 鲜花( 240)  鸡蛋( 18)
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发表于 2016-7-3 17:52
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THE METHODS OF NONVIOLENT PROTEST AND PERSUASION' [# `0 e. {9 r( ?9 S, q0 X. j
Formal Statements" b9 S3 w" p! n% X0 c7 j: S9 ]! I
1. Public Speeches
; u; p6 n4 {0 T! R 2. Letters of opposition or support7 n! Z. G# L- s0 ]% w& W" p9 R) Y" t
3. Declarations by organizations and institutions
6 @. |. h& {5 C' |' s7 |. b8 W 4. Signed public statements
, S- I! N5 I/ s7 g, [* M9 O- d 5. Declarations of indictment and intention
|" v9 o5 s7 Y- _5 W6 Z4 n 6. Group or mass petitions
5 o' b, C5 O# U
& b2 D9 U; P" E2 _: xCommunications with a Wider Audience5 W3 q; v/ M( y! B% T. S
7. Slogans, caricatures, and symbols
% D* @: c1 J: r2 Y 8. Banners, posters, and displayed communications: H2 M0 s+ N) W3 E; _+ L
9. Leaflets, pamphlets, and books: H7 |. L: j. [( E% m( |9 t
10. Newspapers and journals( q; K2 Q, m+ X/ N5 r/ v& {
11. Records, radio, and television" U9 G) k% C/ q! ^3 z
12. Skywriting and earthwriting" p) t" i4 o/ t c8 E
2 s: k, i9 `( m- c3 B( [1 ^8 P
Group Representations
4 Q5 V8 C' c3 v6 f 13. Deputations
, M x( r$ B& s6 M- l$ x 14. Mock awards
6 m( e; k5 f8 U1 O- _- `1 l 15. Group lobbying+ p( C; l5 p5 n; D3 @
16. Picketing
; ]9 a4 m1 S3 q) p 17. Mock elections) T6 i/ f. |( f" s: Z1 {- Y. L# N( h
: `& [( B0 I$ [3 [
Symbolic Public Acts. M w1 F: I6 m% B" t
18. Displays of flags and symbolic colors
% ?0 d8 P; \- s6 f 19. Wearing of symbols. w1 J* t3 X, J2 c; t
20. Prayer and worship) C% h3 l" B, Z3 T# b& z. A+ A
21. Delivering symbolic objects
# w+ U8 x" `7 _+ U3 i5 z 22. Protest disrobings
# t4 I( G, k g( f, G& [+ ` 23. Destruction of own property
* V3 n0 u% b6 ~ 24. Symbolic lights) m" N, P) J4 G" B
25. Displays of portraits8 s# F3 B* D. R1 m! d- h8 j+ l
26. Paint as protest
2 p6 z/ A+ m: p7 W0 K 27. New signs and names. B9 T, I: c( E" ^& l4 K
28. Symbolic sounds: p, c) n) N1 K+ j( {5 j8 P+ l7 e
29. Symbolic reclamations
7 \: |, c9 a* j* \: L1 S 30. Rude gestures; H$ w: @6 n. g' Y- T& G
% W1 X; ]5 ?9 y, f- O8 T! X% F/ C
Pressures on Individuals
' w& w8 W: J" |# o' m2 ] 31. “Haunting” officials3 a& u. X L, \
32. Taunting officials- [3 ^" e6 L1 V- Y% P
33. Fraternization h/ X6 v( t1 Q0 Y: I6 F
34. Vigils
4 v2 }3 K1 K+ c) c
( X8 e# N% O5 q' G7 SDrama and Music
/ L; F* z: ^. Y$ w' }, B5 U" c, | 35. Humorous skits and pranks g7 ^% M- a2 A P' B' @& u. D
36. Performances of plays and music' A4 H/ u' Z( N% \6 r$ g. i* n
37. Singing: O9 i# _5 s! e% P
3 R$ G4 g# q8 y- K8 A! @9 p- G1 q# ^Processions
) a# p/ r! v) P# M r v% j 38. Marches+ ]# `2 j4 |) }# O' k
39. Parades
: Y4 t) S' @" C; b- I 40. Religious processions- ?: m$ d9 h* U$ w: U, P5 G) _0 q
41. Pilgrimages
$ u8 C* T: J4 D' K3 N 42. Motorcades
1 q1 [: Z5 g' _* S/ A
7 L. U0 F. J4 n8 P0 q' }* k! eHonoring the Dead
# k( ]7 g' A% ~ L' u 43. Political mourning
* F, ^* g+ C- d) q" m2 w5 C' l 44. Mock funerals/ c3 A% L1 z9 X, {; C1 @8 K
45. Demonstrative funerals
( B. k7 a; }% g2 t- J6 J 46. Homage at burial places0 q0 v/ X7 Q# ^: [. n* c
8 X1 {5 w: d$ I) `; I
Public Assemblies
. n4 i% z _( E/ E9 r4 n5 ~ e2 F 47. Assemblies of protest or support
7 `$ [! R: C& w9 X: ]7 c, x$ d 48. Protest meetings
+ v) i. Z: `6 t5 }# e, |$ I 49. Camouflaged meetings of protest
; d! Z4 F _/ d+ [* [, ~/ q7 E 50. Teach-ins
& c2 O9 n9 g+ w- ^4 T
, P, Q1 E$ k s# U) L( uWithdrawal and Renunciation
& {- X2 n4 A1 I& e& D/ T 51. Walk-outs
5 I; m" r9 T- r/ X# R* s @/ {% O* } 52. Silence* e5 A8 N# m5 n5 O) x. O
53. Renouncing honors
7 e( n1 F) j, B, {4 E9 R- V 54. Turning one’s back5 ^7 s, A9 e# i/ x1 T
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" \3 p* j* M: |( M# a" i' I& a% U- R
THE METHODS OF SOCIAL NONCOOPERATION
3 k0 E( i8 A/ \8 y7 s5 a
$ m# K0 B8 b" N% T. t 4 g& h: P% I# K2 y# Y+ `
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Ostracism of Persons
, }0 K8 j0 o; u1 T" X& g' t 55. Social boycott
) A* d2 O/ {" ?% i 56. Selective social boycott' K! q, R; u( r; ` }6 g
57. Lysistratic nonaction7 O2 i8 [6 x8 H* \
58. Excommunication: H0 |/ w# m9 P6 H r
59. Interdict- V9 p3 Q0 g- i; z( S E, ~* Y0 q' U
`: Z$ V: `* n2 ~
Noncooperation with Social Events, Customs, and Institutions
! s( U* v5 C& {' s8 q+ N! } 60. Suspension of social and sports activities9 b9 ~ m% T; T7 O8 A) \% N
61. Boycott of social affairs
" ^. V: }; W, F9 X6 {$ e2 K 62. Student strike
& A$ _1 i" Z, z1 o8 R4 B, c5 N 63. Social disobedience3 }# c& n# T; J2 o: E0 V9 O
64. Withdrawal from social institutions
/ P/ l% E$ i5 E |- f
% J- B h$ ~$ q0 `Withdrawal from the Social System
9 I& v6 s1 x: Q* D( J* h6 I) I 65. Stay-at-home
4 E2 V1 z# d% g' \ 66. Total personal noncooperation
( T& u% K( Q/ V c* O 67. “Flight” of workers9 `8 E# ^7 N ` S3 a" D4 G
68. Sanctuary
% c0 ]1 t" U+ `! b( @ 69. Collective disappearance
$ L: C, x4 @5 t0 _ 70. Protest emigration (hijrat)
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THE METHODS OF ECONOMIC NONCOOPERATION: ECONOMIC BOYCOTTS
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8 O: ~% d- S6 U) t' ~ 4 S9 j( E' K4 O: x5 r- ~/ o
Actions by Consumers
4 o$ d4 S" D' g0 k 71. Consumers’ boycott3 D5 `( y$ {' M: _% c: g
72. Nonconsumption of boycotted goods
8 K0 f' x7 k( }* C; \7 q 73. Policy of austerity
Z0 u( T, }. ~9 a& G) @! e, ~6 V 74. Rent withholding/ h+ ]- G2 p1 s/ {7 @* Z* n
75. Refusal to rent
% @2 P3 E8 A- t9 X 76. National consumers’ boycott8 |" L9 t; ]0 m& ~ A' b
77. International consumers’ boycott
8 h' k: {4 o3 m8 ]/ p7 _6 q+ o/ B( d. D" e4 k! X
Action by Workers and Producers
5 U" | _ \- x" Y0 b 78. Workmen’s boycott) h( k( r9 T# p! m, y! J
79. Producers’ boycott
- a, w7 I, p" X: r
* E& [" l5 w G9 rAction by Middlemen
; i. Y; b" K9 H9 j. t. {4 o 80. Suppliers’ and handlers’ boycott% \ a; m2 T, ~1 i, e
* h0 E) W: c. L6 X* n2 O3 N( H
Action by Owners and Management
" D# V2 H4 |) g' x 81. Traders’ boycott
0 k' a% ^1 [/ w4 x: F& Z 82. Refusal to let or sell property
, \3 ?1 }3 X6 `( n* D 83. Lockout4 }( e7 m& Q& G) p
84. Refusal of industrial assistance
6 `! L ^0 S6 J6 `! i4 u9 J: T 85. Merchants’ “general strike”
' Z& e1 X/ y! }2 x, E9 [, n8 a5 g5 Y
Action by Holders of Financial Resources
5 X1 m) H( s5 a5 x" l! w 86. Withdrawal of bank deposits
9 t: H3 R5 V7 B" k8 Y& y3 w% ] 87. Refusal to pay fees, dues, and assessments
x9 L* y3 X7 n2 l& r 88. Refusal to pay debts or interest" M2 u$ n# Q) M3 F- e
89. Severance of funds and credit' H' q% f, n6 r
90. Revenue refusal
, z# \* e5 s: A& S 91. Refusal of a government’s money" a7 ] I8 O3 L( r! f3 m0 w
+ O6 K3 \% ] z( I# a1 X9 W
Action by Governments
) s0 L0 ~+ h" \3 o 92. Domestic embargo
2 |. Y9 `9 c9 T: t/ n; x& _ 93. Blacklisting of traders
! h+ I1 Y+ b% s1 i- I) w 94. International sellers’ embargo
* s' w6 ^7 ~- |& w, U! } 95. International buyers’ embargo! Z0 _1 U r2 j6 D7 p& e4 i8 c5 P
96. International trade embargo4 y$ J0 x5 l! @9 l* g3 I% k: k3 N
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& f# {) _) r, D! n2 M& HTHE METHODS OF ECONOMIC NONCOOPERATION: THE STRIKE2 c- R$ L8 i7 D" h m
+ H3 y) M) Z& t. H
u, a* C) d; J
Symbolic Strikes
* z3 ?, ~& P5 |5 o 97. Protest strike5 q r3 v" L; i( K
98. Quickie walkout (lightning strike)( m1 Y; M' H1 a) H G7 k! E
. q% N% D2 m3 h# _' h
Agricultural Strikes
; T3 {& L9 f5 k1 ^0 o 99. Peasant strike3 a2 W w; {" n$ w! M' V9 W
100. Farm Workers’ strike
2 V1 k, x. F/ t! T: H
+ \8 t' F" L8 u$ ?6 Z# CStrikes by Special Groups
' Q- _/ I- K6 l) u% g. _0 h/ V( P 101. Refusal of impressed labor- S" m( Y. ^; ?% U6 v G3 R( Q
102. Prisoners’ strike
" p( h2 `/ L M7 w( f9 r 103. Craft strike+ V3 g+ I4 |6 Y0 ]
104. Professional strike* x5 @! L, h1 b% C n) ~! B
7 Q* J1 j o( V2 IOrdinary Industrial Strikes: `2 Y9 d# n5 q. s+ J
105. Establishment strike5 F1 H3 u/ K- r* D9 s
106. Industry strike* ?- v' ^! [$ g6 H" B* g
107. Sympathetic strike
, s" ^6 M* e) \- b+ z; O
6 Z6 x. s2 x' X1 c: sRestricted Strikes
. R4 S; x% q( d4 O4 s' h# _ k! E 108. Detailed strike, `. t: y) v0 W" H0 y
109. Bumper strike6 G$ {, j3 G( M( A9 w2 y, u$ C, A+ M
110. Slowdown strike% q9 A2 F" m0 Q1 W6 K0 n* f& z
111. Working-to-rule strike7 Z; U% g% `. p: ?9 V4 K
112. Reporting “sick” (sick-in)
- q; k2 @) a3 p( K3 c. w 113. Strike by resignation
) C# e* b. |; I/ q' h5 M 114. Limited strike" D& m: F6 `: T, p4 n& V- [$ T1 V
115. Selective strike( X9 Q1 O, E$ V6 e, u& b
7 b4 f/ F9 V" k* P/ D) O3 l9 j$ _
Multi-Industry Strikes
0 v' L5 x# o! s0 J" l/ l
) L+ O1 S' s) D; Q) Y9 D# L+ u 116. Generalized strike
+ z4 y! }; }- Q7 X1 K. i7 D; N: f4 W9 y( f) L" C& |
117. General strike$ i, P$ h8 w5 @9 J) {
! z/ S- P t( g3 g) LCombination of Strikes and Economic Closures; f' n& w" q& K7 V" d+ F
) K* b, A. l% o" C 118. Hartal
8 \1 n% W/ @ K
8 I. C4 c2 l7 k) D2 D: E( o1 f# T 119. Economic shutdown0 l7 z$ r l7 ^) [* i
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4 e, J, x' e, k
( f9 l1 f0 [5 V1 k% i. ITHE METHODS OF POLITICAL NONCOOPERATION8 J* E/ Z: A+ r& T
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& G, I; q, n+ ]
Rejection of Authority0 k x o3 A0 ~$ z$ Z) V0 [! o
120. Withholding or withdrawal of allegiance) b9 _6 W+ w2 I, o: \- X' ?$ H! _1 C
121. Refusal of public support
; e0 o& L3 F' @ 122. Literature and speeches advocating resistance
: U; ~$ D: p1 ?% U! q4 L1 K- m7 g# W& b
Citizens’ Noncooperation with Government
7 k' d+ b q* d5 D, {' D 123. Boycott of legislative bodies
( [3 S+ L" Z7 Q k3 [1 O 124. Boycott of elections
* H! `9 U+ O% o2 ]& i 125. Boycott of government employment and positions
& h, I, S: H- R# X# E 126. Boycott of government depts., agencies, and other bodies, ^) t" O5 X, K3 V3 K
127. Withdrawal from government educational institutions4 l% C$ l8 A- m% Y
128. Boycott of government-supported organizations
& s9 W3 p$ p3 H C7 U! K/ m5 t 129. Refusal of assistance to enforcement agents
) q: a Y0 U6 F. i n0 T 130. Removal of own signs and placemarks
2 Y8 [# M. q A) P 131. Refusal to accept appointed officials) u' M" H( ^4 L2 o9 v& g2 _, [, s
132. Refusal to dissolve existing institutions
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Citizens’ Alternatives to Obedience6 g* n! w- \ j2 }4 L
133. Reluctant and slow compliance
& K {/ Y+ W5 H4 j 134. Nonobedience in absence of direct supervision, t+ Q H! ?9 N8 U1 \, z
135. Popular nonobedience
# j/ D- L n) L 136. Disguised disobedience
- z; t7 l6 Q' @& L; o y 137. Refusal of an assemblage or meeting to disperse7 g4 f& o- j8 C
138. Sitdown
. q! s: p9 O4 ^& x- C* p 139. Noncooperation with conscription and deportation
3 g- R0 Z7 g/ i 140. Hiding, escape, and false identities7 E- t3 x/ Q" \
141. Civil disobedience of “illegitimate” laws( {& {, h$ {5 S3 v7 H( H3 z
$ @3 G( P2 v. _$ W" r! nAction by Government Personnel4 d/ {' e( D' }! q* k; I: }
142. Selective refusal of assistance by government aides
! F# p8 D9 m: J+ Y0 F 143. Blocking of lines of command and information
3 S' H' ^. E! r5 l) y" W+ Y 144. Stalling and obstruction
5 J; V6 y, M3 r/ F' y* b" x$ i3 b 145. General administrative noncooperation9 ~2 {3 X/ G& E9 U8 ~
( H8 ^4 P4 O b6 m1 @- P 146. Judicial noncooperation
0 M6 Y |3 i3 X" w5 S: j 147. Deliberate inefficiency and selective noncooperation by enforcement agents; ]0 ]' b; \1 W8 P2 V0 k1 n
148. Mutiny
4 G& K( L% Y- w8 w' CDomestic Governmental Action. z1 y, x0 i) Y3 x
149. Quasi-legal evasions and delays
8 c: K1 Z$ N( f9 { 150. Noncooperation by constituent governmental units% R% a7 g# U. {" Q% b
% F# |' M+ [/ C9 V3 N5 q8 EInternational Governmental Action* ]. w2 f8 l9 `5 s' ^# C
151. Changes in diplomatic and other representations) K! O) `- ?2 v B* p ^. i7 p" I
152. Delay and cancellation of diplomatic events
! j6 s$ U0 J) t' E9 L" | 153. Withholding of diplomatic recognition! V# M' t2 m/ b0 T8 w/ y
154. Severance of diplomatic relations4 D: ~; L0 \$ e# @
155. Withdrawal from international organizations
) W4 O, `% V/ T) p+ E6 Y0 T5 K# c9 ?1 d5 G 156. Refusal of membership in international bodies7 u7 C+ T) J# |: u7 M
157. Expulsion from international organizations
8 Z. c3 J. e* y* p& z% j
6 ?& P" c# }8 B
4 E; b9 _4 W& [* @( t2 w
' O( v2 o( E# ETHE METHODS OF NONVIOLENT INTERVENTION
" E7 [ f! W6 M9 L V% x4 x$ D( z: B" w1 T5 I7 G0 P& Q
! ^; i/ g+ L% N8 j- g' X2 F/ M; F
Psychological Intervention Q0 q& e0 W$ p: r+ v8 L* t# n8 {8 O' E
158. Self-exposure to the elements( I- |! ?" i- D! ]3 b9 \( A
159. The fast2 m$ y" g: a! {" T. t8 R% p
a) Fast of moral pressure( |% I" E1 k- P# Z% @4 B
b) Hunger strike: m0 F: c1 _. S! E
c) Satyagrahic fast
% f+ g' G( q6 d3 k6 A5 l 160. Reverse trial1 i/ K" E: ?2 T2 Z2 ~
161. Nonviolent harassment
; Q4 H9 ], \* r5 s2 k1 w) [) }$ r. @- C9 @7 z) j1 i" ? M9 N
Physical Intervention+ D% o1 o, z* y6 R E2 `$ \9 C1 \/ G
162. Sit-in, |! U3 J- s5 U7 v' @! G/ D
163. Stand-in
. ` E. d3 C' L1 F. z# n, Q 164. Ride-in
9 n' C& m, z8 h) H Z) [/ q) ^ 165. Wade-in, f1 I1 _7 J) p7 M. [1 d
166. Mill-in
7 a- r! ?% }+ b m1 L2 J$ y, @- e 167. Pray-in- ~4 l5 N5 Z" _. j4 I/ m
168. Nonviolent raids$ r. A( r& j h- }
169. Nonviolent air raids
' Z! U$ S+ p; m+ O 170. Nonviolent invasion
4 S/ [ s) `- E; U3 y8 w 171. Nonviolent interjection( l: Y/ R7 _0 H* B8 p
172. Nonviolent obstruction1 }; P; T/ [% ~) |: G
173. Nonviolent occupation
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Social Intervention
8 g2 a4 c% O( {( V% Q0 W: M 174. Establishing new social patterns- }/ U- t( E5 \/ N& {: k
175. Overloading of facilities* r F! s6 H) e) R
176. Stall-in
" G% X7 S; E9 c) E 177. Speak-in
. @" R- _# B( s, e5 n 178. Guerrilla theater
. Z6 w+ y5 G; r/ v& b: m% W$ D6 j 179. Alternative social institutions
5 ~3 N0 g: Y+ e, T( @ g 180. Alternative communication system$ h% r6 W# n5 T$ f% ~
: Z: {; d H" g8 O$ Y( ~, T# e* LEconomic Intervention
3 u! m7 D0 X/ @7 Y) y 181. Reverse strike8 S( C1 U7 k: q
182. Stay-in strike
) W: B- l6 M% u( | 183. Nonviolent land seizure
* {" c8 o1 w" P# R; p+ Q2 f" h 184. Defiance of blockades- E; N! R) t. u& c
185. Politically motivated counterfeiting9 v8 S: i, X3 K w) y" y
186. Preclusive purchasing
3 v9 R, b9 @6 V, O8 \; e 187. Seizure of assets2 @( `" o4 f" i( p, k( l) O
188. Dumping F( A/ E# P/ f7 I: g2 Z% E$ j
189. Selective patronage% c/ ~/ {! H2 D! m' {: n
190. Alternative markets
$ A6 o) S) _3 c/ q# W' w- Z 191. Alternative transportation systems# P- Q* p. g) c9 z- Y0 {" _0 e
192. Alternative economic institutions
0 q8 V% U5 Z! N2 n$ S2 T" O9 q/ ~) O3 W0 V& m. P9 E
Political Intervention0 x0 F8 z: h% e, i
193. Overloading of administrative systems6 b" T7 w* U" Q" Q
194. Disclosing identities of secret agents
+ N/ @1 J/ c2 }1 Y( V 195. Seeking imprisonment
7 O0 U4 e. E5 l, v+ k( o2 V- W 196. Civil disobedience of “neutral” laws
, R+ N: |1 B/ f' i x% ? 197. Work-on without collaboration# T; G3 @1 I7 b9 t! G' A
198. Dual sovereignty and parallel government4 U+ A) C: l2 D! ^
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楼主: reneeqq
狗仔卡
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发表于 2016-7-2 18:23
发表于 2016-7-2 22:02
