 鲜花( 240)  鸡蛋( 18)
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发表于 2016-7-3 17:52
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THE METHODS OF NONVIOLENT PROTEST AND PERSUASION
6 S9 t! @7 j; i! gFormal Statements, C" n! R \0 Y
1. Public Speeches
n7 ~( b5 K& L8 x; J$ q. R 2. Letters of opposition or support
8 S/ K* [. M. g/ ~3 H" ~ 3. Declarations by organizations and institutions: Q2 Z% G- w8 [$ [7 w0 |+ _
4. Signed public statements
4 H( \) R2 [9 ^% N3 i 5. Declarations of indictment and intention
. } \+ _7 o+ E2 z6 e 6. Group or mass petitions! [& |" @" c# g% u8 M
; A/ q3 [, Z( O4 v* Q \5 K, k/ Z
Communications with a Wider Audience
" y8 o' O! r* S2 o* ]& T 7. Slogans, caricatures, and symbols9 f* i( u4 k _9 L. Y
8. Banners, posters, and displayed communications2 @& j& d% W9 W: D
9. Leaflets, pamphlets, and books4 d9 o5 S' Y m; J) n" ?
10. Newspapers and journals) U/ k' h4 l+ M( \) m* ?) e9 G
11. Records, radio, and television) A: ^* ]6 v1 O2 U; R
12. Skywriting and earthwriting
) V/ ^% i6 H8 _
[" h8 A+ n- J0 zGroup Representations+ W) X- ^! `" e4 o8 S
13. Deputations- s% u$ |# ~: v" E
14. Mock awards, F( w* j8 K1 y$ y3 [
15. Group lobbying7 S: ]: @1 O( R9 a- B' P
16. Picketing
n7 y$ b F. j 17. Mock elections: ?& b, w0 B3 d) t
' I: X6 W; O. A7 M% B- USymbolic Public Acts6 h; I+ {, }$ s& z# a; i/ V
18. Displays of flags and symbolic colors( n( f4 q; F( C, d1 y
19. Wearing of symbols1 H& M- K, k3 w) E/ N
20. Prayer and worship
; L0 i$ A f8 P& o- h# b% J" B# p 21. Delivering symbolic objects, M* @2 B5 X ^6 T% Q- R; d6 K/ Y
22. Protest disrobings( r2 ~' H* m4 a/ u5 x( h( }0 B
23. Destruction of own property
$ T" K i; a, h, e2 T9 F 24. Symbolic lights% F9 Z0 D: w5 C* C
25. Displays of portraits. R5 X J+ i9 L9 P9 _
26. Paint as protest
9 N( x2 Q* u. }: r: S/ E1 Z n 27. New signs and names
3 F8 h" c7 |; x& m; w; ^- e! e# i2 G 28. Symbolic sounds
q: M9 K- C, C# z 29. Symbolic reclamations
3 v `: {( I9 ~- S. P/ w2 m9 F% w; t8 m 30. Rude gestures
: b! m. R6 W# V c( X) A# p7 H) T& |7 u! L
Pressures on Individuals
3 J) w8 d* U: W* ~* E 31. “Haunting” officials
4 I y( D% R9 q0 t) l$ @" r% y 32. Taunting officials
: v* b6 G F, ^: u" A 33. Fraternization# i% V" b" M% Z& o$ T
34. Vigils
* X* ?7 c* F& R# }
7 J: B& {) y* D. C0 V# _4 CDrama and Music
7 `1 f; o/ r# M, L+ u5 o 35. Humorous skits and pranks
7 P/ v4 Q0 z6 l. v8 X 36. Performances of plays and music
! ]' P: w! ?3 [, P$ V: Q 37. Singing
# r1 v" ]. q9 L- Q; E( V# Z* U8 U8 W) n8 Q5 e- @* t, M: I
Processions
( d6 M/ T% l7 p; Q7 Y 38. Marches
6 m5 {- b. L: j3 n 39. Parades4 h+ | ?& t0 t: Z, J
40. Religious processions. v+ \2 w$ N$ P' @" l& `
41. Pilgrimages
* R u& }' {, r3 K2 {3 l! T 42. Motorcades1 V. d2 g* ~) o4 o/ n7 `8 m- \
$ H" a. w! L' E# L6 R
Honoring the Dead. j: z$ d' m. w2 t5 d( K6 `
43. Political mourning( e. z/ u* ]& R' B1 j
44. Mock funerals
1 M4 K; T$ z6 b2 }. W2 N 45. Demonstrative funerals, F, u- J3 e9 D4 c, {5 a
46. Homage at burial places/ l, f4 g6 d$ I& H b" g9 y8 ~% ]
8 f, L; l" b2 z" z. r7 \2 p1 l) uPublic Assemblies, e* y8 p4 {" F4 u# J8 R+ f3 @% b2 h
47. Assemblies of protest or support) H9 ?$ S8 g1 n, k: V( C4 A8 K
48. Protest meetings1 c' u1 M0 s( r
49. Camouflaged meetings of protest
Y4 {+ j( T3 ]3 M5 o' i 50. Teach-ins6 x, R' i, \. M/ [# f$ H! U! a
3 q+ ?- n1 y) ~4 M! B: j9 W ]& {
Withdrawal and Renunciation
+ l( n6 I. H0 ~% D1 @8 x# u' H 51. Walk-outs- S/ b! B( o5 g3 N- N
52. Silence% q* f3 f7 S2 f9 }% \
53. Renouncing honors1 c+ ]& t0 v) p* v1 c
54. Turning one’s back, ` G5 D6 y. u3 h/ j3 E+ `
G1 A2 b2 Y$ i0 |( H
7 s$ I. y. K0 [- @+ ^) c" `+ P
( j) S, p. `- `* ^3 H, D
THE METHODS OF SOCIAL NONCOOPERATION
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0 z. S B8 w" _% h; i % z8 g: w( O4 P. U8 L4 k
6 B/ P7 c6 b( d' d# o+ }& k
Ostracism of Persons
: N1 L% i8 l) l4 z( [/ v0 [5 Y 55. Social boycott
* Q$ z' U& _' C- ~# h# B* ? 56. Selective social boycott
8 B% A$ s$ Q, v9 U3 q. H5 m* @ 57. Lysistratic nonaction2 Y! F9 k& G* M
58. Excommunication$ M+ K) o* T. d' _7 D% I
59. Interdict5 h7 s7 p, |1 ]: z0 |
7 Y3 t, B- J! E( b
Noncooperation with Social Events, Customs, and Institutions
2 `2 ^; M- _$ b4 A: J 60. Suspension of social and sports activities
) |. w3 ]( ]. Q( [! [ 61. Boycott of social affairs
- E% D X; r1 J e( M 62. Student strike' K$ ~" F$ W1 `7 r/ i2 a+ c' m$ t& g
63. Social disobedience1 @" u( v* g& G
64. Withdrawal from social institutions
8 R$ P, j3 a, [+ E
~* K8 t, ~3 Q' NWithdrawal from the Social System
0 j( v4 l; s q, o 65. Stay-at-home M* \) N- E3 r! W
66. Total personal noncooperation
9 R- q/ X1 G1 Z* V+ k; V$ d/ T 67. “Flight” of workers5 H! e9 J2 K6 X6 }$ @+ j
68. Sanctuary7 N* j# E4 S; r) o- ^
69. Collective disappearance* g: s3 @& P5 w3 o
70. Protest emigration (hijrat)
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9 J# e1 ^' v7 H$ J" d @
THE METHODS OF ECONOMIC NONCOOPERATION: ECONOMIC BOYCOTTS% s1 R, Q ~7 \2 n4 J. j9 B
/ p: ~ G8 p! g. C1 E
+ N" ]; ^# a' @! J5 JActions by Consumers
- T7 W6 p& k, B) O% i! a 71. Consumers’ boycott
0 n. f4 T g1 f# u& H 72. Nonconsumption of boycotted goods' E9 e5 h/ T4 H8 W; `
73. Policy of austerity
8 K0 n) \1 P5 _( u0 S& `% m 74. Rent withholding
$ U J2 c" }# E3 O! m+ a! ` 75. Refusal to rent# o3 M4 ]8 g( @9 O
76. National consumers’ boycott$ @1 v+ H% C" a* X
77. International consumers’ boycott
$ j5 V4 N0 A! u2 B% D5 _9 {( W" r' J: n$ \" J. \
Action by Workers and Producers
* u' q; \9 f' P* z/ s/ I a 78. Workmen’s boycott
! S" {* c! K# C5 G8 E( } 79. Producers’ boycott
( V) b6 h* v+ _2 c" j2 \. b5 D3 h o
Action by Middlemen
5 U$ ~ b9 g" P: k5 m/ x 80. Suppliers’ and handlers’ boycott
+ j: p" r$ j: \5 u/ d( R, m9 b
& c. ^( s$ l7 H+ PAction by Owners and Management
% j, x# m2 T' Z% f4 }7 b. R) s 81. Traders’ boycott- L+ w7 Y3 w" o2 ^
82. Refusal to let or sell property9 t7 U' q3 E( K
83. Lockout
6 n( u9 t7 T" k/ x8 ]. W6 d( g 84. Refusal of industrial assistance; ~" q, r( ~0 ?( L! b
85. Merchants’ “general strike”* \: v6 }8 {. W! h# K) P6 ^
3 ^5 |) u6 [% Y" C; B1 h6 }
Action by Holders of Financial Resources
: G* y7 B6 `0 K$ D- w3 W 86. Withdrawal of bank deposits; w; b$ h$ s" D) h
87. Refusal to pay fees, dues, and assessments7 E. W3 t: V. \
88. Refusal to pay debts or interest, V3 u: B( U% n" [
89. Severance of funds and credit& t) p, O$ y, D3 W4 a3 }
90. Revenue refusal
' y2 N% q- F- B7 E; E E9 O 91. Refusal of a government’s money
# [ Y6 `* `( |. u8 W
! W7 D1 s8 }5 @Action by Governments8 u8 `$ _7 H/ a4 Z. |; b$ x2 D
92. Domestic embargo
0 ] r' L8 ?+ \. D 93. Blacklisting of traders1 w/ z( Y; j& I% N5 |8 s. N
94. International sellers’ embargo
$ T0 C" g( F% F3 } 95. International buyers’ embargo
5 U5 l1 ~# S3 _7 G 96. International trade embargo# c5 o, {# z0 o
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& B( q* Q/ v( `2 l' }7 }: eTHE METHODS OF ECONOMIC NONCOOPERATION: THE STRIKE
1 I. P% ]4 L$ N) x! {& ^0 u0 l
8 j/ k0 A7 L* J. s 3 u- b* L% Z+ v- d" U
Symbolic Strikes5 `5 i" Q/ \/ D% B
97. Protest strike
! L/ A4 I5 Q5 p N q 98. Quickie walkout (lightning strike)
: h3 M1 S$ b& D( W! v8 e1 ^( G6 N2 V- c* m7 U
Agricultural Strikes
- `/ y j% ?* p6 X& g1 f 99. Peasant strike
5 ~5 ^( `9 k) E- ]# x 100. Farm Workers’ strike1 ` U9 W- o$ A9 X3 I3 Q
6 N! Q0 U9 z% u c1 WStrikes by Special Groups
& O/ q. C% i5 j e 101. Refusal of impressed labor8 Y, S) Z6 S& T- s" d. v" {
102. Prisoners’ strike
8 s1 A( g- o' A) j. z. d 103. Craft strike% }6 R' G% U/ s2 W1 L
104. Professional strike9 L3 H W V6 g1 I) E8 K: C
" F: j0 ^* E2 O
Ordinary Industrial Strikes
' q9 }4 p. J; ^ 105. Establishment strike* [% a( A1 b7 J! H# R
106. Industry strike4 C6 c9 ]0 A% {9 F8 E
107. Sympathetic strike2 i( E9 } k+ ?6 V
3 h, Z7 E b! g+ i1 y+ y6 d" E# h6 {Restricted Strikes( b" ?$ K8 l P% d+ v
108. Detailed strike; c0 R) c! l2 f9 Z2 c1 T5 z" r
109. Bumper strike1 @- m5 ^7 T9 D" \% n) a, P. W
110. Slowdown strike
) _4 Q: _0 _/ d" x' ^( H8 g9 i 111. Working-to-rule strike
$ _, |5 m& B P* U x* V 112. Reporting “sick” (sick-in)
" M) f0 ~% K/ T2 p5 q* b 113. Strike by resignation/ {& W: E' Y+ w8 T9 X6 b6 w5 X! J5 T
114. Limited strike" X G+ E' |4 x$ v
115. Selective strike
6 T! b0 T, h1 U) z. K+ I6 |
8 V4 _, ]* A, m8 KMulti-Industry Strikes
: p( g" O: v" e9 a1 p2 H- m
* T2 L2 n; Y o+ R/ q7 I 116. Generalized strike
1 j2 n! }& V& b$ _- D) U+ z9 a: i: k6 n# p, ?
117. General strike
. s2 v: q% _2 }9 a0 y! [ t: A" v- f3 V* n, G7 K
Combination of Strikes and Economic Closures5 X5 U6 D1 b1 g2 c k3 g
. F9 F7 r2 c& A6 h 118. Hartal
E; C0 w5 Z9 D6 `; U/ Z" b5 p, g; Y7 x0 y
119. Economic shutdown5 `. n) u+ P, q# t
0 g; L- u0 H( K+ G
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6 N7 U, |/ }- ?9 K) {3 {+ o; ZTHE METHODS OF POLITICAL NONCOOPERATION0 v1 D2 P8 b4 D B
6 _( ^/ S3 ^2 g9 B( n$ d3 m
; X' ~, D3 n; e* e) NRejection of Authority4 P3 M/ w* M F) s( e7 V; @$ E6 v( k
120. Withholding or withdrawal of allegiance
2 Z4 U1 \/ X1 g% k' s6 m 121. Refusal of public support( b. H1 |9 B7 `* {4 S/ V1 M
122. Literature and speeches advocating resistance
; }: u5 H) U5 s. X* z9 Z! ? v2 S+ j8 V6 Z- Q% B5 ^2 q- s. f! V
Citizens’ Noncooperation with Government
1 `+ G( V7 t" r( }3 h 123. Boycott of legislative bodies
& M0 }; K$ e0 W4 e, k 124. Boycott of elections
( j8 w C0 N7 T, ]4 c& Y% `, Z 125. Boycott of government employment and positions$ U5 ~/ {# s8 B5 F
126. Boycott of government depts., agencies, and other bodies
4 O9 T% f+ g4 x# A. G 127. Withdrawal from government educational institutions
( p# `9 b5 P7 m. ]! x 128. Boycott of government-supported organizations
! K. H9 k/ O3 d6 Y/ t6 { Z 129. Refusal of assistance to enforcement agents
8 O" C9 P9 b/ s& {# c+ n1 A- n 130. Removal of own signs and placemarks
3 {/ Z: ^; I' z5 _ 131. Refusal to accept appointed officials/ B6 _7 t5 n9 ?$ F; r, y
132. Refusal to dissolve existing institutions
; @) _; G: I: A4 z) e6 I
9 @! }3 _3 S: Q4 [$ nCitizens’ Alternatives to Obedience
' \6 n# i, w( B* }+ P 133. Reluctant and slow compliance
8 d4 ^" y: B5 X! Q% Z 134. Nonobedience in absence of direct supervision
: j$ f! B3 j! u1 c' u4 g 135. Popular nonobedience4 ^5 P* W- Z, \9 N; J# Y4 d, ^2 c7 X$ P
136. Disguised disobedience
1 r( Q# B1 X6 N2 P1 N# U 137. Refusal of an assemblage or meeting to disperse
9 c% B) b! q7 R 138. Sitdown% r$ r) b% p+ f, D! }
139. Noncooperation with conscription and deportation
7 W8 b+ [) T, S9 b. I! o 140. Hiding, escape, and false identities
5 c- |' \: y* r: ~ 141. Civil disobedience of “illegitimate” laws
# f* i- w7 N( j# N9 B* E, o& f) d* b3 g$ H1 t4 E
Action by Government Personnel
* [0 |4 Y- Z: Q+ V1 q* q2 |% A7 j; _6 d 142. Selective refusal of assistance by government aides1 H. \8 ^, \) O+ x% c/ u
143. Blocking of lines of command and information" k5 T" N0 N6 [9 }9 p9 f
144. Stalling and obstruction
) n( i6 Y( f4 Q8 v. `+ ~ 145. General administrative noncooperation) r" E! x# O. p- _: |
7 j% |5 T! Q8 z- o# n
146. Judicial noncooperation2 A+ S U( y' F% U9 V" g
147. Deliberate inefficiency and selective noncooperation by enforcement agents$ D& J5 ?( f4 P* t W# ~, w7 g
148. Mutiny
: q2 p. [# o5 X0 `, _8 b# J @Domestic Governmental Action
: |4 P o# a$ q& ] 149. Quasi-legal evasions and delays W _& z \9 j4 A- H+ q6 L
150. Noncooperation by constituent governmental units# F) L( T% M# T# k' m
/ x7 e9 t# f" e5 `
International Governmental Action: k1 O! e3 N- ]# P# z3 s
151. Changes in diplomatic and other representations% U) ^" P, q! h2 y5 \ O
152. Delay and cancellation of diplomatic events: ]4 [8 E+ e4 M5 s* [; p
153. Withholding of diplomatic recognition
& m% G1 U; C. v 154. Severance of diplomatic relations
; @- @2 z' y6 I0 k 155. Withdrawal from international organizations
6 a. P/ h/ ~' l+ I: G0 J) V- T 156. Refusal of membership in international bodies. _/ ?4 n4 X6 s
157. Expulsion from international organizations$ F! _' r, F# [1 X0 n" w
) i& c4 q _ O7 G
, _5 ~" Z' O) W6 j7 a* ~) G3 _( s, T+ K) f
THE METHODS OF NONVIOLENT INTERVENTION
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Psychological Intervention
# `) a" n4 u8 m% Q% Y 158. Self-exposure to the elements8 d, y+ [! x O3 n) h! J- _
159. The fast" l- Z" [8 b \5 S& n8 W6 m
a) Fast of moral pressure8 ^) b# `4 g2 \ r& g( J. R0 c
b) Hunger strike
3 {+ n7 |4 r' e; w7 |7 | c) Satyagrahic fast
+ P, ~% s" q5 d; H7 V. v 160. Reverse trial
+ b1 g- G S d! s1 o 161. Nonviolent harassment
& }6 m ~* t f4 m: p4 F; ]' W* G9 [' b3 `3 [# q! e
Physical Intervention: g/ n \0 Z5 w P& b/ c- i
162. Sit-in
9 Z7 X2 H" }$ S2 d3 J9 ~* h9 u' [/ t 163. Stand-in9 w- n+ ]. @/ L' M7 y
164. Ride-in
. s7 ^" |2 x( t! k- w, D9 i 165. Wade-in
* Q5 }: k9 c) I% p% h5 I 166. Mill-in2 h9 p, j$ F/ b" F" M3 l6 M7 v3 ?
167. Pray-in3 J- e5 O' f1 T) x8 Z
168. Nonviolent raids
3 q& g; i2 U1 J* J3 g 169. Nonviolent air raids
3 { c' Y5 I# ^/ ?" c 170. Nonviolent invasion v2 P* F( ~0 X
171. Nonviolent interjection( W% |$ n% z- k( f
172. Nonviolent obstruction' ]4 t' X8 p# E B/ o6 O7 U
173. Nonviolent occupation! {. j+ ], j, l7 r
8 X x2 l, s" w2 [6 h
Social Intervention
# E, e% k8 `1 ?) J5 z$ A 174. Establishing new social patterns
4 b& _: ?& y) I% ~) t 175. Overloading of facilities
. M- _* z$ K& Y" _8 D 176. Stall-in4 b: D+ A. ]; j' Z/ A2 x
177. Speak-in$ S( s' c6 c& L& G
178. Guerrilla theater# x) c# p$ q4 s2 q
179. Alternative social institutions
$ L& k: v. C( a5 A' \8 p9 h( B F 180. Alternative communication system+ L, D: {( }7 V3 t3 r
: Q/ u w2 L) O+ xEconomic Intervention. E0 Q5 ]2 k# f& n
181. Reverse strike$ u5 m; w$ w* H0 |4 q$ X5 h
182. Stay-in strike# ]( b* K6 r2 y9 G b1 j8 Q
183. Nonviolent land seizure
$ Z: x4 e" s- ^) X" ~ 184. Defiance of blockades5 Z# G7 F7 M# g& x) N- Y
185. Politically motivated counterfeiting
) {: A4 _( [% O 186. Preclusive purchasing
; O2 R2 Q, g; m 187. Seizure of assets
! s* d% P0 Z0 S' P+ _- Y; C 188. Dumping
9 N' J; v J/ d3 J5 t; N+ U 189. Selective patronage
9 I# x$ S% C/ q. x8 o+ t! n 190. Alternative markets W. S( y) u$ t
191. Alternative transportation systems m$ |/ \& d/ m8 v9 j% U' W
192. Alternative economic institutions
/ _* M z7 n$ m( Y, ^
3 d0 \$ @( B" \3 v+ s# m$ u# WPolitical Intervention4 j: h1 n4 c, ^0 b% ]
193. Overloading of administrative systems
' P) @& R( ^: {# W; B- i! a9 V/ K ` 194. Disclosing identities of secret agents! L2 O2 ]# g2 G4 x
195. Seeking imprisonment
6 V& y- C4 i& H8 S, b( ` 196. Civil disobedience of “neutral” laws
* d9 W) b2 Y1 g+ j: S$ F# M2 A 197. Work-on without collaboration9 p3 j+ [1 W: v
198. Dual sovereignty and parallel government; b c; k; u' Z; ~/ B
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楼主: reneeqq
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发表于 2016-7-2 18:23
发表于 2016-7-2 22:02
