 h, X
3. Declarations by organizations and institutions( c& W# S/ j& y4 W) U$ N
4. Signed public statements* h4 n' C" V5 c% ?; t- ^( a7 p
5. Declarations of indictment and intention
$ B+ W7 A8 j( [6 d 6. Group or mass petitions6 A, m- N" ?8 b" X8 u3 e9 l. k
6 h ^: @5 x1 o3 w; D5 d! u7 S
Communications with a Wider Audience
+ v9 Y4 W8 l* e3 S- I$ D; b) V 7. Slogans, caricatures, and symbols% T; s: l- b2 J# c9 o
8. Banners, posters, and displayed communications. L; S. c4 `8 j0 g" \+ [" P
9. Leaflets, pamphlets, and books
9 p t, }+ G! Y/ D+ M 10. Newspapers and journals# |" Q/ I( h" s- C4 U8 X2 G
11. Records, radio, and television
8 Z. b( r: l# ]6 ` 12. Skywriting and earthwriting
( j$ v- i4 [' E" x- X5 t
& L0 y n. a& SGroup Representations
- M4 T, E% d: J4 C( j8 G 13. Deputations7 @) _9 v% N% M& U
14. Mock awards! Z' B' E: ~8 |: l! ]8 ^
15. Group lobbying
# ]0 [8 D6 @4 \# M. P: Z7 ^3 Q 16. Picketing
$ z i5 f$ a* _6 ` 17. Mock elections
. ^6 _9 t% F1 u6 w8 k+ b4 V& j! z2 i* c' y) f
Symbolic Public Acts& o; s" q# ^* @( D4 j/ ?6 v
18. Displays of flags and symbolic colors5 R5 |; R, J6 Q J) z
19. Wearing of symbols
+ f3 i4 j+ ^* P1 ` 20. Prayer and worship
- x0 B V0 \" `2 y9 ? 21. Delivering symbolic objects/ r7 ~6 p. o4 f
22. Protest disrobings& E% y4 O; F1 S8 R* X
23. Destruction of own property/ ~' O) K7 y: O4 D9 X& F# e
24. Symbolic lights% s" \+ r7 H$ `( M" ^$ i
25. Displays of portraits
. x; b4 ?) n* {. P' c3 ] @5 \9 ^5 [ 26. Paint as protest; `* ?" E4 \- D
27. New signs and names
" U* _: Y6 z5 ?6 v# X 28. Symbolic sounds
- J# C6 q# U: z. Q9 ?9 F7 s 29. Symbolic reclamations- U% {5 Y$ {% W4 w; a" C, V' r
30. Rude gestures
0 y0 Q- r6 R/ X5 T9 I: F
& X; A8 J9 G( X' V3 ePressures on Individuals; z0 \# i* A! n9 }% D5 \% J
31. “Haunting” officials
) w _! k5 Y) t, H1 Z X! v+ f 32. Taunting officials
" \" m/ Y$ I- B4 F( t 33. Fraternization
0 |0 Q b9 S& [& f8 W/ c% ^ 34. Vigils
9 y6 e ^0 m8 p6 K4 `; U
1 L" D$ m3 ]9 o$ i7 kDrama and Music
7 q$ d& @( R" E4 c9 _ 35. Humorous skits and pranks( Q# z( S/ [! M( f0 ~; `0 p
36. Performances of plays and music
3 A+ G2 @6 S4 ]( }9 e 37. Singing
+ z* _: I- \/ m3 i. n8 S8 ~2 K( k d6 n, H e
Processions
8 A4 p- h+ d U( i* M F, Y 38. Marches1 v: w6 V0 x) Y a; }
39. Parades/ k0 @4 I v) n; x- N
40. Religious processions
8 h: }3 q" D2 O) c0 C g 41. Pilgrimages
5 H t _9 n5 }) _8 G( p' N. L 42. Motorcades- w3 M1 o" o7 {" x* i
3 |( x) i/ N4 o! HHonoring the Dead
" [! Z: @: u: |2 I6 w8 Y 43. Political mourning
) |, q( w. i, K' ^' G, _: h 44. Mock funerals
+ [1 Q0 j& E% ^( @$ B. K; O 45. Demonstrative funerals: N/ @0 [9 C. ?6 N
46. Homage at burial places) _2 J7 D+ r2 f8 A
" y/ e% c3 {) T0 z( N r+ F
Public Assemblies
: [4 f* W& c5 `( c' O4 `! S% M 47. Assemblies of protest or support
0 ~& h) C( I9 E. t8 W& e. m 48. Protest meetings7 c5 | y- q1 _8 R j ]& {1 ^
49. Camouflaged meetings of protest. o# P( |* }% S7 ^' d
50. Teach-ins
* A' ^5 k$ y, }2 i5 p! @' B: O O
Withdrawal and Renunciation! r+ m) P5 T/ F0 N
51. Walk-outs
' L- d9 }2 n- p! f 52. Silence
) }; [: q' L/ @& |, t' K 53. Renouncing honors
: n# Q3 h; a B9 w+ Q/ e9 D- r 54. Turning one’s back" E3 t/ T- j: A* K# B+ z
( d4 x* k! {: w; c2 ^4 E s
3 T7 i6 M+ x! [+ f+ d) A2 Q/ n# Z5 I: k1 I0 G
THE METHODS OF SOCIAL NONCOOPERATION
% g! ^" Z0 O( |; ^# }
/ p1 V, p: F' o
# k# G. m' h$ D1 O0 z4 Z" L0 i8 t* E0 ]9 `6 P% d# X8 X$ N
Ostracism of Persons
" B, i0 N# q( Y1 |( e | 55. Social boycott) F( D2 `- t3 [1 i" e/ t0 F
56. Selective social boycott
" r i2 [) A# }: g5 v2 Y' r7 X, Y 57. Lysistratic nonaction
$ ?/ Q* Z7 B: R0 k5 n! q: K8 y 58. Excommunication
7 J! u9 ]4 p7 ^# r2 q; s 59. Interdict. ]) s+ D9 V. w" U% \, f
9 l8 `2 r1 z9 ~5 a H
Noncooperation with Social Events, Customs, and Institutions0 p9 s( L" ^, P! r0 L
60. Suspension of social and sports activities
- _3 g" q7 e) V& X! ~1 T 61. Boycott of social affairs
/ b/ h- r- w& Y/ T. {: ] 62. Student strike
- Z2 s2 ~" |( d 63. Social disobedience8 l- Y. Q8 s1 c3 `/ Q: h* x
64. Withdrawal from social institutions
- Z" I; e" o! Z; F# f5 b" L; \$ P, d; T3 m( R1 X- k# U4 q! T. [
Withdrawal from the Social System+ c8 ~4 l0 P6 a9 T+ J r
65. Stay-at-home
( H0 |& T) k4 f' C 66. Total personal noncooperation
9 h! h& \( V P, v$ _0 c% I 67. “Flight” of workers# O% C" D3 I8 m
68. Sanctuary) m8 A. z( b- y4 Z# Z' n
69. Collective disappearance
. [# b* S( _5 c) e: B+ E6 I% l 70. Protest emigration (hijrat)
- |. w3 M, V' c6 `1 `% ]" w3 Z: u) B: q" E" r! B1 w
% i% x) `7 H5 U" S% w r2 U4 V& l
6 u: X$ q4 x! R" p+ [- {6 C
THE METHODS OF ECONOMIC NONCOOPERATION: ECONOMIC BOYCOTTS& E% V( M0 q" E4 T3 x
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Actions by Consumers& ]. X# m' k& j, s# `
71. Consumers’ boycott$ O0 P/ B0 z7 `
72. Nonconsumption of boycotted goods! u4 v8 J, B ^9 ]$ m
73. Policy of austerity0 a1 m( N& w/ k' L
74. Rent withholding
1 ~4 k) I! H9 x& x( G P 75. Refusal to rent% j: }; M Q$ k3 W8 X( l# A! C& j
76. National consumers’ boycott' u9 I0 G+ }( y" A
77. International consumers’ boycott
3 g# `9 T6 u2 ?/ |8 a+ N/ u# y% f6 v( k
Action by Workers and Producers
7 e3 ^/ l) c8 l8 b* u 78. Workmen’s boycott3 t* ~2 O+ F, v! J G3 b2 _7 o
79. Producers’ boycott
* V5 u3 k- V/ Q& o8 J! a9 i2 O" {7 j1 [
Action by Middlemen
; o* T( Q% O% O# J5 | 80. Suppliers’ and handlers’ boycott
) N/ G* z% N# B+ g/ Q# r/ }- f5 C. T: |' l E! {1 j4 m
Action by Owners and Management
+ ^' Q# z* Y: v% W! W0 t) ~. F3 G 81. Traders’ boycott3 b# O8 a3 x1 `2 l$ w$ P- S. C
82. Refusal to let or sell property' l: ` j+ `/ e: G r$ j( o- M/ t" ?
83. Lockout
, h& d7 f5 m/ c3 @& G 84. Refusal of industrial assistance
: D/ Q6 h+ h. B V) Y1 z 85. Merchants’ “general strike”
& G6 ?, B: F# A& X' p# r% P
- ~! a0 f. w* R9 c) {$ d* EAction by Holders of Financial Resources5 I+ E0 J3 Z; M% C: e& n
86. Withdrawal of bank deposits/ v x( S4 T2 l0 Q$ L/ w, y% B
87. Refusal to pay fees, dues, and assessments
' A P3 z( Q8 }0 I, @ 88. Refusal to pay debts or interest6 }9 C" |' d9 O
89. Severance of funds and credit
/ e5 @+ V0 I, _3 N: u 90. Revenue refusal. I4 ^9 Q1 m" }$ L
91. Refusal of a government’s money& z. [! X6 F0 p. [
* F( W- s' A7 i3 m4 n7 NAction by Governments
. v- M3 q3 q0 I# J& Z/ S 92. Domestic embargo- ?9 N* e2 @0 L$ L( O5 c& w2 Y* ]1 G
93. Blacklisting of traders
" s; s9 @* C2 O 94. International sellers’ embargo+ }4 _) g% ], Q7 _. |. D/ W. D/ Y
95. International buyers’ embargo: g q1 z9 V7 @
96. International trade embargo- y, O8 q5 Y; _' E \
* K- N) V. {3 o& N$ c5 n a# _! {
" u" [. g# E5 n o4 F3 p0 Z' f( G$ H9 O" \/ w1 Z
THE METHODS OF ECONOMIC NONCOOPERATION: THE STRIKE: _5 {3 H& @4 p, o( s
2 v; {! Z5 f o5 U) x0 M9 z% D) V
[/ ]3 D3 y0 m. `- g$ ^Symbolic Strikes+ x- S7 N8 r/ K( y8 p
97. Protest strike
* W9 {7 L" o% W7 J# x4 E5 j+ N 98. Quickie walkout (lightning strike)
5 Y% G9 T9 r" v) `9 ^' Y0 J: i% H# G; D7 M, Q
Agricultural Strikes
. C, P( @: B' w 99. Peasant strike5 n/ D- g7 o' O0 V* C
100. Farm Workers’ strike
/ v9 c- Z+ [, v: W8 W0 s6 p
. ~9 Z4 E" K2 ?5 QStrikes by Special Groups
# T' N1 A) c+ \: ` 101. Refusal of impressed labor
' |$ _, {# {2 n; x: q 102. Prisoners’ strike
% i8 U2 Q% H: F" }, `% [ 103. Craft strike
. F+ R8 p4 n" j2 o9 F, b 104. Professional strike
' w6 E& y8 z- G
: t0 Q6 g2 ?2 B2 K$ {1 W6 qOrdinary Industrial Strikes- c p9 ^' R' K7 U6 b( U
105. Establishment strike8 c3 s% B2 Q% J! O* d
106. Industry strike: R* `8 n+ Y8 D! M
107. Sympathetic strike7 T8 E+ a% |" d% a, S7 m! Q" T4 ^! T1 J
5 F6 d$ @3 P A4 @ l; O
Restricted Strikes
. D8 Z' o ~' s 108. Detailed strike
8 H! }4 d& ^+ l3 P+ n8 i 109. Bumper strike% s9 Y( m8 O5 |
110. Slowdown strike5 T) l: W8 r; s. J: c. |3 ^- _
111. Working-to-rule strike
+ K6 p/ h" b" Q: s9 D/ F 112. Reporting “sick” (sick-in)
& w* o+ c# f: h# o 113. Strike by resignation8 V4 \+ b x; @4 r) b2 M
114. Limited strike Q& i9 M' R# ~
115. Selective strike+ e. A3 @" V* }' y$ z B
& c' z3 {2 {* g0 f0 `; u$ a7 w4 sMulti-Industry Strikes, L7 c/ m9 j( ?" P6 p0 i
0 G: `, I8 G/ ]& E( m' {
116. Generalized strike, A. C- {: w5 h) I
' ?1 J- _% l0 t# q
117. General strike
! W5 v% D t" @' W5 I1 N9 ?
N6 s4 d) g3 _2 t( E! t/ x. f' `Combination of Strikes and Economic Closures q2 Y3 M, o$ h/ A0 i( F& `2 O0 q7 E2 R
; }. V0 }+ s4 B; T3 R2 U 118. Hartal
. y! Y2 D. t f9 h, |% y/ P! \! \
119. Economic shutdown
5 M' e) x% \' a, Z
& M8 K; D. `! y2 \7 N3 D$ n
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THE METHODS OF POLITICAL NONCOOPERATION
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; }5 F6 y# f3 v7 ^) ~
Rejection of Authority
) R" G) j/ N$ R 120. Withholding or withdrawal of allegiance
) S% t1 S6 f& _% j' y& |/ \# p 121. Refusal of public support
" w8 z7 L6 [8 t9 ] 122. Literature and speeches advocating resistance
0 E* d$ d; n2 d* l6 @) {8 c3 Y5 b% p( P* U) Y0 }8 b
Citizens’ Noncooperation with Government
1 T X6 y9 q' w+ ]8 |- r) b( t; v 123. Boycott of legislative bodies; X. h7 }& s1 m) E; ~1 o
124. Boycott of elections |8 k' `3 m- M3 x/ U. l
125. Boycott of government employment and positions; n4 U9 _: b4 z$ ]
126. Boycott of government depts., agencies, and other bodies7 a5 n7 H5 S5 z/ V8 r
127. Withdrawal from government educational institutions
" i& m: J4 c: d1 M% Y! S5 m. L 128. Boycott of government-supported organizations
! X% G8 u t7 \ R3 a. U 129. Refusal of assistance to enforcement agents
5 q# h* h8 m# ~2 u. v 130. Removal of own signs and placemarks
1 @! u4 f* A* t4 P: f 131. Refusal to accept appointed officials
5 _: _4 w2 y* e9 i; ^ 132. Refusal to dissolve existing institutions1 i( n) v' i* }0 _; `2 t6 K8 p% F
! r) W! M2 h1 r+ ^& D/ aCitizens’ Alternatives to Obedience3 h0 ^- \ n& X" O4 d% S3 g9 y
133. Reluctant and slow compliance
/ M7 b& b; {' q 134. Nonobedience in absence of direct supervision
$ S3 d' a/ ?; v9 [" e 135. Popular nonobedience
9 ]4 \$ T& X, K- U; t% K 136. Disguised disobedience
/ r$ Y) z: o& O. Q" E 137. Refusal of an assemblage or meeting to disperse
- `# R8 Y! P7 A* r3 c" K/ C 138. Sitdown% J4 i7 {9 d s# g
139. Noncooperation with conscription and deportation- @& j7 T4 c% q, J2 z; X6 j
140. Hiding, escape, and false identities
% T0 @$ B; X) n2 y: ^/ B 141. Civil disobedience of “illegitimate” laws
) D* W2 K. X. E5 N' ^) o* {, u3 n# S3 E: C* h, ^/ F( ]
Action by Government Personnel
& K& J6 z- S( T8 T; O6 t 142. Selective refusal of assistance by government aides- X$ ^( z: @ \- P
143. Blocking of lines of command and information( g5 L6 K# |* u) r) g f5 \
144. Stalling and obstruction
5 {- K( L: g3 D5 t* N8 t6 G6 h) J 145. General administrative noncooperation( }7 ]% W0 ?+ h
% g2 |' R8 E8 l) n: z. p; _
146. Judicial noncooperation" [7 E/ N6 t( U0 Z ?% z$ L' ^
147. Deliberate inefficiency and selective noncooperation by enforcement agents
$ u. F% n, Q% ? 148. Mutiny
) j i/ w& K5 O2 ]Domestic Governmental Action) D: S- v3 k' p7 ~& z8 @
149. Quasi-legal evasions and delays
3 o) N) q; K- g2 u 150. Noncooperation by constituent governmental units
1 o, q" p, f+ h- a9 \. k( l4 I. T
International Governmental Action
1 [" R/ B! s" v) F9 { 151. Changes in diplomatic and other representations# j* O2 ~$ d/ `9 D% p
152. Delay and cancellation of diplomatic events
p. K# T2 d+ D/ H* u% Y 153. Withholding of diplomatic recognition
# p6 j' x3 k8 }: s1 m7 z f& O2 C 154. Severance of diplomatic relations) D2 J' v. v* R# D
155. Withdrawal from international organizations- s! w: t1 m8 [! F8 q' g6 b
156. Refusal of membership in international bodies3 O# H r* e% S. r1 I/ S2 V
157. Expulsion from international organizations/ U& B. K0 O" r. F. N& f
& T# T! R" [6 E, ?2 Y' y, I' L
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, j: o6 k5 E) P" YTHE METHODS OF NONVIOLENT INTERVENTION- D) w4 v1 y k2 X2 U( l
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/ A k: } f" E( I8 [% o& mPsychological Intervention
4 c+ y u, g, T- M 158. Self-exposure to the elements
2 n6 b2 b( j; D" Y( A. ?6 D 159. The fast# ^/ |' T( Z4 d b
a) Fast of moral pressure
! ?2 F8 c: P1 [* v C b) Hunger strike+ H/ `# r3 i- e8 {9 U
c) Satyagrahic fast6 p: J3 \3 W5 y4 i% ?
160. Reverse trial
l5 [, l/ s, n0 ^- |" \9 B 161. Nonviolent harassment
. o8 U& S( g8 B7 ?5 t
7 E0 C) {. Q% q* B* nPhysical Intervention
+ M- y! c6 L" h0 Y$ u 162. Sit-in6 }5 H1 X8 X; N
163. Stand-in
" P+ J& g# i8 _3 p- @+ O4 K! }- [ 164. Ride-in
& Z6 V$ k; q) C8 A6 \# p- g# z 165. Wade-in
0 U2 _$ V7 @ I# M9 V/ ~& F+ ? 166. Mill-in, G7 ~; x, I# A/ l$ l" r E: G
167. Pray-in
% A+ \: ~0 U$ q* o( U# ~8 |2 V 168. Nonviolent raids* J9 b( a9 H \" n/ G
169. Nonviolent air raids
! h- e( l; O& K/ X( H; `# _# w+ N 170. Nonviolent invasion
! N" X% z9 {! ^: K 171. Nonviolent interjection X/ x9 A. ~2 H
172. Nonviolent obstruction4 F/ ^8 {' ~$ y; _7 s
173. Nonviolent occupation
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Social Intervention
) |. n: \4 `, W 174. Establishing new social patterns& Y) K/ f8 ?: K& ^% F7 S! O" h
175. Overloading of facilities
0 r2 {& G8 Y0 h' Y 176. Stall-in
% Z7 S1 V; W) {; \+ T1 F# p! G& W1 y 177. Speak-in
% p& O7 [! h4 K3 ?: q% ^ 178. Guerrilla theater
' E0 Z l _- W3 u% ? 179. Alternative social institutions# b+ J7 @5 M8 x; i* Q- D
180. Alternative communication system
# `0 s; v/ c: z& d- k
' s" L; T2 D% v$ j6 y# d* HEconomic Intervention
! z* w; P" A/ Z5 i$ c 181. Reverse strike" a, f8 I! T# w4 y1 q+ L0 c
182. Stay-in strike
: ?1 Y' x9 \7 l) ~, |4 A* x 183. Nonviolent land seizure3 N' X% \' q# _& L* n
184. Defiance of blockades
$ q' |# Z" S4 M( L 185. Politically motivated counterfeiting
$ b1 }; N2 e: H- | 186. Preclusive purchasing
3 \) e- a; ]# y5 X" @ 187. Seizure of assets
5 L) p" Q; A# o, K- e9 U P/ D 188. Dumping* L) k" F7 |' B7 W- I: j
189. Selective patronage
6 d1 \$ w j' k) w 190. Alternative markets& O0 V% U- G$ V+ L! w9 l' Z0 x' _
191. Alternative transportation systems
' w6 p }) d Y! O' D 192. Alternative economic institutions* b' b. c7 U1 u" U4 k% n- D
+ ^: Y0 ~+ {& E% \
Political Intervention' E/ l; ?3 [5 w }+ U% h! q$ ~
193. Overloading of administrative systems
% U3 x0 a, m& O! j7 W6 I/ l 194. Disclosing identities of secret agents. n" {5 ?) k& G% x1 l6 A, o
195. Seeking imprisonment
; Y1 l5 D" G0 V8 v" u: @( a/ M2 \8 l 196. Civil disobedience of “neutral” laws1 a1 l# R N2 Z2 ^
197. Work-on without collaboration7 Y2 P% j/ }* M9 Y$ y: [
198. Dual sovereignty and parallel government/ E. q3 m- j& W( U
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