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THE METHODS OF NONVIOLENT PROTEST AND PERSUASION
' d! [" A2 b: ^# ?) T) FFormal Statements2 e6 f: k% h% M9 c& E
1. Public Speeches
: w6 L' u, i# |3 V; \; O( m) w- A 2. Letters of opposition or support- D; g9 f+ ^, G' L+ E
3. Declarations by organizations and institutions
: W# i! ^. i% a3 M1 P4 H& w 4. Signed public statements
! N; B0 Y, ?1 f2 G: I 5. Declarations of indictment and intention5 F; W- `, t/ ]4 s" g% B7 S
6. Group or mass petitions
8 N O; q; [3 Y! X3 |$ v: j7 V1 [! r& p- Q+ v5 j
Communications with a Wider Audience- Z5 k- x+ w5 M0 U' U2 A
7. Slogans, caricatures, and symbols+ G. g0 {; V/ Y: N6 m6 @2 ]
8. Banners, posters, and displayed communications
/ {6 [, p0 x) T/ P. R& { 9. Leaflets, pamphlets, and books
6 W6 n9 f5 ^/ t& n: o 10. Newspapers and journals* x5 u: M1 ?- b) U9 o
11. Records, radio, and television
$ O }: a! |1 m% G+ { 12. Skywriting and earthwriting# _' k: N5 d6 D. w' b
% R5 ^- B9 h4 X7 ~3 J1 JGroup Representations
- ]: ^( \6 Y- p. n- \. x$ M 13. Deputations& l1 M. C8 P8 r' r/ p' A9 ~
14. Mock awards
$ V+ v' J9 Q0 r$ P2 l 15. Group lobbying
- g" w1 j: H* T' Q1 n 16. Picketing. l4 D7 x9 a k4 u7 U8 l
17. Mock elections
) n9 |4 M5 r; z7 y! O: P8 v2 {& u+ n& c1 x2 D
Symbolic Public Acts3 [' J4 L1 X5 q
18. Displays of flags and symbolic colors% w! ^7 W" V2 W% K2 z3 F
19. Wearing of symbols. S+ o. n: S, w
20. Prayer and worship" E8 _5 x9 s/ y8 D
21. Delivering symbolic objects% P1 K' X. k: l/ W3 I h- \$ m' M
22. Protest disrobings" Y/ C" ]" [5 b( F) I5 A
23. Destruction of own property
( E9 y3 V+ E/ v 24. Symbolic lights- v/ d$ v& g- |$ O) d2 Y* `/ I5 K
25. Displays of portraits
( s* C7 a8 r0 w/ J- J 26. Paint as protest
: U3 m4 B4 w+ s 27. New signs and names: K5 R! W$ m( b: d# g ^+ H
28. Symbolic sounds. J* P- C+ C; t7 k( j2 p
29. Symbolic reclamations. D. V1 W& e) m2 |* i
30. Rude gestures. h; T2 b8 J& o j2 Q- m
: f, H5 a- j) Q" m/ h" e8 IPressures on Individuals
0 ^8 r' A% B7 M' H% H4 a 31. “Haunting” officials
" m) B# @! f0 Q$ E9 y% M 32. Taunting officials, h& F: z& k& ~* u9 ^
33. Fraternization
+ h3 U" R7 T8 e7 h E8 V 34. Vigils: r% Z* @0 Z9 @7 A" ]( i4 n* y
+ d4 o7 u+ M: f3 i
Drama and Music/ E( q3 E. o' E0 L- h9 a) [
35. Humorous skits and pranks( A% \8 j4 S* q* G" Y6 m: q
36. Performances of plays and music$ J* c8 D Z9 ^$ \( a/ `5 C
37. Singing
v; C# O2 J0 l* G' _0 @& h. K1 L1 i! C$ z- B8 ?
Processions' w9 k5 x& J$ p2 T4 h# M( d
38. Marches
3 N0 j% o/ k! x8 M/ w$ g& | 39. Parades
! _8 _- o1 G d" q/ D/ t 40. Religious processions. h, q9 c9 k1 f, E
41. Pilgrimages
0 f4 h! W B" Q 42. Motorcades" ?2 M% N: T* Q- R
! h1 q& Q) A) d( f GHonoring the Dead. p2 [& ?! l) I
43. Political mourning
% z& o( W) ^ ^& _+ D. D 44. Mock funerals
8 c- h! B6 c4 {! H, g 45. Demonstrative funerals
( l8 G# y' A9 k( C% r6 U 46. Homage at burial places
- E' q5 }/ u6 {! |+ a' p3 c( y7 T. ?0 D8 s' ]& f! w
Public Assemblies* j& A# W. @+ ~
47. Assemblies of protest or support
|2 M$ Z* J! x- _2 j) _; ? 48. Protest meetings
c9 B! w2 H% U4 p$ R Y 49. Camouflaged meetings of protest4 U- a0 s) ^" C/ |/ ^' Q
50. Teach-ins
2 O. J0 ]# T1 h8 ` t, M# T* m" R: y; E6 ?1 r# n7 g- |# Y) X! Y
Withdrawal and Renunciation# |1 x% u& w: T, H& L/ \- R
51. Walk-outs1 c, C% M% Y: J* W( A, T
52. Silence+ k+ l1 `: x0 q! F, ~/ o2 x! R; A
53. Renouncing honors
: |6 [8 {6 ^3 Q! q1 u! r 54. Turning one’s back- L% p$ r( h! e
: K1 R) `6 E( s. b
1 R4 b2 G/ I+ [6 @
4 j0 Z4 q8 P aTHE METHODS OF SOCIAL NONCOOPERATION
2 T3 z. I" ~8 i* ~+ ^5 x
* y6 N9 W8 h& l: I& B
; J) D& \: z5 N4 p3 }' ^- k* h; s) t9 N( D( ~
Ostracism of Persons; V5 E% T( u; i; B4 R! ^. \; w
55. Social boycott
& C$ F+ @, E5 i4 g( P 56. Selective social boycott
% ]: r8 u/ R( s. m1 D2 A a1 I7 W5 K1 j8 l 57. Lysistratic nonaction* W7 d7 h6 ^& X- u* M. p7 u' T
58. Excommunication
& Z$ \6 u' G; R3 d1 u1 A 59. Interdict0 }, t% p( h3 W# m3 c j8 g
: W/ r! N3 S4 S. G4 x5 a( c
Noncooperation with Social Events, Customs, and Institutions
) N. z w0 [2 p$ k9 u- o 60. Suspension of social and sports activities* Z- [: } F$ s, ^( u* ^; }9 ]* Z
61. Boycott of social affairs
4 j4 X& I) J' h o" o 62. Student strike
3 r. _) v* E1 |8 N# E7 e 63. Social disobedience
4 [* Q- @% j! g 64. Withdrawal from social institutions
! ^4 P* b( v$ q: p4 _' b. V4 M
6 R6 O) R* P, P% o2 `! \' V( w) @5 uWithdrawal from the Social System
: m( e6 B' g. B, Y3 P 65. Stay-at-home
2 H: j1 D; A; L/ O, V5 I 66. Total personal noncooperation
& I1 J+ e& p: w: l7 [ 67. “Flight” of workers$ k) V/ X3 w# ~* r! z6 b6 c2 d% n9 o: i
68. Sanctuary' U& x% x" }! g) T0 U: Z
69. Collective disappearance5 h2 G- _& n! B. U7 a
70. Protest emigration (hijrat)3 w' H: C( H! g3 I
( G0 B$ N( R1 H8 |
6 w8 u2 R: E% z# N ?
; l9 h. N8 L$ {8 p! gTHE METHODS OF ECONOMIC NONCOOPERATION: ECONOMIC BOYCOTTS4 L! C% l, z$ G% R R
& V) [3 [9 q2 P7 }% U [+ Q2 Y0 B
7 K7 C5 D$ G' c1 x% a) `) t
Actions by Consumers
$ H9 L0 P/ G7 u' g' h% i6 g 71. Consumers’ boycott
8 J. T' x: S# H1 { 72. Nonconsumption of boycotted goods
y) R) t/ o3 c/ I/ e/ b 73. Policy of austerity) d+ @: G6 z4 n* h0 m9 ^
74. Rent withholding
! x/ I; ]3 e- D+ X% Q* `, {9 v 75. Refusal to rent
; |. B# [( }& [- w5 F2 {& m0 l 76. National consumers’ boycott$ d3 U8 D( f: x! B2 G0 a( j
77. International consumers’ boycott! g! v, d. A, F
l3 g6 Y. Q2 U- WAction by Workers and Producers
4 Z9 |5 f. f/ `4 f( Y 78. Workmen’s boycott" j4 V, R0 s1 l$ H0 Z. r
79. Producers’ boycott, U3 P! T) y: y4 v! Z$ w8 Z, t3 k
' y0 S/ F8 ^' D+ rAction by Middlemen2 U1 o/ D0 L4 Q# R5 Y
80. Suppliers’ and handlers’ boycott
& O w2 I+ p& o% s/ w8 z! h% U, B* k( p7 Q' J9 H b) l4 q: L
Action by Owners and Management6 Y E$ }" g1 Y% |
81. Traders’ boycott+ M9 \3 c; b3 O" ~! V4 R
82. Refusal to let or sell property8 e) h' `* ? R; ^
83. Lockout0 M2 f, V0 l, F/ a
84. Refusal of industrial assistance
4 v0 v5 ~3 f2 ] 85. Merchants’ “general strike” ?3 N# ^" M$ O/ I1 F* X7 V/ @7 W( o
$ m+ [% t, c+ y- ]Action by Holders of Financial Resources: g! c9 B& k2 u C$ s; u+ `- E% }! A
86. Withdrawal of bank deposits
/ l) E5 G5 b H: N4 r7 A 87. Refusal to pay fees, dues, and assessments% D1 i, x& u' _" I! ?- @7 V
88. Refusal to pay debts or interest
0 B. D) p5 r. y2 c 89. Severance of funds and credit9 X+ p/ D( L" @
90. Revenue refusal
/ w2 I: U/ x% x+ k, k* S, m 91. Refusal of a government’s money
% A- p/ a+ h# D0 f/ Y. h& O. W! g% `; l( V2 ^0 ^1 s; \
Action by Governments
' X1 h2 a- r8 c4 s1 v8 ^4 a 92. Domestic embargo3 A' J' r( C7 ^& V% j/ `! a3 p
93. Blacklisting of traders1 H% L1 F! v/ U/ X* z5 u
94. International sellers’ embargo. @9 e* Q: L" H! Z4 u
95. International buyers’ embargo
" Q- R" O0 y+ S1 p) N 96. International trade embargo$ n4 u. E+ B6 T$ x+ j! I7 l
" r- _3 X& {( O9 ]
/ k* n# t4 x0 R- n f ~
3 v5 r$ t& S4 i0 ^! s9 cTHE METHODS OF ECONOMIC NONCOOPERATION: THE STRIKE& Y3 @4 A; S# Z+ O
7 g* \/ M( F& H% {- ?: g" n$ A
1 E7 w; |$ ^/ o+ V- ]: N/ ^Symbolic Strikes
, F7 C! ?1 f5 t/ G% M% Z 97. Protest strike" J( a c9 n, [4 }% e3 U8 h
98. Quickie walkout (lightning strike)6 A! m" {+ F7 \+ m( W
. ~5 G" c+ i5 Q2 ^7 ?) P% NAgricultural Strikes
* h4 A' ?! ~& R, U$ Z. D+ R 99. Peasant strike
/ ~6 p" n8 I! A 100. Farm Workers’ strike7 J* g7 Y; E2 v1 d& ?
( k5 g4 p* m, N% XStrikes by Special Groups$ P8 O- N9 p/ X
101. Refusal of impressed labor& \; G3 c1 Q/ V* w
102. Prisoners’ strike' a. o$ M: y* D+ Q0 I1 e& ^2 t6 y
103. Craft strike$ d7 E* y& i4 ?4 o! [
104. Professional strike9 {" N- g; n. P* T, D+ Y" ~3 C8 [
! V; r9 l6 _4 H! G7 ~
Ordinary Industrial Strikes
! A& V1 R6 j+ { 105. Establishment strike
0 J# S5 d3 k1 E$ `" f 106. Industry strike5 c4 v) Z* A7 M: v+ O7 w6 m4 \
107. Sympathetic strike
! i* w6 p3 F) P; ]; c% M9 o$ a, k" j' p: M$ X/ W
Restricted Strikes. N+ y- R) ]9 }% z# U. ?, v' s
108. Detailed strike
# b7 S& m2 ]. k! c 109. Bumper strike
, f6 [2 A8 _! Y/ L 110. Slowdown strike# k) w0 _. @/ t7 z! |/ M3 I f$ |0 d1 b
111. Working-to-rule strike
1 t5 _+ g# d0 q# G 112. Reporting “sick” (sick-in)
8 U% N8 ?1 z# T1 x 113. Strike by resignation
7 J' ^" y/ y P; z5 `1 P 114. Limited strike% }& J2 p0 I/ f9 v; c) ~" ^. L- f
115. Selective strike0 c% ~. z$ C; i% {7 y3 ~8 g3 K
$ `8 h! u6 S# ]! m$ v6 ~' r' X( U7 GMulti-Industry Strikes; W- T4 a+ u! \9 \$ }9 @! T& s
! a! B: k0 @/ Z! g1 R
116. Generalized strike
7 f* v; A5 X4 B* O& P) W
8 K9 C6 `3 v) Y ]+ v% W" Q 117. General strike7 m4 |7 a' q7 F; F
9 L* d, F! F, A$ d2 _" A! }Combination of Strikes and Economic Closures
, ^9 i; `9 y. P9 h+ H' D3 d G' r! b4 I0 ?* a, N
118. Hartal
+ ^; a- y: v$ F2 ]' q+ ^0 Z7 V5 V4 n) w8 R( W/ p
119. Economic shutdown
9 K# l5 }+ |: T! R6 x) S# ]2 g- }* m
, B7 i2 k7 ]' p: x( Q3 U |- B. B4 J& ~
THE METHODS OF POLITICAL NONCOOPERATION7 g8 z5 G1 K7 \# w8 s$ b" t: A
! |4 G* x) R" M5 {0 ?
' V( ?8 }# w% y/ i0 B' r+ M4 V; \Rejection of Authority
. i% w0 Y! M+ k 120. Withholding or withdrawal of allegiance# T' @* J3 @" F3 ]- o& c6 u: z, Q
121. Refusal of public support
4 l* [( N, @5 ~( j, R" q 122. Literature and speeches advocating resistance) D5 Y/ U) a2 k3 n) [
k4 o: K- I4 }" @# f5 @
Citizens’ Noncooperation with Government' O }0 S5 O; m% y
123. Boycott of legislative bodies
7 @3 p# p% a6 N$ {) r( ` J 124. Boycott of elections5 x8 J) [/ O% V3 l( o
125. Boycott of government employment and positions, L; Q# q; y8 U* V, W1 j
126. Boycott of government depts., agencies, and other bodies
* c% D4 C6 S2 w% D. D6 @ 127. Withdrawal from government educational institutions
. L! S1 G @# P 128. Boycott of government-supported organizations: V: @( c- C- L1 E
129. Refusal of assistance to enforcement agents
; w- Q4 l7 P" i, @9 Y 130. Removal of own signs and placemarks/ {) p6 c) q, B0 u) A3 H
131. Refusal to accept appointed officials( h+ j2 c% s2 S |. H+ f
132. Refusal to dissolve existing institutions, K' S& R* ]* \' h
+ f+ Z# B( ~) P: D& \3 A$ o% \Citizens’ Alternatives to Obedience
5 }0 Q) m$ l7 V8 C" ?6 `1 \; M5 I 133. Reluctant and slow compliance/ F' F; ]4 o: F- y ]
134. Nonobedience in absence of direct supervision! w6 ~* O0 y: i" y( e% b( r
135. Popular nonobedience
' ] A0 Q* u1 v8 C5 w 136. Disguised disobedience+ L) g+ R7 ]1 k2 R6 Q( t
137. Refusal of an assemblage or meeting to disperse
7 r" X x: W% _# R, w* F# j8 d 138. Sitdown5 s: J+ o) h4 a& P0 m( r \
139. Noncooperation with conscription and deportation1 X+ r Y% @6 d
140. Hiding, escape, and false identities
0 t" k3 {# K% Y$ P! x3 e 141. Civil disobedience of “illegitimate” laws7 [( E m/ @3 |! J9 h6 F) ]
k8 A+ L* i$ s4 e1 X% i
Action by Government Personnel4 b: H: i4 A- [* f# Y
142. Selective refusal of assistance by government aides
8 t8 G4 Y- y/ o8 m( f. y: h. A 143. Blocking of lines of command and information, |4 q n- U' g" H' c+ n- s+ ~
144. Stalling and obstruction p6 G |1 g t" \
145. General administrative noncooperation& w. q( b/ Y/ s3 j
" A5 p! p- ]7 S O/ r) Q 146. Judicial noncooperation# }6 w& T. c- v- Z ~2 O/ ~
147. Deliberate inefficiency and selective noncooperation by enforcement agents
1 ~; D R6 z1 L" j o! q4 a" j 148. Mutiny
/ O, Q$ I: W4 N% b6 ODomestic Governmental Action
! x$ b2 G1 i' M, }1 W5 k 149. Quasi-legal evasions and delays
& l' _5 _$ p( ~ 150. Noncooperation by constituent governmental units. n9 {: j8 X% Q& x. v
& v, a/ [7 s" e O5 NInternational Governmental Action
/ u9 I) g. n5 Y7 ^) N+ U, H3 S7 z 151. Changes in diplomatic and other representations
4 a# p" Z; @+ O1 v% I4 u% g# a 152. Delay and cancellation of diplomatic events5 i" }( o) q9 X
153. Withholding of diplomatic recognition
8 b: [8 `" X+ `9 Z& g 154. Severance of diplomatic relations3 m. q' j* ~2 s. c4 I
155. Withdrawal from international organizations
b) |$ `6 j& e, j% m8 p 156. Refusal of membership in international bodies
5 M, ]- o6 h' t" \# ` 157. Expulsion from international organizations
$ C7 f% H% t0 m1 \' [8 t; A- W: e- o7 H! H8 a R
, {1 {. ?' k1 W2 h! Q, O4 A
2 J0 L5 _ Y+ DTHE METHODS OF NONVIOLENT INTERVENTION
) m/ I; r2 G# V8 x' V& Y- a
, x, j" }0 R4 p) q# ^: {6 r
J' J5 e4 ?5 C6 U/ v" M4 aPsychological Intervention
% S$ e( Q: j) m& l. d 158. Self-exposure to the elements
9 u' g7 ?1 k9 q" J0 e 159. The fast
7 U/ c' S* |0 S7 H/ w7 U a) Fast of moral pressure
: R0 [5 e2 T+ T! W( t. c5 i b) Hunger strike
! e9 t- Y. U( a) b% s c) Satyagrahic fast2 t$ i6 n9 z3 a& o4 |# L
160. Reverse trial
3 z! Y! L; n* }2 J4 F7 w 161. Nonviolent harassment
9 A$ k2 F( n( J9 g- ?$ k! T l' o$ [4 H* ]
Physical Intervention
) r" I2 _# j" O' n# A7 `9 U 162. Sit-in9 x k* l5 e9 l: D
163. Stand-in
1 b1 h" ~, A! m* s 164. Ride-in
/ {5 X: Q9 }% K! E9 U 165. Wade-in
7 s1 r+ Q6 _* H8 N1 w 166. Mill-in& V; U$ U5 h3 x" U
167. Pray-in
" x$ t- ^- B A1 e7 S* x5 s 168. Nonviolent raids
. I* H) y" ~8 j0 {6 ~2 _ 169. Nonviolent air raids2 ~3 r6 }, J5 Y
170. Nonviolent invasion
7 m9 Q& u6 o/ x. J/ T4 M9 }+ E' E' L4 z1 q& T 171. Nonviolent interjection
@- ^( b1 p: Z3 ?7 ~ 172. Nonviolent obstruction
V& W* p% j+ w# y2 [, O 173. Nonviolent occupation4 }1 S. i' z: @" ~! v( A
& O/ f2 B. ]' T6 A( jSocial Intervention: C7 @+ D* r% D9 y2 I! h/ ~
174. Establishing new social patterns; J% h9 j9 K5 P8 l8 r! R( d
175. Overloading of facilities
$ Y, s% N" O6 Y 176. Stall-in
2 b6 G0 g. b: p% Q8 d2 q 177. Speak-in7 ?- o+ Z3 j/ z1 O0 \, K
178. Guerrilla theater
' c( X' g* ~1 w! E X6 s 179. Alternative social institutions
v* c. K- v$ b 180. Alternative communication system1 y K7 |% a7 L E" v5 R( w# R/ P
# K7 d1 a! i. q/ v! YEconomic Intervention. a# C; E* y% `6 i' j2 [1 Q
181. Reverse strike. P1 s- e6 k: P9 {0 o5 y# K
182. Stay-in strike
5 O7 b; N2 L# S& S: s# Y' ` 183. Nonviolent land seizure
{: q" z+ @0 V5 U( U8 U5 d 184. Defiance of blockades$ b' @! f# U# H% n" t
185. Politically motivated counterfeiting: D! S: @0 a4 ^) S' t. f0 ]* Y. q
186. Preclusive purchasing
7 d: G; t3 @: X6 K5 } 187. Seizure of assets1 x- e+ j# t$ l; A
188. Dumping& J5 x3 g% _8 Y1 }/ a, h
189. Selective patronage
9 _4 p, ^0 X* Z8 ` 190. Alternative markets9 G5 o' |7 E# _; o' [$ A6 X
191. Alternative transportation systems
) e9 B% R- S* v1 F& G, [! B 192. Alternative economic institutions! _1 ~" t5 ?' Z# T
- ^) P: k! V# x9 n9 f: p: F* S; I1 ?Political Intervention8 {4 h8 g6 e# P6 J) t9 ~1 L; `# X
193. Overloading of administrative systems/ X# I: A$ a. n, Y7 k" y
194. Disclosing identities of secret agents
, v5 P" L1 @3 k x% r/ i" e 195. Seeking imprisonment+ f5 O7 S/ {; m9 G" [: u
196. Civil disobedience of “neutral” laws
& z& Q* }6 X2 C" D( D7 r 197. Work-on without collaboration! Y9 S) k3 d8 A/ ^& `5 J
198. Dual sovereignty and parallel government4 S: Q" ^2 w: A8 m
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