 鲜花( 240)  鸡蛋( 18)
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发表于 2016-7-3 17:52
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THE METHODS OF NONVIOLENT PROTEST AND PERSUASION# e, T& @7 {: V" m I9 a0 d
Formal Statements
$ S7 k) Q% u% w. } 1. Public Speeches
2 u& l. f" U) Z- B6 u. |7 `$ ? 2. Letters of opposition or support
6 ^+ R, y. s) N, p, T) j2 M 3. Declarations by organizations and institutions
$ U" e8 f4 ?7 O* \# w 4. Signed public statements: }$ F- Z# y2 E% H
5. Declarations of indictment and intention
5 H) h' I' U% [; v+ c4 l% o 6. Group or mass petitions
# b( _& G3 D. e- S, r. m4 L
- W% ~# \, V# I% i- E: DCommunications with a Wider Audience
4 P$ x1 v6 i% D. a# l4 ^( M 7. Slogans, caricatures, and symbols4 o b6 t: A% C( N2 n: `
8. Banners, posters, and displayed communications3 n/ N0 p S3 L- ]3 ?/ `/ v% ]/ T2 [
9. Leaflets, pamphlets, and books
+ \ j" A. _; \0 b5 E 10. Newspapers and journals; m1 T' Z3 T+ j5 ?
11. Records, radio, and television" _2 E/ W3 k: U4 p
12. Skywriting and earthwriting
* H7 u/ q9 V+ h7 H" F
1 W; g2 u2 f$ S9 O0 O2 OGroup Representations
- w# V2 l, K/ b; [; K2 C8 D; c 13. Deputations
- |7 Z0 X/ F0 s# W6 N8 P 14. Mock awards
9 y9 D$ a/ h: D# s1 O/ N! Y2 h 15. Group lobbying
; S2 r/ @- B j# { 16. Picketing/ g1 d, O2 N( ~, p7 k/ l) K
17. Mock elections0 B3 T2 @" F& [* D
2 A8 Z" q$ ?/ N! c Y' m# }5 p) d: R- U
Symbolic Public Acts
( l3 J: X g1 J7 O* ^0 S 18. Displays of flags and symbolic colors
; Y. m H" H/ H+ w; l 19. Wearing of symbols8 z3 E( ~/ @# H3 I8 T
20. Prayer and worship
6 y$ R l" ?; n1 r \ 21. Delivering symbolic objects
5 _2 v' {: \' f( x9 ` z l 22. Protest disrobings
3 ~5 u' X3 | O 23. Destruction of own property
5 I4 w. y9 ~0 T" R1 I! h" H 24. Symbolic lights! f, ]& `/ T' ], k& u- B& _7 T7 A0 E
25. Displays of portraits
, u8 w8 t! K# C/ t1 h8 Q 26. Paint as protest
Y( o6 p g, L, ] 27. New signs and names
; G) U. [* c0 O& y% T9 G 28. Symbolic sounds
/ s+ [) ]4 E9 R e6 O( P x 29. Symbolic reclamations) T; _: q( [ j
30. Rude gestures
% d6 V1 X {9 D! M( `5 J! K4 ?. ~4 ^/ g
Pressures on Individuals; t: U* y) D: B! z3 {# V! E5 w1 ^
31. “Haunting” officials
# J( D, X; g3 R 32. Taunting officials
& n+ i# H$ F8 s: Y9 C4 }% Z6 [ 33. Fraternization
" @- [7 |5 D9 a5 ]7 T; N+ X' ~+ I 34. Vigils
1 S e7 B# b7 q4 J! Z1 R1 [$ m2 @# O5 O% p8 q4 N7 v/ s
Drama and Music
: t7 E9 x6 g( H$ ] 35. Humorous skits and pranks+ G# D0 x, ?- w
36. Performances of plays and music, _1 I7 m" g M
37. Singing9 D# m( t; S1 g5 e
1 |3 L' r. A( t0 Q3 M I% cProcessions9 v+ L$ \- @: H0 R4 v+ ]
38. Marches
8 k- w, n1 }3 R0 y4 H) e7 C 39. Parades
8 G8 l' w9 P- r) J. \* G; D 40. Religious processions
5 J4 s1 D' d+ W8 J2 I( r 41. Pilgrimages G8 z9 b" v1 z
42. Motorcades
* ^* R3 }& m" e/ W% N
0 T* ^5 A% y' q, NHonoring the Dead2 J' X& c) O) @/ h6 N
43. Political mourning. n+ w4 L [- f8 }1 q9 D
44. Mock funerals" m# b* ^* w6 i: A% y E
45. Demonstrative funerals
3 [' f; S" c2 t 46. Homage at burial places
2 I; M# j% [0 W6 W8 n) k) _' }5 O0 G
Public Assemblies" r9 D+ r: X$ Q* Q! E, G3 n
47. Assemblies of protest or support5 J4 t, S/ L, n5 T. H ~
48. Protest meetings3 l4 l* w ?9 h- `
49. Camouflaged meetings of protest
6 f0 l4 R5 A, ^. \ 50. Teach-ins$ [1 M( m1 s3 e' ?5 ^' X# J& m0 P
; S9 |' v3 J* b6 aWithdrawal and Renunciation
$ t/ k( N! X* M# j% M' Z 51. Walk-outs
4 I8 ^- k& w: I; F/ I& b6 V 52. Silence5 j5 d* A K; ?7 G- T) g! \
53. Renouncing honors( H( o% s, n0 n
54. Turning one’s back
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8 x$ s* R' @; d! y1 n: W# p! t7 A: X0 P) x
THE METHODS OF SOCIAL NONCOOPERATION
/ y2 w; b' W7 I- o+ { y2 p! J/ ]* o& t3 Q$ Y
: d2 N! V3 l2 ?# q0 v! k3 i, F& q
$ \1 M$ q0 I! o' E& }* tOstracism of Persons
2 k9 x5 D" s6 J0 l" Y0 v3 U 55. Social boycott
5 ~, f& b X: R7 ?- [. a; x 56. Selective social boycott, Z4 k. k) Y" @5 m0 l
57. Lysistratic nonaction
4 [' J8 l$ G# V 58. Excommunication/ c7 e% n( t- j, B9 a# z$ N
59. Interdict
5 U( m/ U( I- V3 L4 K- \6 h) a5 q Y; v8 K5 _
Noncooperation with Social Events, Customs, and Institutions
: d" [4 M# y8 x 60. Suspension of social and sports activities' j! d' J* D; X0 m& y; g
61. Boycott of social affairs
4 E( ^2 T! z6 v& I4 A% ^ 62. Student strike- T2 T/ w2 R8 {
63. Social disobedience
( q) ~0 h+ f& s* g' A" {) c) m 64. Withdrawal from social institutions
% E, D# s" c# j- t* P6 Z' t9 ?9 z4 }# S
Withdrawal from the Social System/ w2 o E9 C' m% P# X' ^' e U
65. Stay-at-home& D5 @( _% f& i
66. Total personal noncooperation, T3 g. m* X1 R3 X
67. “Flight” of workers4 }; e1 r6 o4 r$ U9 W- l6 v
68. Sanctuary
7 K, e, |, B8 W. ~- Y8 r" j# V 69. Collective disappearance
# }: c a! i1 N- m% K: t: X# ?# s 70. Protest emigration (hijrat)
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: |- M# d! L5 u2 gTHE METHODS OF ECONOMIC NONCOOPERATION: ECONOMIC BOYCOTTS1 h# n0 I, D! j; ~$ W. Z
4 G3 X; v. k* Z6 ~1 ~% ?! f
# R4 O6 n1 ]3 `! l
Actions by Consumers
+ K, v8 @9 x/ d$ x* }/ J6 \+ v 71. Consumers’ boycott
6 {1 U2 @" o0 @ L) ?* ^$ Q$ X7 R8 o 72. Nonconsumption of boycotted goods/ f( a6 q$ p0 ~" }3 z. e# U; ^/ [
73. Policy of austerity
1 ]: R4 y: ~) x4 q 74. Rent withholding
1 \, E. N, v: C 75. Refusal to rent2 z) P) U! K4 A- X! Z& D, S: {
76. National consumers’ boycott$ [' K4 k1 P% l- v2 s
77. International consumers’ boycott
2 z! v4 n% h" x E: W/ B5 M; A7 S# E b& i# W
Action by Workers and Producers
+ Q7 e, u; `% k) U8 x) K 78. Workmen’s boycott
9 P+ v! l8 e. ?% x( u 79. Producers’ boycott
- h3 y" L" s8 L. ]! i; c: X7 }1 u
+ J1 f! I4 p+ _6 L! r6 RAction by Middlemen
6 s% F4 a) u2 K; E9 H; R 80. Suppliers’ and handlers’ boycott
2 ^) F3 e& {( P' b/ p/ E0 Y$ {( R
% F- E9 w, _- J4 G% \- U% H7 ]Action by Owners and Management( ]" S7 j$ O9 [- G
81. Traders’ boycott& [5 d! i, o5 C f3 q- J+ j" O- U5 ^
82. Refusal to let or sell property
1 X8 Y6 X' g7 u8 {6 }( `- v/ d 83. Lockout; `$ J8 Q' @( W; B8 q& ?1 t
84. Refusal of industrial assistance
; n. k. }- C) T 85. Merchants’ “general strike”3 E1 v" }" c. e! g h- G& M) v' R% B
* V/ @6 z6 ?- r5 ]: nAction by Holders of Financial Resources' E! B0 o3 D& [$ C
86. Withdrawal of bank deposits! ?/ j& v# ?' w0 z |8 f2 [
87. Refusal to pay fees, dues, and assessments5 ]1 |3 e4 _0 S. j( W$ q
88. Refusal to pay debts or interest5 l* L% [$ ^8 @0 Y
89. Severance of funds and credit7 I8 @+ Q* [. W/ W: r, g. t
90. Revenue refusal
& W5 X- y" f- ~ 91. Refusal of a government’s money
5 g, e2 a/ R% @8 i& G {
1 ^$ U; \7 R) q+ kAction by Governments3 P2 K* C. o6 V/ j ^1 |
92. Domestic embargo; C E9 s5 U* x
93. Blacklisting of traders j8 a( A$ W0 k: B- t6 {
94. International sellers’ embargo
2 ^ P" R; M1 M8 c 95. International buyers’ embargo
. M3 F6 i& p, w6 E; \ L" ? 96. International trade embargo2 T0 t c. Z3 c0 x* m
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/ \" B+ u6 D/ |THE METHODS OF ECONOMIC NONCOOPERATION: THE STRIKE. S# `# F- L' v3 K, Y
2 x+ A& }+ W. b7 o+ }2 U
$ Z% ?3 W! X8 NSymbolic Strikes
; O' `9 s8 Y* | 97. Protest strike
" D) y8 X7 [/ C" U1 D' h! I 98. Quickie walkout (lightning strike)& d- w) B# I, Y( j
3 {6 |% @1 a$ z8 E2 m3 ]
Agricultural Strikes
s; M5 Y" ^! ^5 u 99. Peasant strike! ]3 A6 p) f) [5 s' b1 `' c3 n
100. Farm Workers’ strike" }7 h+ R. ~* o/ H0 t; Q
% p0 V( t& L+ f8 M3 k2 [/ c7 S2 gStrikes by Special Groups1 B! l3 |7 u$ x: T5 s
101. Refusal of impressed labor1 o4 ?5 K5 ^4 o; y2 ]8 V
102. Prisoners’ strike! e$ X2 a9 b& N1 s7 G$ F: T8 [
103. Craft strike' _+ q# o% P, I6 |2 w6 q6 D
104. Professional strike! P; K- E% m7 X- I9 i
3 G9 `9 j; I2 |$ u$ b. NOrdinary Industrial Strikes
" M [" X) |3 Q" g2 M' k, ~" L 105. Establishment strike$ z! ]' g3 Y: d: b0 \: N* N, u
106. Industry strike& p7 ?5 w) [- z) n! J& r' _; [" m
107. Sympathetic strike5 ?& i9 G5 T5 [( N# k: [
: }' H, o" A. Q! F: \Restricted Strikes
, ]# Q% d j, E. u* i8 q. K* g' r) ] 108. Detailed strike
+ P5 U M9 ]9 w6 V+ \1 X 109. Bumper strike
9 |$ o/ d3 j6 @. i 110. Slowdown strike* j( i& @% F. R+ T% {9 K
111. Working-to-rule strike0 A3 R# G X( ^0 C0 J6 r2 Y4 D0 R
112. Reporting “sick” (sick-in)" ]7 k1 @7 q' {$ q1 y
113. Strike by resignation2 L3 }0 C* K3 q, I& ?/ Q# E4 t$ ~ Z8 |
114. Limited strike+ F1 z4 N& W$ T. O* W
115. Selective strike
5 j, Z3 i0 ]6 B5 l0 S/ P+ J
$ \. b' f, }' l! r t; ^; DMulti-Industry Strikes
* s) t: {8 `5 ]
4 |4 G8 L0 s3 C* T% j5 H* S 116. Generalized strike
$ a9 [. ?3 K! b6 {- }' U5 v' s) f) J. g( _1 |- T8 S
117. General strike% x9 N; t0 n t6 ]! m0 L5 g
# `" Q! w6 B3 U* M" O$ d7 ~Combination of Strikes and Economic Closures
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118. Hartal
+ [& V$ _: m$ ^/ q3 P# v0 ^4 e% {1 E, \ m( R
119. Economic shutdown3 o. m6 o: ~- x; q# y- n
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% i% j3 p H, L& k5 s; A0 X& E5 ITHE METHODS OF POLITICAL NONCOOPERATION% p$ H; H% p8 O% C- P8 b; Y( l
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Rejection of Authority0 s j6 f2 a9 Q( J$ _( @
120. Withholding or withdrawal of allegiance/ p* v8 l" P9 f! N2 u0 y2 A; e
121. Refusal of public support" t7 r+ e! r0 n, q3 u8 J. r
122. Literature and speeches advocating resistance
D! \3 q% z5 D0 Q
- b: n2 m( r1 D& [4 b* v; s* eCitizens’ Noncooperation with Government1 m; Y" u; J) _0 N
123. Boycott of legislative bodies
& N8 Z, m: q& K0 B& z 124. Boycott of elections! o q, x$ L. F# D
125. Boycott of government employment and positions* j6 \. Q% j1 [9 K, ?5 Z
126. Boycott of government depts., agencies, and other bodies
2 x# y0 @$ Z* {+ y. F 127. Withdrawal from government educational institutions3 z0 ^! J! P: h1 e. J8 X5 w! B Y
128. Boycott of government-supported organizations y) m( I0 K% x
129. Refusal of assistance to enforcement agents
0 U! p6 v {8 t+ m( J* {5 u) r 130. Removal of own signs and placemarks3 w' a8 e" ^0 a1 m/ Y# {
131. Refusal to accept appointed officials/ m: x `: @9 J4 y
132. Refusal to dissolve existing institutions& U" X& t }7 R: q, f) S
5 @/ Z7 j- ?% c J
Citizens’ Alternatives to Obedience8 H" m, L3 D& J# g
133. Reluctant and slow compliance( w1 \# N' p1 H) G7 Z! F4 N
134. Nonobedience in absence of direct supervision
9 m$ I! R: f+ `% G* o 135. Popular nonobedience4 V8 H7 l% ^! f# A8 P" H& C
136. Disguised disobedience2 r8 j1 Y3 q2 O& h
137. Refusal of an assemblage or meeting to disperse
0 Y! B& v* S) c, O: O+ t9 ^ 138. Sitdown
: _7 Q6 p6 a$ V 139. Noncooperation with conscription and deportation
1 k# ^" ?/ ^! A3 f2 s 140. Hiding, escape, and false identities
( ?8 s+ W' b1 N& ~ 141. Civil disobedience of “illegitimate” laws" m; e8 Y T4 G. q4 C/ }* u
% t' M; w" s! N1 l" a6 r( p- lAction by Government Personnel
; u3 C. Y0 u3 Z, A& W+ s3 r- X 142. Selective refusal of assistance by government aides
" k2 b9 m2 T) F, Q) t 143. Blocking of lines of command and information
, ~* D5 u, Q- i+ z8 e 144. Stalling and obstruction& t _1 L" A N) n- v# V$ P
145. General administrative noncooperation4 R }2 Z" h! x* q( x5 B6 ^* ?
; o% @# g1 b* p' C 146. Judicial noncooperation: ?! D2 p V% j1 C# e: R& v
147. Deliberate inefficiency and selective noncooperation by enforcement agents
) k; {/ i L% j( `: u 148. Mutiny
# X& j. t4 H$ E; |7 JDomestic Governmental Action' R$ Y& c( ]/ e7 u
149. Quasi-legal evasions and delays
: S! E: i8 B5 p- a0 E 150. Noncooperation by constituent governmental units
+ N0 p8 [5 d0 n$ b. \" t
6 P3 r0 Q3 `1 [8 VInternational Governmental Action4 Q7 M! e7 j# H- B
151. Changes in diplomatic and other representations- w# a# w p- k) \( \! I+ v
152. Delay and cancellation of diplomatic events- z* ? e2 J% T2 w3 K
153. Withholding of diplomatic recognition& F1 ~ c' G: F0 Z; L
154. Severance of diplomatic relations
, b* R/ @7 ~$ y( n/ [ 155. Withdrawal from international organizations9 _" |9 N7 A+ M: r ~$ I
156. Refusal of membership in international bodies
: A7 B! A: Q* T: K: M 157. Expulsion from international organizations
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5 v0 p) _' q$ r1 b `9 P
+ D; ?8 e! \* w8 qTHE METHODS OF NONVIOLENT INTERVENTION
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( l; b: J5 ^9 r( J# KPsychological Intervention
& G! R$ a, G' \! `/ g/ h& f# `% m 158. Self-exposure to the elements n' Y! C3 I: e7 I8 `
159. The fast; M# q9 ~1 B1 \4 @# e+ U
a) Fast of moral pressure
+ d8 K" t; C4 a1 g7 _1 ] b) Hunger strike
# v: A9 F3 C& `9 F& K* M6 p/ E: z c) Satyagrahic fast# ^! D7 x# `' U( p0 _, A
160. Reverse trial9 a- v) j" h9 x( Z, e0 T
161. Nonviolent harassment
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9 O7 P" m0 O) s# A3 K, q% [. RPhysical Intervention
}! }# W, ` p, g" o 162. Sit-in
. N8 ~0 v$ p+ f9 J 163. Stand-in% j: `% J: ^& o, Q2 ?
164. Ride-in
; Q; q( Q" E v0 Q% V) `6 M1 D 165. Wade-in
) k: U& w \! ]. [' [( Y 166. Mill-in
$ a" U# E% P3 ^0 p3 u 167. Pray-in
! ?/ `& t, V, A' O 168. Nonviolent raids7 X( C! ~2 `( @# b' ]
169. Nonviolent air raids
% g' X$ ~) |& I* }) O3 ]0 j 170. Nonviolent invasion/ r* \1 ]& Q$ }; x+ z8 k
171. Nonviolent interjection5 C& X$ z1 i) N, {$ q4 i: R
172. Nonviolent obstruction% _# T* D% g8 o' J
173. Nonviolent occupation. h/ f/ V2 ` }( F
! B' p0 b& [/ v- j! d4 K2 H9 ]Social Intervention
* V6 b$ Q; @2 E& r 174. Establishing new social patterns
3 K! ^, `% O1 N8 P 175. Overloading of facilities0 I: ~8 {+ }' l6 Z7 D9 [" N3 g
176. Stall-in4 B9 h" ~/ L" H% `$ N! p
177. Speak-in
2 a$ G5 i: E2 {0 [" s8 c1 K 178. Guerrilla theater1 Z, h" c9 h4 c& T4 ]9 T9 ]1 [+ S
179. Alternative social institutions& [$ h6 g# W2 J7 Y: {# \
180. Alternative communication system
2 j% D# z3 q1 [ D
8 I+ `/ h" \! ? S% L" ZEconomic Intervention
2 B5 y, K7 V, r. o 181. Reverse strike
' L: W. z8 v* O+ I, s 182. Stay-in strike' F4 ^: Y5 L9 G" {) e* @# `8 T
183. Nonviolent land seizure
; D+ ^+ v+ a- o* m) ^ 184. Defiance of blockades* {# i7 W0 J% N
185. Politically motivated counterfeiting$ k( M0 ?2 M: N0 L/ T- t! N6 K
186. Preclusive purchasing
: w) m; _+ n5 ]2 p7 D n 187. Seizure of assets
1 k1 W6 `6 w8 w" x: ] 188. Dumping( @5 X& Q4 d+ c8 `& O
189. Selective patronage
: f h$ t% O# g( x, w0 M/ o 190. Alternative markets, ]/ _* A" d, s: a1 C9 p
191. Alternative transportation systems
* C3 F) ^8 y! F, W/ f4 b+ e- q' f 192. Alternative economic institutions
* y7 k3 w/ \! B" A2 z1 w6 i3 N9 v2 h0 e. q* P
Political Intervention
8 m, k& K4 w7 D! t3 d 193. Overloading of administrative systems
) c$ F- P. c, N3 M- Y! p 194. Disclosing identities of secret agents
( E) p- I' B" w3 V/ W, H P" _ 195. Seeking imprisonment5 o |/ ]' a' W, }
196. Civil disobedience of “neutral” laws
6 e& F. s: ]8 H: Q2 x0 s( ] 197. Work-on without collaboration6 F$ _' ^0 | [9 z+ |
198. Dual sovereignty and parallel government* L( z1 D2 x) G4 X1 P" s G
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楼主: reneeqq
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发表于 2016-7-2 18:23
发表于 2016-7-2 22:02
