 鲜花( 240)  鸡蛋( 18)
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发表于 2016-7-3 17:52
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THE METHODS OF NONVIOLENT PROTEST AND PERSUASION5 A+ ^7 e, B2 w; {8 E
Formal Statements
# y: @" V3 i5 D% y 1. Public Speeches
5 }- J( w- y3 f9 d 2. Letters of opposition or support( ]2 M7 l% i3 |$ M" a
3. Declarations by organizations and institutions
5 ?% o2 G; D/ p- k& H 4. Signed public statements; f- w* p3 H8 Q5 [9 \
5. Declarations of indictment and intention3 s; E3 Z: G; ^5 g/ L4 e) ^
6. Group or mass petitions
* I2 w. {1 w5 [4 N M' w6 f( A) |* N) d& s0 c% l7 p6 d
Communications with a Wider Audience+ a8 N" m4 A) Q! \: D2 G# C- C
7. Slogans, caricatures, and symbols1 p5 |, Y, A; N8 m) _" j5 ~
8. Banners, posters, and displayed communications, p+ S% ?/ J, i c# U. V: ]
9. Leaflets, pamphlets, and books
( j3 U C, F8 h3 ~& ~9 h' P; C 10. Newspapers and journals
/ L+ H7 V( X" I- o$ \5 e 11. Records, radio, and television
/ E5 c9 G. i- q0 }* Q$ |% x" C 12. Skywriting and earthwriting
3 ] Q9 m1 ?9 i% e; a: N) D( h" ^ a: l
Group Representations
9 i4 C, a& E, _# Y 13. Deputations
/ p+ |$ M1 L' Y( E 14. Mock awards
, b L, \' ~+ ~ 15. Group lobbying
# O/ `9 X" _3 E; V. U2 t 16. Picketing
2 ^$ T0 c; }, |' F8 W! N- K$ J 17. Mock elections
8 g3 `' y6 A: U3 l# }" _4 V
0 {/ ? k7 i/ H- T( MSymbolic Public Acts# D) L& u) t* g9 l2 n2 _8 T8 f
18. Displays of flags and symbolic colors
2 p5 e7 l }. P5 H 19. Wearing of symbols
+ p6 G5 K4 z! C" t8 }& J 20. Prayer and worship
: d' e' @+ \1 D L7 E 21. Delivering symbolic objects
+ K, a7 t% [% G5 z+ } 22. Protest disrobings/ T4 ?# b/ i" C8 B
23. Destruction of own property0 K, M2 ]5 K* |) T; n3 M+ z& x
24. Symbolic lights5 L2 X- @) H1 k1 w
25. Displays of portraits
7 h1 `' j' G; W0 e; } 26. Paint as protest( t- e0 D; C" u! w! }3 d4 ~
27. New signs and names
6 D' m. A$ p7 I 28. Symbolic sounds
: v4 e" W8 Z5 Y& e5 y( e7 Y1 s, d 29. Symbolic reclamations
7 {: O, R. y" c( Z/ d$ m3 Q 30. Rude gestures
2 D, G$ w z4 [' J8 r: q0 O- X! t$ G) t# f" N3 e. _ ]- u6 v- j# ?
Pressures on Individuals
/ r: E; s5 m- S! f 31. “Haunting” officials
* l2 F( Z9 c' a) j& s7 Y9 z 32. Taunting officials; X; \: q4 e6 J/ l0 l, ?# J
33. Fraternization
# c. U& A5 R/ l 34. Vigils5 d! D a; I4 M+ g R
( i4 F8 I" r! M& E
Drama and Music7 [; d: x. v& a) l
35. Humorous skits and pranks
0 t9 G/ D% @5 U! b/ Y$ U 36. Performances of plays and music2 A- T% e9 {& k5 x P- I/ Y, z
37. Singing
1 e' J. }! p, _- }7 m7 A: `
2 t, w4 ^8 r4 @7 o. d# M; R! {Processions
* c6 k, d( w/ ^# G 38. Marches
9 ?5 g6 c+ r/ d 39. Parades+ M2 A( g) R0 ]
40. Religious processions
! @, r7 K! U* ?+ i' q 41. Pilgrimages
! ^7 [; w. W$ D" g" N+ H 42. Motorcades
6 ?( r. F5 g. t$ K5 ^, G
- P- m8 Y# S" o7 }7 ?- w/ {Honoring the Dead
0 }9 a# o1 z2 n7 p" _2 u& I 43. Political mourning* W8 K* |+ D8 ]: H" c2 r" q
44. Mock funerals
* U* q! {4 l- [4 h# H+ D+ ^) d9 M 45. Demonstrative funerals# y! u p7 _ d/ W* T0 Y5 K
46. Homage at burial places
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Public Assemblies9 F9 b) M e: E! ~" h
47. Assemblies of protest or support
' D- Y9 p8 l" G$ g p$ u9 H! [ 48. Protest meetings
) s$ G& Y4 `4 T! I L 49. Camouflaged meetings of protest
7 f, s' \2 R) f' l 50. Teach-ins
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Withdrawal and Renunciation6 q' W# U5 {9 \% M1 F
51. Walk-outs
3 E5 g, a @8 ^/ N6 Z 52. Silence
5 ^5 g5 i# i( Z0 n! | a9 ` 53. Renouncing honors
+ W# T7 F! o) I: z3 Z 54. Turning one’s back
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THE METHODS OF SOCIAL NONCOOPERATION
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1 s, _9 A0 t7 WOstracism of Persons
7 q. V, G0 S! p$ u4 B. t8 _ 55. Social boycott% `- r7 V, [* V. g7 z$ S
56. Selective social boycott
' {) ?' D$ S9 O1 p2 ? 57. Lysistratic nonaction8 E& X2 | E' p E
58. Excommunication, u1 Y+ N' S& A6 G
59. Interdict
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8 `5 T5 M+ f1 S, f& nNoncooperation with Social Events, Customs, and Institutions
! i, l# w0 W+ T' p. X6 f 60. Suspension of social and sports activities
% Z5 L& K5 B% f) c1 P 61. Boycott of social affairs
! r4 ~6 F" `4 K% v4 t 62. Student strike! s' _/ b! k% y$ n: E
63. Social disobedience+ L/ \. r: F; q
64. Withdrawal from social institutions
& `: U' U& u& }$ n) ?4 ?, S
" K' B) S! o) H* c6 `, ]' X3 L, VWithdrawal from the Social System
6 c6 h: t5 X- Q. n6 ^' ]- K( r 65. Stay-at-home
1 @9 q) G: y, j; B) }6 G. ^' m: b 66. Total personal noncooperation
& `; @6 J6 T0 A0 M$ H7 l C 67. “Flight” of workers; k+ |6 ]3 ]4 p1 ^; s, w. w# h
68. Sanctuary# t* O# b# J& H" ~. n0 U$ i
69. Collective disappearance2 n3 L2 K( ?6 f: R% p6 Q: M1 ?9 V
70. Protest emigration (hijrat)
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THE METHODS OF ECONOMIC NONCOOPERATION: ECONOMIC BOYCOTTS
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Actions by Consumers
e; V8 e. t; B 71. Consumers’ boycott
9 S0 g, w# F5 H 72. Nonconsumption of boycotted goods' h W- C7 L; i
73. Policy of austerity' e% k+ r& @8 p# B
74. Rent withholding
4 A9 u% `0 ^7 M/ X 75. Refusal to rent
4 i. X' m; p' B& E4 v: H3 Y! P: a: ` 76. National consumers’ boycott
7 `3 Y" {5 v6 T: [3 S N6 f 77. International consumers’ boycott
8 G c1 I; S& W$ b6 n
# w; O4 E. B) `* }( j G9 e( L% uAction by Workers and Producers4 Y2 h# d" }5 L) I$ u5 [
78. Workmen’s boycott
- B/ o J" c6 s 79. Producers’ boycott; Y# n1 b/ ?/ f7 R0 ]4 }5 F
6 P! O0 m2 P7 ^' L
Action by Middlemen
# i% L( v) x( d/ S' X9 |* V 80. Suppliers’ and handlers’ boycott
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/ }7 N Q C+ S; M+ AAction by Owners and Management
" W1 x; P* H2 ?- I- o 81. Traders’ boycott
1 [; Y6 Y; R, G 82. Refusal to let or sell property, R( x, g" e, Q
83. Lockout
$ t6 O+ X$ F) \/ x$ t/ @3 J- } 84. Refusal of industrial assistance
3 q/ |" t% H Q, N8 n2 D9 h H 85. Merchants’ “general strike”8 v' P) V' f; C3 v
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Action by Holders of Financial Resources
) j5 Q3 i/ a1 U% _' V& I) D 86. Withdrawal of bank deposits; c4 {; k) `% M; x1 i' K F- G
87. Refusal to pay fees, dues, and assessments
6 K' p9 J' I7 T8 T' F 88. Refusal to pay debts or interest
% c9 B Q. j, E( k3 v# p$ C 89. Severance of funds and credit
' V9 f2 I n2 [+ p2 I6 s 90. Revenue refusal
8 O6 r; c2 N2 J0 y 91. Refusal of a government’s money
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Action by Governments5 P% n" m2 Q: @0 m
92. Domestic embargo
$ \8 L" t: |9 c0 {. r# j+ C4 L' \ 93. Blacklisting of traders
+ n( R: @- C* Q# p 94. International sellers’ embargo3 ]' M w: _2 h8 U" L$ u7 F
95. International buyers’ embargo/ r; ~6 K9 b) q* R$ k0 `
96. International trade embargo
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THE METHODS OF ECONOMIC NONCOOPERATION: THE STRIKE, t8 V0 | g0 b% n- t8 m
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Symbolic Strikes/ v6 B5 P$ j- G/ P( [, Q
97. Protest strike9 g y8 q' N& {' S% S. j3 W
98. Quickie walkout (lightning strike)
3 V$ J9 t0 J& f" n6 g* z# {0 \: s* o/ Q( c" D+ `, v# Z: Y
Agricultural Strikes/ N) Y* `, G7 ^4 s$ P
99. Peasant strike
7 V7 D6 Z4 U4 s" d* d 100. Farm Workers’ strike. r6 ]9 i: n1 D5 Z9 o4 U6 N
4 }8 J( g. |6 R8 pStrikes by Special Groups
# q" j! }$ R' F 101. Refusal of impressed labor2 ^. X2 P! I6 D# S
102. Prisoners’ strike1 s& ?$ T& J5 G/ f$ S! h
103. Craft strike+ s$ e+ n f, @
104. Professional strike3 ?! T: l2 D n
E, D( J4 \1 b" L% iOrdinary Industrial Strikes0 Z: O7 y0 L( R9 C0 Q5 ]* d8 K! `
105. Establishment strike5 O8 r2 G! {) U b& Y
106. Industry strike# O* y& H' [$ G( |0 P* T
107. Sympathetic strike' _" e' \4 }7 ?2 _# K
9 a: Y9 h( Y( T! ~: b' _! O' H
Restricted Strikes
1 L1 K, u" o5 x# r( y3 G, ^ 108. Detailed strike
/ S3 E- v: y& c, C+ | 109. Bumper strike6 b- X8 y& v3 c% f7 p$ d9 Y
110. Slowdown strike ], {1 m" v! A& S" Z3 J. m
111. Working-to-rule strike
: d; p9 Z0 o2 n/ J }" r/ l! U 112. Reporting “sick” (sick-in)
. g1 h, c- D+ W: h, o, ]% o5 t 113. Strike by resignation7 C* \4 p* V& F# Z
114. Limited strike
& t7 d9 L6 P+ t& {8 o A: e 115. Selective strike
" W! ~6 c- ^2 D+ F c# w
# h9 e) C/ A* u9 g0 D& KMulti-Industry Strikes
2 [: [7 V* t9 T" V
/ [2 q4 I4 h2 v( J 116. Generalized strike$ n' Y" Y+ q$ e1 U
a: u8 b. M7 ?: S# l 117. General strike
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Combination of Strikes and Economic Closures
6 @; D2 @/ C3 }% o' t. f7 J* e; i
/ |* ~0 \& Z" q) f1 z" a5 |5 c 118. Hartal
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8 O( L% P k7 B" U! Z/ F 119. Economic shutdown7 F* m& X7 g6 Y# F
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THE METHODS OF POLITICAL NONCOOPERATION
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Rejection of Authority
1 }& Y, [. J7 |, }9 [ 120. Withholding or withdrawal of allegiance
9 \: Z4 c: }$ o% T' |* h; \ 121. Refusal of public support
( [5 y3 K# ]' {# J# Q4 A. Q 122. Literature and speeches advocating resistance) q. G# g d2 t; j1 T I/ Q
% a d. S- c9 W, l6 s6 [
Citizens’ Noncooperation with Government7 W0 m, s8 u) l( n8 X
123. Boycott of legislative bodies
4 N' ]; |; t9 A 124. Boycott of elections2 P8 h, w5 Q+ y. J0 X; n
125. Boycott of government employment and positions
( q* u6 ^3 y! C2 \' i 126. Boycott of government depts., agencies, and other bodies2 n0 F% H4 _- O3 u" m0 x" }& b
127. Withdrawal from government educational institutions
6 Z+ v K/ P9 f 128. Boycott of government-supported organizations
" m3 l2 ? G' S9 e! M2 b6 F 129. Refusal of assistance to enforcement agents
$ w* [* s% H& o0 _- P# d" j. G! N 130. Removal of own signs and placemarks
' d* l+ x* |- x4 F, }! ~6 X 131. Refusal to accept appointed officials6 z: R$ Q: l. m$ R
132. Refusal to dissolve existing institutions
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3 S( M4 c. V9 _ u8 N4 FCitizens’ Alternatives to Obedience' c6 M9 H! ]- i6 z
133. Reluctant and slow compliance* O3 K- O- H u6 m9 t# z6 z: f
134. Nonobedience in absence of direct supervision. n) I# n$ d/ }0 E7 K* H5 A8 g
135. Popular nonobedience
% S/ C6 p! \6 ~' ? 136. Disguised disobedience# B- C4 H0 w! F$ y( ^4 V5 }& A A8 n
137. Refusal of an assemblage or meeting to disperse* ^) C3 I& D- ?
138. Sitdown
3 N1 o7 a( N, p; t. V5 [ 139. Noncooperation with conscription and deportation
' t5 B5 L7 E2 w' Q3 M- K% l: w7 a 140. Hiding, escape, and false identities1 b( l+ r B! \2 g9 k6 y/ y1 y) d
141. Civil disobedience of “illegitimate” laws2 Z, O# D* O, p
6 h( N; ?* b: h: r) t7 q) sAction by Government Personnel( M* l2 y& X( k8 C* b* y( m
142. Selective refusal of assistance by government aides
; F$ ]- |1 K2 a4 C1 d# Z4 M: @ 143. Blocking of lines of command and information
) Q* G5 f+ c. Z& `: } 144. Stalling and obstruction
& W! F K6 H+ ? C5 A 145. General administrative noncooperation
# \/ ^1 ^* R: r
d/ g7 r: L( S0 c. @6 @, o 146. Judicial noncooperation
" h8 v9 z$ n; g 147. Deliberate inefficiency and selective noncooperation by enforcement agents: x. t8 _. x% o: I7 n+ w
148. Mutiny$ Y0 q* Y- p& a9 V ~
Domestic Governmental Action- N* H2 Q# o- O
149. Quasi-legal evasions and delays
( b3 P! O w; w 150. Noncooperation by constituent governmental units' g: Q* n v% k& {& I' J
9 N) |1 [* O! c- o# k+ Q7 e! ?6 oInternational Governmental Action
+ F9 F9 D% p& D/ i 151. Changes in diplomatic and other representations
! i8 }) g# E7 q4 B3 \8 ~6 I 152. Delay and cancellation of diplomatic events
0 v, Q C1 P: B 153. Withholding of diplomatic recognition
) D; o7 s0 F+ p9 t) o 154. Severance of diplomatic relations
1 d5 z4 ~& ^. u+ i. J/ ?5 {- S 155. Withdrawal from international organizations9 E' e* e( j& c; }2 q* v
156. Refusal of membership in international bodies
; X; G3 f1 ~) E* s$ Q) \. N 157. Expulsion from international organizations
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THE METHODS OF NONVIOLENT INTERVENTION
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Psychological Intervention
- V1 x# C6 W7 q4 N 158. Self-exposure to the elements
1 S* ?3 D. U$ z7 e1 o- ^ w3 x 159. The fast
3 r# I2 Z7 `! B; V: C" Y: k* s a) Fast of moral pressure1 T0 {$ u- _2 _, t* k
b) Hunger strike7 v6 G) Q# }* i( m/ [: e; G
c) Satyagrahic fast
m6 Z" e# Y# {* ?, d) ~ 160. Reverse trial+ l' K: a8 b$ F: ?7 G6 Y
161. Nonviolent harassment
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, O' F; O& ]7 A5 pPhysical Intervention; j& C `/ X' {- |: v7 M
162. Sit-in
& {' O& g8 J. K& a. b: \( ]( H 163. Stand-in
: a; d' `! _0 B1 Y1 H' E 164. Ride-in6 F( P. t# \8 ~, K s w
165. Wade-in" X( D, [& c1 I/ [
166. Mill-in
/ v# S4 g+ D4 d k2 \& ]4 | 167. Pray-in
$ x7 B3 Y! g! {# L/ j/ B 168. Nonviolent raids' i3 }" y& D3 V9 K% y0 @4 K- m4 K
169. Nonviolent air raids
* v7 T/ v6 h4 { C6 {6 R+ y 170. Nonviolent invasion
4 U! l1 z; A, Q! S 171. Nonviolent interjection
' Z) P! n: q2 _6 w2 b3 ] 172. Nonviolent obstruction3 [+ Q5 g& Z( k' Z
173. Nonviolent occupation& V9 |* l7 K; ]8 V' t+ Y1 l& j
* C$ x8 Y( [4 C2 USocial Intervention
! p) P- y6 f9 @6 I 174. Establishing new social patterns
; ?: J, r/ T4 R; @, Y 175. Overloading of facilities
4 f1 w# b9 N/ ?/ v: }! q 176. Stall-in
1 [# G, x3 }/ o0 R 177. Speak-in
4 Z& E) ?7 ?) K' N y0 w9 J/ X 178. Guerrilla theater( D/ Y& ^/ y# P4 q/ [
179. Alternative social institutions
8 W. G+ e" K6 g8 j) v) q. H* `2 M, { 180. Alternative communication system) I6 p5 Z/ }/ I' d" W" M
6 j/ M$ N. @# \9 B* h7 _; ]Economic Intervention
5 W* t/ _2 n2 c/ h$ B8 H 181. Reverse strike% ? e7 W% ]. I. q- B' Q
182. Stay-in strike
+ q# k- \- u* \! n! [6 \& L8 C 183. Nonviolent land seizure
9 U8 B8 ^$ p1 p1 v) V9 S _+ M 184. Defiance of blockades
4 b) L$ R8 b4 O9 f# l 185. Politically motivated counterfeiting
' r6 D: Z4 Y+ G, g+ P2 @- j9 N% R 186. Preclusive purchasing
( E2 }. ]# |; `: V8 d0 x 187. Seizure of assets' @2 t$ l: r1 ~, y6 T/ B+ b& a
188. Dumping+ c \' o B5 i+ T
189. Selective patronage8 E4 ?3 J# {4 Z) h# Q
190. Alternative markets+ X- P, j6 u* K1 q. O* i7 g# g
191. Alternative transportation systems Q8 b5 G0 G z, g
192. Alternative economic institutions
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; H+ [2 s/ H- BPolitical Intervention
! J% e$ f2 t: k! L5 M 193. Overloading of administrative systems
9 Z/ ]" I1 ~" V" F 194. Disclosing identities of secret agents" |2 h# Y5 Q) p8 @" t( q" Z) m
195. Seeking imprisonment6 x D; X' d* n8 R% S
196. Civil disobedience of “neutral” laws4 e' s0 F% M; l, r% ^5 Z% d8 k! O
197. Work-on without collaboration
" ~/ k! N* j" }# S' T8 a/ |' g 198. Dual sovereignty and parallel government B7 M+ Z; o' h) M$ N( K' ~
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楼主: reneeqq
狗仔卡
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发表于 2016-7-2 18:23
发表于 2016-7-2 22:02
