 鲜花( 240)  鸡蛋( 18)
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发表于 2016-7-3 17:52
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THE METHODS OF NONVIOLENT PROTEST AND PERSUASION
$ U, w1 X5 T; u8 n4 A/ z' bFormal Statements
+ q( Z8 X1 Q: e$ @. o1 v# j* C$ ? 1. Public Speeches i a( ]; g [& Z( @& W; \# r
2. Letters of opposition or support
7 ^# w" K- Q* s$ D 3. Declarations by organizations and institutions- Z4 X* R1 r/ H/ ^7 d$ t1 S4 A
4. Signed public statements
2 Z' R# ?+ m! o% V 5. Declarations of indictment and intention3 \1 ]7 A W" ^2 y" H2 H
6. Group or mass petitions1 V9 |/ K4 f* X! b
& u. D1 E$ Z, A
Communications with a Wider Audience: @2 A" q/ O" N2 q1 g
7. Slogans, caricatures, and symbols
2 B7 t% f) _+ e; u7 ~ 8. Banners, posters, and displayed communications
3 H& O( [/ ?4 A: [5 a9 ]' l% [* k0 Z 9. Leaflets, pamphlets, and books2 Z7 `9 u2 G5 @" j6 L
10. Newspapers and journals" g3 `+ a+ {3 F7 r* @
11. Records, radio, and television* J5 I9 @1 f4 x
12. Skywriting and earthwriting# n) T0 g6 j: w1 L* q4 O; S& @! Q
: r: ]2 T! R4 Q& `8 `
Group Representations
; F/ o: T4 J; m 13. Deputations$ L0 G" n' P- M) }
14. Mock awards
8 o" g! |+ {5 j1 Y5 P. X# ? 15. Group lobbying
5 u0 v4 j y8 P/ Y) l 16. Picketing; A$ q) o4 p2 Y& k/ h
17. Mock elections
/ v/ [1 S8 e0 U# Y' p
& q0 y' r! u) M( SSymbolic Public Acts- c* v7 T6 S4 a* R9 G' l& D
18. Displays of flags and symbolic colors
" S; D" {! G/ ?3 U, f0 q* w/ E 19. Wearing of symbols0 J+ l$ C2 ~' S) h- K) F3 h( Z z
20. Prayer and worship9 ?2 J5 S1 j; r1 T
21. Delivering symbolic objects l& c) c' F! ?: m) V) ^4 U
22. Protest disrobings; U# o O7 U Q& U
23. Destruction of own property o; y7 _$ `; [' R
24. Symbolic lights" R4 Z% f4 I7 @# s
25. Displays of portraits
! d/ R. O8 p9 T4 x/ T6 e 26. Paint as protest" Y9 F- k5 f4 V2 w9 Y4 O
27. New signs and names8 D; h, x# \" t: B. u" b( A3 p
28. Symbolic sounds8 [) `8 y5 y, X: v' T) K
29. Symbolic reclamations
9 H- ?! {8 c K& x5 t 30. Rude gestures
( U3 N7 D& Q0 u# ^$ O, y9 O
1 o3 j C( @- j, G( `+ }Pressures on Individuals
: B) ^( G! [9 f: ^ 31. “Haunting” officials( a& d! K1 |6 a, g s, W1 M! s: K8 r/ ?
32. Taunting officials
9 w6 n( ?0 b) }! z) j& K3 k1 ]# t 33. Fraternization% O% Z& Z# B* V) @5 Q' S+ k
34. Vigils
( V6 Z$ z( |/ H C5 t; o$ l
* @9 H4 O0 l3 XDrama and Music2 P3 X& o& W* L
35. Humorous skits and pranks1 w* o S" S6 ~* {& S m8 Q* z3 C
36. Performances of plays and music3 X/ b% ~8 w7 v+ W# f1 p# l
37. Singing( a% O/ Q# r9 @: r; o8 T/ M
" @1 W- \/ B" y0 t0 w* j H XProcessions
& P) L3 k, V) ]- T 38. Marches
4 f& T6 @1 ~! h6 B! B9 u 39. Parades6 d. ]9 T* n0 s& v! F. ^
40. Religious processions
- f) S# w0 l7 t6 t 41. Pilgrimages7 n4 t5 Q1 R$ E$ A+ y$ W
42. Motorcades
/ q. j5 m/ D8 V- j8 F ]* F% ]" k* A3 r
Honoring the Dead0 U* n1 _; a' c: Y2 a) H
43. Political mourning: v+ U" T1 @. k
44. Mock funerals" a+ l; _" R0 ?6 d( L' c4 R8 ^
45. Demonstrative funerals
5 ?. h9 Q c; V* K# m" o( j/ @ 46. Homage at burial places3 u! r6 q" r& l7 L
9 t1 B8 F p# G# n: k9 G
Public Assemblies
3 O$ G2 B9 A$ K- d: @! d" a 47. Assemblies of protest or support' E2 H: ~6 B! m* e. a4 B4 A3 j
48. Protest meetings
6 t' I' o9 Y2 q% l1 ? 49. Camouflaged meetings of protest4 p R1 Q/ A6 g8 L7 X4 {
50. Teach-ins6 Q; [& q8 g I7 J* e& M% O$ R
: V% G# r* G5 S6 s" r. B
Withdrawal and Renunciation# s. c: S- Y& z8 A& W* d
51. Walk-outs
" p' g/ \ ?# p4 l6 i 52. Silence
4 T0 f0 s H1 l( ]( _3 D 53. Renouncing honors
6 G7 q( W4 }5 h( B1 ~ 54. Turning one’s back
, t) s3 ~0 K- M. @5 {" s: E: `) Z
; _5 Q& _$ i$ t6 M1 X. V6 k& ~5 [1 I' e. w1 r
THE METHODS OF SOCIAL NONCOOPERATION
- S- @) L1 S, q8 `% t2 T1 P4 _0 c3 X6 a
2 E& P) z7 n z( Y, ]. X+ i: K" ^. i. Y# T" z- m9 s$ y e- K
Ostracism of Persons# o& Y: W6 O) K* n, }
55. Social boycott( b$ R" r2 t7 j3 U1 Z3 d
56. Selective social boycott' l" M' J% |+ @6 g1 G/ h
57. Lysistratic nonaction
6 ?( z. S# R9 B% v 58. Excommunication$ ^& ?4 D8 |& F' `
59. Interdict
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% t- y) a; t& i' o, JNoncooperation with Social Events, Customs, and Institutions; H8 t; b6 G5 Q# G" ?3 p
60. Suspension of social and sports activities: Q2 u; q. I, g2 y
61. Boycott of social affairs% B8 K9 u8 c3 S& r4 B, K) G% `! N
62. Student strike R$ @4 h9 w+ O3 l
63. Social disobedience+ Y# s( y6 Q) }6 A9 K
64. Withdrawal from social institutions2 k+ N% c4 C8 l) N: n2 ~4 g7 B9 g9 p. ~
+ i) w9 ^* f* b
Withdrawal from the Social System
; Z; Z3 q4 n; E: r$ m( C 65. Stay-at-home
7 h7 l! ?; P; V/ x' F/ v) ] 66. Total personal noncooperation
- |) x1 T" t1 ~% b 67. “Flight” of workers0 _7 N; l& [2 Q. g) A
68. Sanctuary
) A& |* w6 L& W0 t8 w 69. Collective disappearance9 K A; `1 K5 i- F
70. Protest emigration (hijrat)
5 {5 H; r) Z5 u) ~$ d$ m/ _# M5 f; D7 M& d" |- j
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2 ? ^& b, y1 r- H, u! \THE METHODS OF ECONOMIC NONCOOPERATION: ECONOMIC BOYCOTTS
- P2 S* y$ ^. I6 H9 q* y; \" v# `$ u4 F: I6 _# H- b5 O' R- H
+ ^5 K$ k+ _' x' r, \Actions by Consumers
) s1 d# R9 p, q% ~( T' r: J3 x 71. Consumers’ boycott
' A6 X" |" D# u' i2 w 72. Nonconsumption of boycotted goods
' g2 W" k( e* Q, F 73. Policy of austerity$ n$ y$ L) N( M$ c
74. Rent withholding7 q; A) Z* A" f5 N4 P+ M! S" \
75. Refusal to rent& M0 x4 _0 W8 o2 P& v8 T1 m
76. National consumers’ boycott v3 V3 b1 a$ M4 H
77. International consumers’ boycott
( [$ Z1 z, C# M' {/ B% n! P* s
& u4 E8 p# y( r6 H; s y# }" NAction by Workers and Producers
* q, ^, K0 \& N& P/ ` @ 78. Workmen’s boycott
0 N X1 @( R: r# m! Z- _, @' h# j 79. Producers’ boycott
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8 e9 b+ K" x& j- e8 j" ?Action by Middlemen
2 H1 F4 u2 V' P) l3 \# w( g 80. Suppliers’ and handlers’ boycott1 U$ ?4 _7 X4 b; Z6 t1 N3 S( Z9 N
: e5 a: P n7 [" _0 T
Action by Owners and Management+ M4 j( U) m) A% t' [
81. Traders’ boycott3 O- [. C2 d1 S5 g1 T
82. Refusal to let or sell property2 {7 m6 V$ P: `5 ]3 `# C4 ?* [5 r
83. Lockout6 N8 g: U, }$ k2 O) m: G M
84. Refusal of industrial assistance
! Y2 d6 y ]. \9 ] 85. Merchants’ “general strike”$ q8 F8 H8 ~, f
1 [1 c i# g' u2 l0 E& F
Action by Holders of Financial Resources. O! I1 A. t" g0 W: ^
86. Withdrawal of bank deposits6 {% \6 w* O! M
87. Refusal to pay fees, dues, and assessments9 |8 W7 L! v7 C, F: k4 |" k4 U
88. Refusal to pay debts or interest) U/ c' k2 j3 G& N! |# f# h; \
89. Severance of funds and credit( z9 R, {; ?5 z; Z
90. Revenue refusal
( V- ~5 L1 V/ h6 K1 ~. ^ 91. Refusal of a government’s money+ m. e) ]7 R! ?. ~+ q% w/ ]9 b
F- [' i8 o# L- Q( S6 Y
Action by Governments
6 j, Z" _7 o0 |: T m 92. Domestic embargo s, E- u! I! }$ O9 V' T
93. Blacklisting of traders% q1 S- n! c+ v
94. International sellers’ embargo
p( N1 B9 \# z5 u 95. International buyers’ embargo
$ x: L w3 r* {8 Q8 C5 M 96. International trade embargo( A8 M7 {1 b! f" ^
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! d- ^4 ?% t/ STHE METHODS OF ECONOMIC NONCOOPERATION: THE STRIKE
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, b, a* g/ m1 v! c- B; K$ A
9 t- I. d7 D; N9 W+ T4 v1 [Symbolic Strikes% x. k0 z- \/ w" @ }. |. O
97. Protest strike0 [! ]. Y# O1 L5 ^/ X
98. Quickie walkout (lightning strike)* L! j5 u" ~9 B& P, a
; k, |2 S, A; a# f( n/ Y, ~8 IAgricultural Strikes
. f4 j7 {0 b, c+ Z 99. Peasant strike
E. M9 a% e( M/ a 100. Farm Workers’ strike* ^% j& p# V: q4 z0 U
! i. }9 Q. {+ P; D* h. w3 ]. m: gStrikes by Special Groups
- p0 G6 d+ f; p: l( ]+ X 101. Refusal of impressed labor; a2 T7 r& d7 x* {9 N: s0 x
102. Prisoners’ strike
: r2 @4 T R) Z! N 103. Craft strike
8 a8 j. H. s, L7 M: e. ? 104. Professional strike" k/ y+ N- `2 D5 [0 ^
2 M! u0 }6 F9 e* l4 r: sOrdinary Industrial Strikes, l+ O( d' L1 c5 E
105. Establishment strike
/ h; e i6 W( W/ `; J* [0 A 106. Industry strike5 q5 v7 V/ S5 R; a* m
107. Sympathetic strike
* Q0 V7 V4 v) ~7 V, t# E1 ~* r
+ f& J- S l3 n1 e' I0 Z, {8 V+ XRestricted Strikes; M6 }0 T) Y" p* B" f) B( I7 {
108. Detailed strike: Y: [' A7 O( P9 `; W: q' l
109. Bumper strike
* X7 ^+ o8 y N0 H" W& R 110. Slowdown strike7 o$ g9 V' e# j! W: e
111. Working-to-rule strike
5 F5 I3 a, d M4 K7 v9 G 112. Reporting “sick” (sick-in)/ v- c+ C! |+ T F+ ]
113. Strike by resignation$ a3 r2 \7 Z* ?2 ~! f
114. Limited strike. x7 b, I; [, T4 E, C
115. Selective strike2 v2 E# E5 m5 R/ }2 d% f6 S8 g
% G/ v7 J% C1 K; k
Multi-Industry Strikes
' u6 p, l! P/ J6 x' `2 i4 o
2 T7 B5 f! s& } 116. Generalized strike
. z! Q# k7 {) O6 G
+ u. | W8 r" j0 n 117. General strike
1 W; G9 h9 j# E1 I/ {0 U# ~6 A5 @7 b1 o
Combination of Strikes and Economic Closures7 _% ]; ]5 i$ ~! p% d1 G7 H
1 o2 X2 e/ X; y- G( h. p) G8 | 118. Hartal# J* F" G" _$ I/ N7 d
# ]. N( E8 b' j* ]& i 119. Economic shutdown
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9 y2 G. T( ?, @2 Z7 {* k/ l0 u
THE METHODS OF POLITICAL NONCOOPERATION
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2 }! x* |! W, u# xRejection of Authority+ I' n6 X7 H/ ?1 s/ U7 v
120. Withholding or withdrawal of allegiance
. g5 }1 R Y' X9 s9 B- D; t2 { 121. Refusal of public support4 e) j7 V. H" i
122. Literature and speeches advocating resistance
5 T2 Z5 b: f( i% \! ^! ?7 ]
9 B8 V+ W# f) i( N6 }: y6 B4 M4 wCitizens’ Noncooperation with Government& X) i, D O% _9 V* [- K9 Y4 m% E
123. Boycott of legislative bodies
; d9 ^& w- |& u w0 R! V 124. Boycott of elections: R" b2 }+ N: C7 J% e+ U: h" \
125. Boycott of government employment and positions
m- k/ t% h# Y# h( M 126. Boycott of government depts., agencies, and other bodies4 ~6 q% d/ O4 X+ Y2 O
127. Withdrawal from government educational institutions
5 T1 }9 L8 [5 z+ P q/ B! q 128. Boycott of government-supported organizations
" G6 _% P* A, |; }1 U 129. Refusal of assistance to enforcement agents p$ t8 I. w, f& v- m
130. Removal of own signs and placemarks
) V; W, E& N+ P 131. Refusal to accept appointed officials i! _( C# M+ Y2 J! ^
132. Refusal to dissolve existing institutions: l% ~ U$ e; N
% l6 |" L% H0 g" Q* V( c( k- SCitizens’ Alternatives to Obedience+ L8 M1 Q% b- C' U. x' j
133. Reluctant and slow compliance
1 e2 u0 Y# n; a3 f6 C1 H 134. Nonobedience in absence of direct supervision: y9 }: O l" L& n
135. Popular nonobedience
2 }' n" y' P4 C0 |9 q 136. Disguised disobedience
" Y% t* X o6 y1 L/ x9 ]+ K 137. Refusal of an assemblage or meeting to disperse/ y& B! x; ]7 @0 o9 w% L* d
138. Sitdown, R: a% D- S$ a& `6 i. _' j
139. Noncooperation with conscription and deportation
3 q2 b5 {; _( T" M; g) ^! h; @ 140. Hiding, escape, and false identities1 e% T6 n. e1 h% R
141. Civil disobedience of “illegitimate” laws& a$ p# V( a& {: k5 V* z) P; m! j
3 Z7 x( r* f4 F) _6 n/ J- C- ]& U; M" LAction by Government Personnel
4 T* b9 y. z5 b; f" _8 P 142. Selective refusal of assistance by government aides
; H- r0 e. U ~# G 143. Blocking of lines of command and information
' E& _3 g* ?2 I0 j/ D6 c 144. Stalling and obstruction
$ B) i) w2 t7 j- ]) x! L9 p 145. General administrative noncooperation
5 f [) J3 r) _2 n
$ I* V9 q1 M# N! Q( r 146. Judicial noncooperation
- F2 {& R* ~* Y. l |, `# Y 147. Deliberate inefficiency and selective noncooperation by enforcement agents# m5 D8 k7 z+ \1 |) F
148. Mutiny3 H+ K( u/ g8 K% M
Domestic Governmental Action. g6 E) N' z' M& o
149. Quasi-legal evasions and delays3 p& o/ j$ I" `/ l: }" I
150. Noncooperation by constituent governmental units
7 q% l" \8 i3 l+ B9 \$ u
, e1 d8 B5 m* t( W* p9 p% PInternational Governmental Action% i" Y0 U8 u) ]
151. Changes in diplomatic and other representations
( N/ }' G8 h; S/ ] 152. Delay and cancellation of diplomatic events
6 E# ~7 U: e9 B& i 153. Withholding of diplomatic recognition8 q: g/ C+ v+ V n, s
154. Severance of diplomatic relations/ ^. a- [/ o! ]7 g: g
155. Withdrawal from international organizations2 @$ L. P+ S1 L, C% _
156. Refusal of membership in international bodies8 e. q6 S7 ^1 @ B) z$ s6 x
157. Expulsion from international organizations
/ C7 F$ P7 b% }$ j. D" |- U' p2 ?% \4 Y; {: Q2 U! d, p! V, S0 M+ j5 \
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THE METHODS OF NONVIOLENT INTERVENTION
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. H" U, m/ R6 F8 g' H- t) qPsychological Intervention0 n% K5 l- e+ R. L9 {) A% \
158. Self-exposure to the elements
9 E5 i4 ^# D0 m% } 159. The fast7 m: V2 J, Y$ c/ x& c: U3 A% E
a) Fast of moral pressure1 [& t8 p0 z. J$ a L
b) Hunger strike8 a5 g; L5 m( x' O7 w7 N- `3 d' i K
c) Satyagrahic fast J$ }/ E( |2 V# ?4 c$ E
160. Reverse trial
! n+ e# q* x( f 161. Nonviolent harassment
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Physical Intervention
) U5 _9 j) \) k. | 162. Sit-in
- u; v w8 W) b7 t8 c 163. Stand-in! }! B1 V, I# f0 b0 j! u% K
164. Ride-in
4 p4 A, b4 d& W2 d U+ X 165. Wade-in% X: @. p- { G; } W2 N
166. Mill-in
% V _! X; W- Q# _" m/ J 167. Pray-in
9 d4 F0 Y2 J5 a- x- F/ V* |6 P 168. Nonviolent raids3 X% |. [# W/ E5 ^
169. Nonviolent air raids
7 _5 ?0 Z+ }& r) q0 V: i 170. Nonviolent invasion
# B& M- e! j l* [4 U& y" t0 _ 171. Nonviolent interjection- a' B: ^( W% J3 P \. }( p5 i
172. Nonviolent obstruction
( L2 S( P0 \, k: F 173. Nonviolent occupation$ e, h$ [1 k5 @8 U) c' e8 L" H9 k! k
' S* r0 M/ t( `' x* u0 MSocial Intervention+ e5 v7 {( Z1 k" d" S0 u$ q
174. Establishing new social patterns
# f6 a: S. N" M+ {# y 175. Overloading of facilities" ~8 R" v& m3 \2 j/ m6 y/ [
176. Stall-in2 s9 h/ u' V$ g" r+ @3 C
177. Speak-in
* ?) T5 E+ O, b1 `0 j& V 178. Guerrilla theater
4 G; Y7 w6 u1 o* z 179. Alternative social institutions0 M4 X( _ p) R, i: h# i- G3 d
180. Alternative communication system
$ o2 \. I- }+ y. v8 \: G( l, V* ]0 L% ^/ F4 c
Economic Intervention+ O J' d; l- m }9 @2 c
181. Reverse strike
2 @8 l, |: E9 d* Q" X3 C 182. Stay-in strike$ W- k7 L# l+ h$ x
183. Nonviolent land seizure
5 y4 K$ `# n8 a" f$ X( _ 184. Defiance of blockades
7 F3 g# M, K; T7 F- a O# W% }6 f 185. Politically motivated counterfeiting
% ?& Z: K! T6 d& h 186. Preclusive purchasing1 ~$ @2 j( l3 ]3 r
187. Seizure of assets
0 G( Y+ u2 U. ]0 Z 188. Dumping# p% ]5 R1 i, L' q
189. Selective patronage( T' z, Q9 f7 L( O( I6 m {$ s
190. Alternative markets, N s$ ]- a4 ], Z) e
191. Alternative transportation systems
2 P& T+ }$ M/ W 192. Alternative economic institutions% ` K5 T* s) ]
% G: D" p! v NPolitical Intervention( M9 A, R8 p2 S' _* B1 l4 ]" u5 H
193. Overloading of administrative systems+ M& H1 D3 o* S# h# S. v
194. Disclosing identities of secret agents: a9 l; F& A8 t
195. Seeking imprisonment/ p" ]( r% J1 ]3 q4 f
196. Civil disobedience of “neutral” laws
$ d' |& Y. h) i9 }3 j 197. Work-on without collaboration
: O0 ~' M. h s6 K1 v6 i 198. Dual sovereignty and parallel government! e+ {3 A' z, P2 d
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楼主: reneeqq
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发表于 2016-7-2 18:23
发表于 2016-7-2 22:02
