 鲜花( 240)  鸡蛋( 18)
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发表于 2016-7-3 17:52
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THE METHODS OF NONVIOLENT PROTEST AND PERSUASION$ m" A$ Z+ q0 Y, c
Formal Statements: f- I5 K' w7 B' ]. z8 g% ]
1. Public Speeches
* N" O, `( c( Z# R) S 2. Letters of opposition or support
( B' o4 L# t$ N8 m ^) m 3. Declarations by organizations and institutions
, X7 {$ R8 j0 Q# @% r9 m 4. Signed public statements% R( t3 u! T1 b8 J
5. Declarations of indictment and intention
- \2 f0 H2 r' g. U 6. Group or mass petitions5 K$ r2 o9 u1 R3 Q* ~
# {8 Q, V+ @( h* K D6 `3 c0 a4 `! H/ W
Communications with a Wider Audience
# x5 ?+ G0 o r 7. Slogans, caricatures, and symbols2 N& c6 Z y* O. i" I& `
8. Banners, posters, and displayed communications
9 n0 n) s7 @! f" X& i! C 9. Leaflets, pamphlets, and books0 J r" s" R Z, g/ z
10. Newspapers and journals6 r: M7 U/ X/ y
11. Records, radio, and television
" L2 m& z9 {* [, o* v {6 m* L; q/ ], e 12. Skywriting and earthwriting7 y0 J4 i2 A) O/ Y6 D9 c- {
, c: ?% F3 j+ c+ HGroup Representations1 ~/ O8 f: G& X+ Y0 y
13. Deputations% o' g/ Q0 m6 s: ]/ ^% H z. d
14. Mock awards' e) N8 m2 l! W4 C: P3 M$ W+ N* r
15. Group lobbying! r( s* R& U' |' D
16. Picketing+ F; r' m4 \6 t. \1 D- t
17. Mock elections
2 `( F. s3 z/ Y1 g8 n# C$ v) _2 m+ q( [. i. z3 {
Symbolic Public Acts
# W7 @5 m$ T" O+ z! t 18. Displays of flags and symbolic colors% ?2 e8 Q0 B( D( d$ ]& }
19. Wearing of symbols2 C- g7 s3 F/ v" s9 j
20. Prayer and worship
0 O, y, j. F" ]& {/ Y 21. Delivering symbolic objects
! `$ N: R/ U' |: O9 w 22. Protest disrobings" q2 t" F( z7 T1 x5 A6 F
23. Destruction of own property. s/ a& N: k6 D h1 U/ ]) j; C
24. Symbolic lights
" K: @2 `& s0 V$ o" I# s( u0 Y 25. Displays of portraits7 G$ J& v8 ]9 G# t9 L; A1 Z. K
26. Paint as protest
: [/ ?( a V9 D: M7 q9 \$ T 27. New signs and names
- V6 J; @) J& a" k- ~* X- }3 H8 @ 28. Symbolic sounds
+ y- _" D. M$ ]3 D' G7 i9 B! f: L 29. Symbolic reclamations: ]+ c0 z% y; F; z1 u$ M
30. Rude gestures
1 C# R' C1 Z& |$ s A2 {9 K. l A/ m. f. @
Pressures on Individuals, Z, V& q& I% R! U) L
31. “Haunting” officials |2 P- w6 B. X8 [
32. Taunting officials
, p+ a" g1 W4 l, C/ d 33. Fraternization8 H. N% H5 z8 c) x M, {, z
34. Vigils. A/ W# Z' u' W2 Q3 o
, Q u% e: v! H; V$ x
Drama and Music
7 I- J3 }! ^& Y" @! e7 Y 35. Humorous skits and pranks
6 t* e% a% l. e2 J5 D2 x+ t# e7 G7 d8 M 36. Performances of plays and music
6 c+ D/ @/ u& O5 w4 u 37. Singing. a% _& _* i6 J& W, D
S: T2 J& q! j9 Q5 \. b( x
Processions
8 c0 D6 b# N& U2 ]* B! a6 I+ @ 38. Marches; u/ E2 |. [: u
39. Parades8 Y O) f8 y" \+ Q% C
40. Religious processions# q7 j) j% D# t6 x0 D: X" u
41. Pilgrimages7 g5 r. U4 G0 {) T# L$ w" e
42. Motorcades& r* g& E0 V/ H, l6 r
, r9 _/ ~% Q( F$ |" D$ y BHonoring the Dead
7 c7 S( j$ a: @( o1 F! i 43. Political mourning
$ J0 K; |. Y' k# }8 c+ ^! n 44. Mock funerals8 O( g4 e" d- u6 I
45. Demonstrative funerals
# K1 H- t- V" I1 O1 U+ H/ p 46. Homage at burial places0 J1 m0 Q. \! w) @+ E
" T- k; X( ]6 k/ l% f
Public Assemblies
4 s2 J% j8 p& w8 G5 s( F L 47. Assemblies of protest or support4 ~* x, L% f) Y/ J5 S# i
48. Protest meetings4 r3 i! j. H. _! c# y j& o
49. Camouflaged meetings of protest9 S1 r% M2 G! X# H5 a7 R% b
50. Teach-ins* N+ ~; {+ U! j! |7 k
" B+ m+ ^) G6 h/ b) O8 `$ ?
Withdrawal and Renunciation: z# _' h1 Y/ U
51. Walk-outs
9 r0 N# l: e2 ]6 [# o 52. Silence
9 F8 l7 d7 K' d- Q. d 53. Renouncing honors" {% Z2 N" |, B$ Q7 ~( A
54. Turning one’s back
& O6 [0 u- b2 ]" k) r& F/ l5 H) a! I o! k+ T v, z
% T; X% n; k2 j& j; P3 d
- g- ~; ~: \* y( JTHE METHODS OF SOCIAL NONCOOPERATION
9 t; b, x' h" T) V. Y5 F) T( @
, k. g: H; p. e1 \# W! u/ H- t( x ' ]% E1 M6 v$ U1 i& e) ^
) C1 M) F2 @5 O8 ]- _1 \' ?: XOstracism of Persons; `! U; |. \9 {8 o6 |
55. Social boycott
- ]* ~; ?4 \+ m7 I _ 56. Selective social boycott$ t# l3 E' n% I, H" k
57. Lysistratic nonaction
0 ?7 u2 Z/ g6 m7 ?1 ]* J1 D 58. Excommunication
6 t4 ~) P5 s" d% y 59. Interdict
7 i+ d* G |3 [4 V: O" o" X- o. ?) [) V0 w2 j$ k) S5 k0 u8 X/ w
Noncooperation with Social Events, Customs, and Institutions( ?! p7 g8 @$ R* y# m
60. Suspension of social and sports activities( d# ^3 `/ b0 f& D; f0 q( X
61. Boycott of social affairs
4 ^! K/ B* Y/ P5 l& m 62. Student strike' e; B5 c4 U! j* s9 p% t% p2 e- {
63. Social disobedience" H4 k( i2 s, N1 q$ l/ f. ?
64. Withdrawal from social institutions& i% Z8 L3 Q9 f! P: b0 {
/ a: c2 I6 F" h NWithdrawal from the Social System
7 y* a2 ]0 O* r2 [ 65. Stay-at-home( J( A! R5 G2 C/ k, D- t/ o. L
66. Total personal noncooperation
6 i4 y) X4 v9 U, T" b 67. “Flight” of workers
/ _: v+ F3 x6 @) }3 @; v: @5 Y 68. Sanctuary
: C8 a# M, p( |: q 69. Collective disappearance6 g$ d [6 ?7 D. I) K
70. Protest emigration (hijrat)
: y- X8 a4 G6 a5 E8 ?9 e8 f6 f( g: M9 Y
" o( U& t1 W4 o' X- Z z
! ]; Y, q; a% E/ A* q0 cTHE METHODS OF ECONOMIC NONCOOPERATION: ECONOMIC BOYCOTTS
% u8 v' q* O( x' L" |3 Y1 k# h( b$ R6 Q; C! f$ v( ~9 \, l$ j3 d1 |
$ h" L0 Y1 ^! EActions by Consumers
3 G) g# y4 C& q! O8 d 71. Consumers’ boycott
' S6 F0 l. d# o3 A1 U# @% f 72. Nonconsumption of boycotted goods
6 p' W6 ~9 n- s& N" ] 73. Policy of austerity
" U* F: o& J5 c! y' `$ F& b 74. Rent withholding
u. F9 L( T1 P! l. w8 R+ o7 ^7 t 75. Refusal to rent
) X0 C4 |2 T# F6 q 76. National consumers’ boycott
9 B* l# `! n. p8 { 77. International consumers’ boycott
: I$ I' b4 ~* B% R* \" I+ K. [
Action by Workers and Producers. n) L+ o; f Q6 S' q C- E
78. Workmen’s boycott% v- h* u! V9 q% R9 e" W4 y' c
79. Producers’ boycott
9 Q9 v+ e: @4 f9 V2 t/ s, O
: J6 A& p) T# p# K2 o0 pAction by Middlemen
4 ]+ X# n9 Y( I 80. Suppliers’ and handlers’ boycott
3 L# h! G( ~7 S2 _0 ~+ @% S# l3 @
Action by Owners and Management" o% H8 y7 i0 O( e7 s7 j
81. Traders’ boycott
& y2 v/ t1 {) _2 m8 Y 82. Refusal to let or sell property3 g/ S& X8 x( p& _' x6 f6 u, j
83. Lockout; r) Y; t9 F3 x) z- n: u
84. Refusal of industrial assistance
3 ^( i. d2 ]' i: l% C 85. Merchants’ “general strike”% G3 x2 n+ W' k1 _& O
. G4 R+ q( `3 q4 r8 ^ ?7 a6 T
Action by Holders of Financial Resources. v. Q! D j9 ]3 H
86. Withdrawal of bank deposits
$ U$ g I$ z6 G 87. Refusal to pay fees, dues, and assessments
" G$ \9 M" }4 H' o+ h 88. Refusal to pay debts or interest
( e1 R% G) J5 O4 a% i 89. Severance of funds and credit
1 f" Z/ e: q: X- y; ^ 90. Revenue refusal* S" H& D V7 [5 C
91. Refusal of a government’s money/ E- Q4 d7 X% m
3 x! R. g- E+ r2 PAction by Governments: y& Z+ r# F, S+ O" m* Z
92. Domestic embargo
; M( y' X9 G: v, n 93. Blacklisting of traders' ?" ?9 [( U1 i, [% l7 L! B
94. International sellers’ embargo0 D9 L9 G1 t w4 ]* w# j
95. International buyers’ embargo
) K' \. f. y* v; x 96. International trade embargo
2 m; a5 h$ v; Z8 W/ n* n3 ~' ]
8 @# F1 ^8 F6 }. P$ R6 n, J& b5 d1 M7 I" `
THE METHODS OF ECONOMIC NONCOOPERATION: THE STRIKE- K- H! d' u4 `' {- F
* N: Z8 R+ J# Z+ g
) z" S- \( I+ c3 b6 ~Symbolic Strikes
6 H w$ T1 R G0 J' S" e) b/ s 97. Protest strike9 r% D* |& o) ?2 b" r
98. Quickie walkout (lightning strike)8 R1 p6 S; Z5 A4 C
- ?5 J! ^. L8 b f$ {( P& k$ ~Agricultural Strikes& {+ I, `! |0 M$ G' } `
99. Peasant strike& Z' Q9 l9 K0 A" ~, h7 r2 S( E
100. Farm Workers’ strike
, g& G1 a3 K, b+ x" M8 e, X8 z6 t* j" ]3 [4 }7 j
Strikes by Special Groups+ \0 P# ]+ A7 V: O" l" J5 w
101. Refusal of impressed labor8 S8 G$ g. R' N
102. Prisoners’ strike0 g) w$ D( |$ P' x
103. Craft strike
& i3 J4 n) T4 o* x 104. Professional strike+ m/ e$ m9 }8 t) w+ @$ t8 |* f
5 m/ F" v% ]. U MOrdinary Industrial Strikes I6 Y. z* Z: ^' z. R
105. Establishment strike
2 f6 V/ u& r- @$ L2 \' Z7 _ 106. Industry strike
. z6 Z0 x6 r: G: S7 R 107. Sympathetic strike
X( U% n. x/ E- i8 X% D- K5 k' [3 z: e4 l' L
Restricted Strikes2 j& e8 J5 V' }5 f4 _
108. Detailed strike
3 E3 d5 ?8 y$ ] 109. Bumper strike
) V+ V3 @5 P& I- R 110. Slowdown strike) L9 z# B" }6 h9 H' N0 K8 u
111. Working-to-rule strike# L/ P4 T8 H- i
112. Reporting “sick” (sick-in)/ X; m i/ c, L: B/ ^ w
113. Strike by resignation# }% z# `$ C* _: X. W) f- v) j
114. Limited strike
% e; Y7 Z: P& c% L" ~0 J6 |0 l 115. Selective strike c: D% x$ A) I1 {8 \# g% w
) p, m; @* t. l* _) {4 v% j
Multi-Industry Strikes# n/ \' {! |: Z
7 Y* V" N4 h+ O) U* Z7 F 116. Generalized strike Q' z6 V5 s& M( x1 k
% A) a, s7 t( L0 M* u; A 117. General strike
7 M1 b3 Q& E$ ]* [+ V2 c+ C
5 J- f8 t) M2 K( h2 W$ ?0 K$ Z9 |Combination of Strikes and Economic Closures
9 M3 B8 c( X/ I3 H* j c1 e& o4 t( W9 s
118. Hartal
, e# t1 k! }. X$ | d' h, r; B p; [" I' p2 ]
119. Economic shutdown
0 f% L( Y$ b, m+ w9 R: K/ f4 p" Y/ e2 I0 ?+ A1 g: V
) r3 `& V/ j/ m' N
' s+ }* B! S5 D1 J7 A' d
THE METHODS OF POLITICAL NONCOOPERATION
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. c8 v( a2 ]- `; m1 V) b5 a K/ a. h u' m d7 I
Rejection of Authority! N4 Y$ t) O# ]$ Z! h3 G0 Z7 d
120. Withholding or withdrawal of allegiance/ }; D) a. g6 S) k6 d: o* F! Y
121. Refusal of public support5 @ {, _; U' \; [
122. Literature and speeches advocating resistance6 u# m# l9 o3 @0 p/ n
) B. F$ k; F: Y
Citizens’ Noncooperation with Government& R+ M7 Q j- T o; o& [! Z3 C$ B; X
123. Boycott of legislative bodies
0 D3 {- \1 f B! v; K. l 124. Boycott of elections
6 M5 N, o$ T# Y3 r 125. Boycott of government employment and positions
. d1 _' _" Y% d$ T. |, X9 Y4 p 126. Boycott of government depts., agencies, and other bodies2 T8 U2 B9 g0 q) Z
127. Withdrawal from government educational institutions
, U" U7 _1 e4 V2 | 128. Boycott of government-supported organizations) a6 \$ F8 ~! ]8 B
129. Refusal of assistance to enforcement agents
9 q& _! D v% X+ N 130. Removal of own signs and placemarks( m+ p! t7 P) q3 f
131. Refusal to accept appointed officials& U1 x% y& j2 I6 t, K8 v* [
132. Refusal to dissolve existing institutions
. L# z( \+ o+ x* o
o4 A3 }- e' @; s# QCitizens’ Alternatives to Obedience
5 v' q# c& X3 \ 133. Reluctant and slow compliance" t8 E% x: p. f% q9 ^
134. Nonobedience in absence of direct supervision
, b6 j5 z; K8 Y, |& n j 135. Popular nonobedience1 Q {9 Y# |$ [( J
136. Disguised disobedience6 T k! @( B3 g2 X
137. Refusal of an assemblage or meeting to disperse2 S8 S9 K# {) `& t- |! s2 C/ {& t
138. Sitdown
2 v3 e8 m5 ~' [ 139. Noncooperation with conscription and deportation% \7 F1 e2 g! @; v. X! N, }, s
140. Hiding, escape, and false identities
4 d+ P% O! T* d* h0 l 141. Civil disobedience of “illegitimate” laws
# e+ p" M- [& h7 X" b+ t+ ?; T$ l4 G( ~+ n
Action by Government Personnel
) G) |: x+ O6 a- O 142. Selective refusal of assistance by government aides
( j) s, A; ?5 ~( t6 Z 143. Blocking of lines of command and information
" N' J5 H! U! ]8 c, v! M 144. Stalling and obstruction- s3 t$ w! ~( n; j" s
145. General administrative noncooperation( R: E7 j7 ^. x
" ^: w2 t' M! l, M5 w
146. Judicial noncooperation( C9 ~& I# f6 M8 p
147. Deliberate inefficiency and selective noncooperation by enforcement agents
- I* k% h( e7 n! i* x4 } 148. Mutiny
3 N2 z% ~" U. NDomestic Governmental Action
+ z0 q# x5 k: i) \! I7 X 149. Quasi-legal evasions and delays
) i$ z: {% J' g2 J$ `) U$ J- x 150. Noncooperation by constituent governmental units. [+ a4 c6 g M4 u9 @% ?' R
6 C4 i/ w8 d( v( e. N1 h% k! t: _# k
International Governmental Action! ?; ~3 q* A: k$ Q0 P
151. Changes in diplomatic and other representations! J3 ]- K3 {) r6 L6 `
152. Delay and cancellation of diplomatic events/ V: w7 n, ?) x
153. Withholding of diplomatic recognition
! ^, y- s; [; ], q2 W$ }& ?, I 154. Severance of diplomatic relations% P! n" d/ F# w( J0 d
155. Withdrawal from international organizations" ^3 O3 n7 X0 \; [7 L" s3 d
156. Refusal of membership in international bodies& }5 j, a9 W% Y* }
157. Expulsion from international organizations6 D- c7 M) r3 W# ^# T' G9 l& k
# B( y2 S' \# a! Y1 R
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+ k" p5 t; I9 c3 U S: X. B( d/ H8 DTHE METHODS OF NONVIOLENT INTERVENTION
5 P- U3 E$ X, R- A2 e# s2 X! R) c7 q4 [, L7 X0 Y5 I# r/ \7 g
, M: H2 S t. y. F5 z
Psychological Intervention7 n( w1 [1 i9 Z4 r4 H' I
158. Self-exposure to the elements
( j) _8 l% ~0 M8 D: u% X 159. The fast
1 w5 B8 x* T+ d1 o3 @* H! B0 n a) Fast of moral pressure
7 r, b# E% }5 B. V+ {, W0 c5 F/ S b) Hunger strike
0 H( C% @1 t* j: E/ K c) Satyagrahic fast
$ P1 d7 P9 c7 O% y" H6 f 160. Reverse trial
8 A7 ^% D! \: w8 r1 ^/ }7 f 161. Nonviolent harassment
$ w5 x# h0 C2 Z( ?) e
2 B) f, \* L5 vPhysical Intervention. Q' r' f* s1 |8 @
162. Sit-in* m6 s" b/ w4 T$ `7 |2 u; p
163. Stand-in( M3 w$ u- r9 N5 m2 H
164. Ride-in
9 @# Z V1 A2 Q5 W/ A1 M% ] 165. Wade-in7 S+ B3 r# p' z" ^6 x# f
166. Mill-in
4 L% u* e5 e+ P0 {4 ~- e 167. Pray-in3 r( C9 M- s7 a4 n0 H% }
168. Nonviolent raids/ K6 v) H4 M, e M! g1 e" a
169. Nonviolent air raids
E4 d- H4 r; [* x& F+ V 170. Nonviolent invasion0 K7 k F/ @, ~5 W
171. Nonviolent interjection+ I% d, D$ z; c9 S& ^6 H
172. Nonviolent obstruction
1 @. h O3 p% r! S4 h 173. Nonviolent occupation0 ?3 z9 n$ r" D; q* @8 Y f; D# t
. v6 ]5 F4 z! o( H, r d) PSocial Intervention$ V9 n2 K7 ~& a& l" c P0 P: \
174. Establishing new social patterns! I! e6 @1 k& @% b. f
175. Overloading of facilities
7 D! ]- [* B- O" U. q+ t- } 176. Stall-in" b5 U j3 N4 {# Q
177. Speak-in$ e$ A1 W! J$ E! n
178. Guerrilla theater9 e4 c% d/ }/ l# W* [8 P5 m4 e
179. Alternative social institutions$ A6 [* e2 X5 a6 ] L: }
180. Alternative communication system
, o3 U0 f2 x H' {) d0 v) {/ ~# V6 Y" S
Economic Intervention
8 l# J' {9 N- w% J; H 181. Reverse strike. X1 C. _3 t* ~) w8 f& W1 K
182. Stay-in strike2 @. x O1 R5 C+ K! q
183. Nonviolent land seizure
h& d4 M; F, _' q* @ 184. Defiance of blockades. o4 h! A; h1 Q G* s& N0 S: R$ P: U% M
185. Politically motivated counterfeiting' ^/ X8 i( ?9 D; R: c
186. Preclusive purchasing+ {1 U9 y; w; t0 z
187. Seizure of assets% J& W+ d- p2 m0 m
188. Dumping
! r+ ^5 V {( N! j 189. Selective patronage% q( I3 v. n) \/ I# G
190. Alternative markets/ X+ t/ W0 \5 x( ?- t( E/ N! l
191. Alternative transportation systems5 F8 o. N" v5 |- l& B O; H1 j
192. Alternative economic institutions2 Q" t& {# V% @: ~0 A
0 H4 {% [3 ~7 E/ a
Political Intervention
4 W( A+ V' T3 J! f* V9 S" Y$ u' v 193. Overloading of administrative systems; j, H4 l3 D( w( L; m
194. Disclosing identities of secret agents
+ ~7 M8 S$ d9 E9 z2 v6 Y 195. Seeking imprisonment
$ T# d4 w5 E7 m' a* M+ R! t 196. Civil disobedience of “neutral” laws6 Y, l/ ], k7 e: Q+ K2 L
197. Work-on without collaboration
; I9 S. I- p. C, e 198. Dual sovereignty and parallel government8 e" n( z1 v$ J: ]5 I8 K
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楼主: reneeqq
狗仔卡
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发表于 2016-7-2 18:23
发表于 2016-7-2 22:02
